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本试验是利用示踪方法,探讨在含盐地下水补给下,土体和地下水盐分运行的规律。 相似文献
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HU Guo-Song 《土壤圈》1996,6(3):251-258
The kinetics of H+ releasing after Pb2+ adsorption was studied by the potentiometric method combined with the acid-base titration curve technique. Results showed that pH of latosol, red soil and kaolinite suspensions dropped sharply, and then decreased gradually. Most of the H+ exchanged, more than 60%, was displaced at the first minute after Pb2+ was added into the suspension. More H+ was released at a higher concentration of Pb2+ added for a given sample and the amount of H+ released decreased in the order of red soil > latosol > kaolinite at a given concentration. The time-dependent data of H+ releasing of latosol, red soil and kaolinite at two concentrations could be fitted best with the second-order equation among the six equations, including second-order equation, two-constant equation, Elovich equation, parabolic diffusion equation, first-order equation and exponential equation. The H+/Pb2+ exchange stoichiometry increased with time, and a stable ratio of H+/Pb2+, being 1.73, 1.92 and 2.01 for kaolinite, latosol and red soil, respectively, was reached 25 minutes later. 相似文献
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石灰性稻田土壤上化肥氮损失的研究* 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
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INTRODUCTION A lot 0fwork has been done on the variation of natural 15N abundance in soils andtheir N components （Chen et al., 1964）. However, these reports mostly concerned thegeochemical mean of natural 15N abundance, and only a little work has been done on thecharacteristics of variation of the natural 15N abundance in different ecosystems and itsrelationship with the properties and conditions of soil. 相似文献
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A brunisolic soil collected from an erosive forest land(HF-1-1) and a yellow soil from and accumulative shallow basin(HF-6-1) in the watershed of Lake Hongfeng (HF) were used for activity measurements of ^7Be,^137Cs,^226Ra and ^228Ra in different geochemical speciation.More than 85% of ^7Be,^137Cs,^226Ra and 228Ra in the soils were bound to organic Fe-Mn oxy-hydroxide and residual fractions.They could move with soil particlesw and be used as tracers for the erosion and /or accumulation of soil particles.^7Be gohemical specition in the soils agreed with its trace for seasonal particle transport.^137Cs geohemial speciaiton was suitable for tracing soil particle accumulation and for sediment aating.^226Ra and ^228Ra were ombined in crystalline skeleton of clay minerals and mainly remained as residues in the soils and little was bound to the soluble,exchangeable and carbonate fractions.The differentiation of ^226 Ra/^228Ra activity ratios in different geoheical fractions in the soils could be used as a parameter to trace accumulation and /or erosion of soil particles. 相似文献
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采用悬液Wien效应法研究了Na+、K+、NH4+、Ca2+、Zn2+和Cd2+阳离子与红壤黏粒间的相互作用及能量关系。结果表明,在试验条件下,红壤黏粒与阳离子Na+、K+、NH4+、Ca2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的平均结合自由能分别为:4.50、7.35、7.15、9.12、9.84和9.63 kJ mol-1。含Ca2+悬液的电导率随场强增加而递增最快,含Na+和NH4+悬液的电导率随场强增加而增加最慢,而含K+、Zn2+和Cd2+的悬液电导率的增速相近、介于其间。红壤悬液中不同阳离子的解离速率顺序为Ca2+>K+>Zn2+=Cd2+>Na+=NH4+。在低场强(15～80 kV cm-1)下,不同阳离子的平均吸附自由能ΔGad没有差异。在场强100 kV cm-1以上,二价阳离子的ΔGad明显大于单价阳离子,不同阳离子间ΔGad的大小顺序为NH4+≤Na+>K+=NH4+>Ca2+>Zn2+=Cd2+,Na+离子平均解离度的递增速率(场强增加1kV cm-1所引起的解离度增量)最大,为0.000 427 cm kV-1,其次是Ca2+离子,为0.000 221 cm kV-1,其余阳离子为0.000 12～0.000 14 cm kV-1。 相似文献
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固态13C和15N核磁共振法研究15N标记土壤的腐殖质组分 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Five humic fractions were obtained from a uniformly ^15N-labelled soil by extraction with 0.1 mol L^-1 Na4P2O7,0.1mol L^-1 NaOH ,and HF/HCl-0.1 mol L^-1 NaOH,consecutively,and analyzed by ^13C and ^15N CPMAS NMR (cross polarization and magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonace).Compared with those of native soils humic fractions studied as a whole contained more alkyls ,methoxyls and O-alkyls,being 27%-36%,17%-21%and 36%-40%,respectively,but fewer aromatics and carboxyls(bein 14%-20% and 13%-90%,respectively),Among those humic fractions ,the humic acid(HA)and fulvic acid(FA) extracted by 0.1 mol L^-1 Na4P2O7 contained slightly more carboxyls than corresponding humic fractions extracted by 0.1 mol L^-1 NaOH ,and the HA extacted by 0.1 mol L^-1 NaOH after treatment with HF/HCl contained the least aromatics and carboxyls.The distribution of nitrogen functional groups of soil humic fractions studied was quite similar to each other and also quite similar to that of humic fraction from native soils.More than 75% of total N in each fraction was in amide from,with 9%-13% present as aromatic and /or aliphatic amines and the remainder as heerocyclic N. 相似文献
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本试验就成都南郊金陵大学农场利用箱具装置以求降雨,坡度及作物种类对于四川紫棕土冲蚀之关系,试验自1941年须始至1945年年底为止,本报告包括1942至1945年四年记录;最初一年记录仅供参考未列入计算。试验中之箱具係木制,长1.8公尺,宽0.35公尺,深0.33公尺,共四具,分别置于5%,10%,20%及30%之四种坡度上,内盛四川红色盆地中之一种紫棕色粘土。降雨之时,每廿小时测定雨量,逕流及土壤冲矢量各一次,试验中192及1943两年行播芝蔴代表茎葉稀疏之作物,1944及1945年密播大豆代表茎菜密茂之作物。四年结果中之要点如下:(i)本试验四年中成都年降水量总平均为959.9公厘,最少年为689.9公厘而最多年为489.8公厘,本试验芝蔴年度平均降水量为734.0公厘,而大豆年度平均降水量为1185.8公厘。(ii)成都降雨烈度可暂按廿四小时内雨量,分为0—3.9m.m.,4—7.9m.m.,8—11.9m.m.,12—23.9m.m.,24—17.9m.m.,4(?)—95.6m.m.,96—191.9m.m.,等七级,四年中廿四小时内最多雨量可自84.2公厘至183.2公厘不等,此项烈雨可降于六月初... 相似文献
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农耕地土壤137Cs与210Pbex深度分布过程对比研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
探讨了137Cs与210Pbex在农耕地土壤深度分布过程的差异。基于137Cs与210Pbex的不同沉降过程,考虑到核素由犁耕层向犁底层的扩散,对农耕地土壤137Cs、210Pbex的深度分布过程进行了理论推导,并以杨凌符家庄麦田剖面的实测数据予以验证,同时讨论了实测符家庄麦田剖面137Cs、210Pbex深度分布的规律特征及其原因,以此阐明了137Cs与210Pbex在农耕地土壤深度分布过程的差异。137Cs源于大气核试爆,没有持续沉降补充,犁耕层和犁底层土壤137Cs深度分布一直处于随时间变化的非稳定态;而210Pbex是天然核素,存在大气沉降的持续补充,犁耕层和犁底层土壤210Pbex深度分布最终呈稳定态。农耕地土壤137Cs、210Pbex深度分布的实测值曲线与理论值曲线的差异,尤其210Pbex,可能与耕作深度的变化历史或土地利用(覆被)变化有关。 相似文献
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利用15NO3-标记法研究土壤微生物量氮的化学及生物有效性 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
采用加入含15N的硝态氮培养方法标记了土壤微生物量氮 ,然后利用碱解扩散法测定了标记土壤有效氮含量 ,温室培养法评价了小麦对标记的土壤微生物量氮的吸收情况。结果表明 ,碱解扩散法对土壤微生物量固持的15N的提取比率 (即提取液中15N原子百分超 /土壤15N原子百分超 )在 1 47～ 2 83之间(平均 2 0 1 ) ,碱解氮中约有 3 0 1 %～ 61 6% (平均 42 9% )来自土壤微生物固持氮。植物体15N丰度在0 749%～ 1 1 62 %之间 ,明显高于15N的自然丰度 ,表明土壤微生物固持的15N在小麦生长期间发生释放 ,为植物利用。土壤微生物固持氮对植物的有效性比率 (植物地上部分15N原子百分超 /土壤15N原子百分超 )在 3 7～ 7 1之间。可见 ,土壤微生物量固持氮有较高的化学及生物有效性 相似文献
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3 种挺水植物吸收水体NH4+、NO3-、H2PO4- 的动力学特征比较 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
本文用动力学试验研究了具有景观价值的3 种挺水植物—— 水生美人蕉(Canna generalis)、细叶莎草(Cyperus papyrus)、紫芋(Colocasia tonoimo)对H2PO4-、NH4+、NO3- 的吸收特征及差异。试验结果表明: 3 种挺水植物吸收H2PO4- 时, 美人蕉的吸收速率最快, 且在较低离子浓度条件下也可以吸收该离子, 说明其具有嗜磷特性, 能够适应广范围浓度H2PO4- 环境; 吸收NO3- 时, 细叶莎草的速率最快, 但对低浓度NO3- 环境的适应能力较差, 美人蕉吸收NO3- 的特性与细叶莎草刚好相反; 吸收NH4+ 时, 细叶莎草的吸收速率最快, 且在低浓度NH4+ 环境下仍能吸收该离子, 而美人蕉的吸收速率最慢, 但能在低浓度NH4+ 环境下吸收该离子。说明不同植物对养分的吸收特性存在较大差异, 各自的污染水体修复适用范围也不同。美人蕉可用于各种浓度H2PO4- 污染的水体修复; 而NO3- 污染严重的水体最适宜用细叶莎草作先锋植物, 修复到一定程度后再种植美人蕉来维持水质; 细叶莎草在各种浓度NH4+ 污染的水体中均适用, NH4+ 污染较轻的水体也可用美人蕉修复。 相似文献
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Evaluation of soil erosion in agricultural fields is valuable to develop conservation practices for reducing agricultural nonpoint source pollution.Soil erosion rates were quantified using the fallout radionuclide tracer technique in Mojiagou Basin located on the outskirts of Changchun in Northeast China.The calculated soil erosion rates in the study area were 1.99 and 1.85 mm year-1 using 137Cs and excess 210Pb(210Pbex)measurements,respectively.Both fallout radionuclides showed a similar tendency at downslope sites.All measured sites have experienced net erosion during the past 50 to 100 years.137Cs and 210Pbex measurements were useful to quantify soil erosion rates on field and small basin scales.At this rate of erosion,the current fertile topsoil layer would be entirely removed within 70 years. 相似文献
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The adsorption kinetics of Pb2+ on different soils and minerals with variable charges was studied by the two ion-selective electrode technique at different pH and concentrations. The results showed that more than 95% of adsorption on all the samples occurred during the first 5 minutes. All adsorption time-dependent data could fit the surface second-order equation very well. The values of Xm were goethite > kaolinite, and latosol > red soil at the same initial reaction concentration. The values of k were kaolinite > > goethite, and latosol > red soil at the same reaction pH and initial concentration. 相似文献
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六方水钠锰矿是土壤中普遍存在、活性最强的氧化锰矿物。它常常富集各种过渡金属如Ni等,对其地球化学行为具有重要影响。在六方水钠锰矿形成过程中加入Ni2+,Ni以+2价存在于矿物中。进入水钠锰矿结构中的Ni大部分以[NiO6]八面体形式存在于层内;部分Ni存在于八面体空位上下方。含Ni水钠锰矿沿c轴方向堆叠锰氧八面体层数逐渐减小,而a-b板面晶体大小没有明显变化,即层片状晶体逐渐变薄,比表面积显著增大。随着Ni含量的增加,水钠锰矿结构中锰氧八面体空位数减少,而层边面吸附位点数基本保持不变,其对重金属离子(Pb2+/Zn2+)吸附去除能力逐渐降低。本文为明确过渡金属离子(Ni)对土壤中氧化锰矿物的形貌、结构及其性质的影响提供了参考。 相似文献