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1.
The goal of this research was to address the problem of engulfment in flowing grain in on-farm metal grain storage bins. This was accomplished using a systems approach to identify contributing factors to engulfment, which were then used to develop a 28-question Farm Grain Hazard Assessment Tool (FGHAT). A numerically weighted high- and low-risk response accompanied each question, the sum of which resulted in a potential-risk-of-engulfment score for a given on-farm grain handling and storage system. The assessment tool was pilot tested on a sample of 47 farms. The difference between the mean scores of farms with a history of engulfment (n = 14) and the mean scores of farms with no prior reported engulfment incident (n = 33) was significant (p < or = 0.001). This finding suggests that it is possible, using the hazard assessment tool, to predict the increased likelihood of an engulfment in a specific on-farm grain storage and handling system. It was also found that the management of grain during storage and an individual's perception of risk and willingness to avoid flowing grain hazards had the most significant impact on reducing the potential for an engulfment. In contrast, a history of grain plugging problems was not found to make a considerable difference in scores between the two groups of farms. The presence of stirring devices in bins, accommodation for lockout devices on electrical controls, and using grain storage bins smaller than 20, 000 bu capacity also had little impact on the difference in scores. Based upon the level of significance of each of the 28 questions'ability to predict an increased risk of engulfment, it was concluded that a valid response could be obtained with as few as eight questions. Recommendations concerning continued study and application of the tool were formulated, including the effectiveness of the tool in changing the farmers' behavior, and the findings also contributed to the revision of a potential engineering standard for on-farm grain storage structures. 相似文献
2.
For over 30 years, Purdue University has maintained a national database of agriculture-related entrapment cases that have occurred in loose agricultural material. At present, 391 documented fatal and non-fatal entrapments from the U.S. and Canada make up the Purdue University Agricultural Entrapment Database. In order to specifically study fatal cases of entrapments in grain bins located on farms, the database was reviewed, 181 cases were identified using specific criteria, and the results were summarized. Approximately five cases per year were identified between 1966 and 1998, representing 18 states and one Canadian province. Entrapments were generally reported more often in the top corn-producing states and during the months of November, December, January, March, and June. In 24% of the cases in which the victim's age was known, the victims were younger than 16. Children and adolescents younger than 16 were more often fatally entrapped in June than in any other month. For cases in which the product was known, corn was the agent of injury in 53% of the cases and was frequently found to be out-of-condition. At the time of entrapment, victims were involved with bin unloading activities in 76% of the cases in which the activity was identified. These findings are being used to design new injury prevention strategies, including educational materials and recommendations for engineering controls that focus on primary causative factors. 相似文献
3.
2003-2011年中国粮食增产的贡献因素分析 总被引：19，自引：6，他引：13
理清2003年以来中国粮食产量增加的主要贡献因子及其贡献率,对于及时调整农业政策,保持和提升粮食生产能力有重要的意义。该文利用2003-2011年中国粮食及其各构成品种(根据国家统计局,粮食作物包括稻谷、小麦、玉米、薯类、豆类和其他谷物)的产量和播种面积数据,采用贡献因素分解的研究方法,研究了2003年以来中国粮食增产的作物和地区贡献,以及面积、单产和种植结构调整对于粮食增产的贡献率,并对各增产主力省区和主要粮食作物的增产贡献因素进行了分析,划定了增产主导类型。结果显示:研究期粮食增产全部来自3大粮食作物,其中玉米贡献了一半以上的增产量;杂粮、豆类和薯类总产均出现下降,其播种面积则分别下降了25.7%、17.4%和8.2%。地区贡献以黑龙江和河南最为突出,累积贡献率超过1/3;累积贡献率超过90%的13个省区,除新疆外其余都是粮食主产省区。作为传统农区的四川,其粮食增产贡献率仅为1.6%,与山西、陕西和甘肃等非主产区基本相当;全国粮食增产的面积贡献率最大,达到46.3%,其次是单产贡献率(44.2%),结构调整的贡献率将近10%,其中一半以上来自豆类向稻谷和玉米的调整;稻谷、玉米和春小麦的增产为面积主导型,而冬小麦的增产为单产和面积共同作用型;除河南和安徽为单产主导型,吉林和河北为面积单产共同作用型,其他增产主力省区的增产类型均为面积主导型。综合来看,2003-2011年中国粮食增产是以面积增加主导的外延式增产方式。由于粮食消费结构和国际粮食贸易容量的限制,今后结构调整的潜力已经很小。因此,在稳定粮食播种面积的基础上,进一步提高粮食作物的单产水平是今后稳定和提高粮食生产能力的重要举措。研究结果可为今后农业政策的调整提供决策依据。 相似文献
4.
不同仓型的粮堆温度场重现及对比分析 总被引：1，自引：10，他引：1
为了揭示不同仓型粮堆内温度场和水气分压场随季节的变化规律及其对储粮安全的影响,该文以天津地区的钢板浅圆仓和平房仓为研究对象,以小麦为储粮目标,采用阵列式分布的温度传感器监测粮堆温度,利用温度拟合算法和WU模型构建粮堆温度场模型,重现粮堆在冬末春初之际和夏季的温度场和水气分压场分布;根据温湿度场耦合理论分析其云图特征,并在此基础上比较2种仓储粮状态的差异。结果表明:夏季,浅圆仓和平房仓的小麦粮堆中均存在大体积的冷芯,使整个粮堆可以安全度夏;冬春交替之际,2种仓的粮堆中均存在多区域分层现象,但由于浅圆仓的表层粮堆水分吸收速率大于平房仓,致使次年春季浅圆仓的粮堆表层更易发生结露;根据平房仓小麦粮堆的等温曲线变化方向可推测有邻仓存在,且由2个毗邻的平房仓温度场融汇度可判定邻仓有储粮。研究结果将为粮堆结露研究提供新思路,为结露预测提供理论依据。 相似文献
5.
Economic incentives are emerging as useful preventive approaches to motivating farmers to adopt safer farming and managerial practices. The effectiveness of these programs and incentives will be enhanced by focusing resources on factors that play a critical role in contributing to farm accidents and the injury severity. A primary objective is to identify and assess the relative impact of factors that jointly influence the probability of work-related farm accidents relative to nonwork-related accidents and the severity of farm accidents. The model uses survey data on producer characteristics, farm organization, and work routines from the Georgia Healthy Farmers Project (GHFP). A probit model describing the factors that influence the probability of a work-related accident is estimated jointly with an ordered probit model for farm accident severity. The probit model indicates that older farmers and hired farm workers have higher probabilities of experiencing work-related accidents relative to nonwork-related events. Significant variables that influence the severity of farm accidents are more difficult to identify from the ordered probit models for both work-related and nonwork-related farm accidents. 相似文献
6.
为加速推进中国智慧农业发展,深入了解精准农业技术体系中田间谷物产量在线监测技术的研究现状,该研究重点概述了国内外谷物联合收获机在线测产方法,包括动态称量测量、体积测量、冲击力测量、射线测量及其他测量方法,介绍了不同测量方法的原理和测产传感器的关键技术与应用。从可行性、通用性、稳定性与准确性方面,分析归纳了中国当前谷物产量在线监测技术所存在的主要问题,指出冲击力测量方法应用广泛,但尚未考虑谷物与冲击板碰撞时对谷物造成的机械损伤等问题。同时,该研究提出了谷物联合收获机在线测产技术未来的研究重点与发展方向,旨在为作物产量信息监测技术与智能化农业机械装备的发展和应用提供理论依据和技术参考。 相似文献
7.
利用1949～2006年广东省粮食生产的长时间序列统计数据, 分析了全省50多年来粮食生产的变化趋势, 并从粮食单产与播种面积、作物种植结构、复种指数、农业技术及农业投资等方面剖析了全省粮食生产变化的主要机制.结果表明:建国以来, 随着人口增加和产业发展, 在耕地与粮食播种面积逐年减少的情况下, 广东省粮食总产量一直在波动中增长, 主要原因在于:(1)影响粮食生产的主要因子--粮食单产的提高使全省粮食总产保持稳步增长;(2)广东省粮食作物以稻谷为主, 其种植面积的波动不大, 且单产逐年增加;(3)在耕地面积减少的情况下, 提高复种指数可提高区域的粮食生产;(4)农业机械总动力、化肥和农药的施用等农业技术的提高及农业基本建设投资的增加很大程度上促进了粮食生产的良好发展. 相似文献
8.
The current study is based on a long-term field experiment that was conducted at the Rauischholzhausen field station of the University of Giessen (Germany). It includes six different crop rotation systems (CRSs), three mineral nitrogen (N) fertilization treatments and the varying annual weather conditions (AWCs) over 25 years (1993–2017). To ensure new insight into wheat cropping systems that have high yield stability, the dataset was assessed using different methods of stability analysis, including eco-valence, biplot and risk analysis. The results show that the factors which influence grain yield variation in winter wheat can be ranked in the following order: (1) N fertilization; (2) AWC; and (3) CRS. Compared to winter rye as the preceding cereal crop, field bean as the preceding legume crop had a clearly positive effect on the grain yield stability of winter wheat. Furthermore, the higher N fertilization level led to more stable grain yields of winter wheat for all investigated CRSs. Overall, in this study, crop rotation and N fertilization had a high impact on the yield stability of winter wheat. These are important factors to consider in agronomic management decisions under the increasingly difficult environmental conditions caused by climate change. 相似文献
9.
Grain auger-related injuries were studied by examining the injury data obtained from the Queensland worker's compensation database. Close to 60% of 52 claimants were male employees in the 20 to 34 age group. Fingers, hands, and arms were affected in 65% of all cases, and the auger flighting was involved in 60% of claims. The severity of auger-related injuries is reflected in the high average cost of claims and number of working days lost, which were more than double the all-industries values. Injuries involving the auger flighting are three times more costly (in time and money) than the all-industries values. More claims were made during winter and towards the end of summer, with the majority of injuries occurring in the animal industries. Most incidents occurred in the early or middle periods of a working shift. In addition, two focus group meetings were held to gain a broader perspective of the grain auger injury picture in Queensland, Australia. Focus group participants suggested that the operator's state of mind and attitude to safety are important, while the auger's age, type, and shielding were cited as important risk factors. They suggested that older augers are less likely to be adequately shielded, and mobile augers are most likely to be involved in injury events. The information gained from this study is being used to develop strategies to help farmers minimize injuries associated with the use of grain augers. 相似文献
10.
区域耕地粮食生产保障能力及其风险评价方法 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
区域耕地粮食生产保障能力是区域耕地对综合食物安全所需粮食的保障程度,受区域耕地资源和社会经济等方面的影响。科学评价区域耕地的粮食生产保障能力及其存在风险,对于解决综合食物安全问题起着关键性的作用。该文以区域耕地的粮食供给能力和粮食生产安全量预测为基础,建立了区域耕地粮食生产保障风险的评价方法,并以洞庭湖区为例开展了以县(市、区)为基本单元的实证研究。结果表明:洞庭湖区耕地资源对全国综合食物安全的保障情况较好,但部分县(市、区)的风险等级较高,且临湖区域的风险较相对远离洞庭湖区域的风险高,需要提高粮食生产水平并控制耕地非农化。该文所提出的区域耕地粮食生产保障能力及其风险评价方法为研究和评估不同区域粮食安全状况与耕地资源之间的相互关系提供参考。 相似文献
11.
基于对数均值迪氏指数法的中国粮食产量影响因素分解 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
为了明确不同因素对粮食产量变化影响的大小,分析粮食产量波动变化的机理,该文采用对数均值迪氏指数法建立了粮食产量无残差因素分解模型,将中国粮食产量的波动分解为播面单产、种植结构、复种指数和耕地面积变化的贡献。基于1996-2012年数据,对该期间影响中国粮食产量波动的因素进行了分解,结果表明:播面单产和复种指数的变化表现为增长效应,种植结构和耕地面积的变化表现为减量效应,其中播面单产变化促进粮食产量增长8 592.25万t,对粮食产量增长的贡献率为101.03%;复种指数变化促进粮食产量增长6 926.97万t,对粮食产量增长的贡献为率81.45%;种植结构变化导致粮食产量减少3 909.11万t,对粮食产量增长的贡献率为-45.97%;耕地面积变化导致粮食产量减少3 105.61万t,对粮食产量增长的贡献率为-36.52%。各影响因子的作用具有阶段性,1996-2003年种植结构效应对粮食产量波动的影响较大;2004-2007年,播面单产、种植结构、复种指数的贡献相互交替,2004年播面单产的贡献最大,2005年、2007年复种指数的贡献最大,2006年则是种植结构的贡献最大;2008年开始播面单产效应起着主导作用。该研究可为政府有关部门粮食生产发展规划和相关产业政策的制定提供数据参考和理论依据。 相似文献
12.
化肥对中国粮食产量变化贡献率的研究 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
13.
1980－2008年环渤海地区县域粮食的时空动态变化及分析 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5
为了揭示粮食生产的异质性,应用基尼系数、探索性空间数据分析法(exploratory spatial data analysis,ESDA)和空间误差模型(spatial error model,SEM),深入分析了1980-2008年环渤海地区县域粮食生产的时空动态特征及其影响因素。结果表明,环渤海地区粮食产量增加了3647×104t,县域粮食生产以上升为主,并逐步向平原区和产量大县集中;县域粮食总产量空间自相关性显著且空间差异增大,人均粮食极化态势加剧;粮食生产热点区向内陆平原区偏移,辽宁中北部和山东西部地区的粮食总产量明显增加,坝上高原区和冀北辽西山地丘陵区的粮食总产量下降,县域粮食供需矛盾的区域差异加剧。最后,SEM模型分析表明,县域耕地面积、种植结构、前期粮食产量是县域粮食格局的重要影响因素。该研究结果可为环渤海地区粮食生产布局与优化和粮食生产政策制定提供科学依据。 相似文献
14.
This study investigates how dust deposition samplers affect the grain size characteristics of the sediment they catch. Sediment samplers act as obstacles in the flow and their collection efficiency varies with the grain size and other factors. Some particle fractions are collected more efficiently than others, resulting in a modification of the original grain size distribution of the sediment. This paper presents wind tunnel results for five dust deposition samplers and five wind velocities ranging from 1 to 5 m s− 1. The catcher's effect on the grain size was apparent in all experiments. Dust accumulated in a catcher is finer than undisturbed dust. For the dust used in the tests the difference (in median grain diameter) was of the order of 10–20%, but differences up to 40% and more were observed. In general, the error is higher when the catcher is less aerodynamically shaped. The study concludes that grain size data on sediment collected by a catcher should be interpreted with care, as they do not necessarily reflect the characteristics of the original sediment. 相似文献
15.
中国区域粮食生产优势度的演变及分析 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：11
该文采用地区粮食优势度指数,实证了1994至2005年间中国粮食生产区域格局的演变情况。结果显示,近10年来中国粮食优势省区有集中的趋势,经济最为发达的北京、上海、天津和浙江等省（市）的粮食生产优势度下降最为严重,辽宁和吉林两省上升最大;东部地区的粮食生产优势正在逐步减弱,粮食生产重心正向中部和东北地区转移。粮食生产优势的区域变动可以从种粮收益、经营规模、农业劳动力机会成本等方面进行解释,东部地区虽然粮食收益较高,但是较小的规模、较高的劳力成本、以及经济作物的相对高收益都对粮食生产产生了负面影响。由此可见,东部地区粮食生产的逐步退出是历史必然。 相似文献
16.
基于LMDI模型的黄淮海地区县域粮食生产影响因素分解 总被引：3，自引：5，他引：3
实现粮食的持续稳定增长是保障区域粮食安全的关键。分解各因素对粮食生产的作用及影响强度,识别其主导因素,对提升粮食产量具有积极意义。该文运用对数平均迪氏分解方法（logarithmic mean weigh division index method,LMDI）建立因素分解模型,定量评价并对比分析1980-2010年间黄淮海地区县域粮食生产变动的区域因素。结果表明,1）1980-2010年间,黄淮海地区粮食产量增加了1.01亿t,县域粮食产量“南高北低”的空间分异格局明显,苏北、皖北、豫东和鲁西地区的粮食增产显著;2）4个因素中,粮食单产对粮食产量变化起到显著的正向促进作用,复种指数次之,而粮作比例和耕地面积在较大程度上抑制了黄淮海地区粮食产量的增加;3）县域粮食生产因素分解结果表明,县域之间在耕地面积、复种指数、粮作比例和粮食单产效应方面存在明显差异。总体而言,粮食单产效应叠加上复种指数效应使苏北、皖北和豫东多数县域粮食总产量显著增加;而粮作比例效应、复种指数效应和粮食单产效应的叠加使鲁西县域的粮食总产量增加明显。 相似文献
17.
中国粮食产量变化的时空格局与影响因素 总被引：17，自引：8，他引：17
基于1990-2011年分省面板数据,应用均值、标准差与区位基尼系数揭示了中国粮食产量的阶段特征与主导类型,进而利用空间面板计量经济模型探讨了中国粮食产量变化的影响因素。结果表明:中国粮食产量变化可分为3个阶段,主要年份各粮食主导类型包含的省份存在较大差异;土地投入的影响由强转弱,劳动力依次表现为正显著、不显著与负显著,不同类型的资本投入存在迥异的影响效应;粮食产量同时受到农业结构调整、非农产业发展等宏观背景以及空间随机误差溢出效应的影响;不同主导类型的粮食产量变化机制存在差异,体现要素边际报酬递减、规模效应、政府调控等内在规律与外在因素的综合作用。该文揭示了全国及各主导类型的粮食产量波动原因及其作用规律,有助于确定各区域粮食增产的主要制约因素与提升途径,该研究为中央制定差别化的粮食生产支持政策提供参考。 相似文献
18.
鉴于黄土高原丘陵沟壑区人口－粮食－资源－环境问题日益严重，利用机制法计算了该区典型县域(安塞县)主要粮食作物和县域光合、光温、气候和自然生产潜力，以及当前各层次粮食生产潜力开发程度。在系统分析影响粮食产量提高和潜力开发的限制因子基础上，研究认为，为进一步发掘粮食生产潜力，该地区应大力开展基本农田建设、科学增加辅助能量投入、合理调整粮食作物结构以及提高科技贡献率。 相似文献
19.
Reynolds TL Nemeth MA Glenn KC Ridley WP Astwood JD 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(26):10061-10067
Understanding the impact of genetic diversity on crop biochemical composition is a prerequisite to the interpretation and potential relevance of biochemical differences experimentally observed between genotypes. This is particularly important in the context of comparative safety assessments for crops developed by new technologies such as genetic engineering. To interrogate the natural variability of biochemical composition, grain from seven maize hybrids grown at four geographically distinct sites in Europe was analyzed for levels of proximates (fat, protein, moisture, ash, and carbohydrates), fiber, amino acids, fatty acids, four vitamins, nine minerals, and secondary metabolites. Statistical evaluation of the compositional data at the p < 0.05 level compared each hybrid against every other hybrid (head-to-head) for all analytes at each site and then across all sites to understand the factors contributing to variability. Of the 4935 statistical comparisons made in this study, 40% (1986) were found to be significant. The magnitude of differences observed, as a percent, ranged between 0.84 and 149% when all individual sites and the combined sites were considered. The large number of statistically significant differences in the levels of these analytes between seven commercial hybrids emphasizes the importance of genetic background and environment as determinants of the biochemical composition of maize grain, reflects the inherent natural variability in those analytes across a representative sampling of maize hybrids, and provides a baseline of the natural range of these nutritional and antinutritional components in maize for comparative compositional assessments. 相似文献
20.
不同氮素水平对豫麦49-198籽粒灌浆及淀粉合成相关酶活性的调控效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了明确不同氮素水平下小麦干物质运转、 籽粒灌浆及有关淀粉酶活性的变化规律,以豫麦49 198为材料,在河南科技大学试验农场,通过设置120 kg/hm2（N1）、 180 kg/hm2（N2）、 240 kg/hm2（N3）和300 kg/hm2（N4）4个氮素水平,研究了小麦茎鞘物质运转、 籽粒灌浆和淀粉合成有关酶活性。结果表明,在一定范围内增施氮肥有利于提高茎鞘干物重以及抽穗后茎鞘物质输出量、 输出率、 转化率,各指标均以N3处理最高,N1处理最低。适量增施氮肥能提高籽粒生长潜势、 最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率,缩短籽粒生长活跃期,使品种达最大灌浆速率的时间提前,其中N3处理最佳,其最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率分别为0.55710-2 和0.37310-2 g/(grainsd),N4处理最差,其最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率分别为0.40610-2 和0.272 10-2 g/(grainsd)。适量增施氮肥能增强籽粒灌浆过程中可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、 Q酶和ADPG焦磷酸化酶3种酶活性,各处理中,酶活性均以N3处理最高,N4处理最低,N3和N4处理相比SSS、 Q和ADPG焦磷酸化酶最大酶活性分别提高了22.0%、 23.2%和9.5%。但过量施氮,降低了茎鞘干物重的积累、 运输和转化能力以及籽粒灌浆速率和3种淀粉合成有关酶活性。抽穗期茎鞘干物重、 抽穗后茎鞘干物质输出量和输出率均与籽粒产量呈显著正相关。试验表明,在适宜氮肥水平下小麦具有较高的茎鞘物质输出率和转化率、 籽粒灌浆速率及淀粉合成有关酶活性,是产量较高的生理基础。 相似文献