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1.
Oviposition deterrents have potential to prevent arthropod pest infestations making the crop habitat less or no favorable for pests to lay eggs and even to settle. In this study, seed oils of maize, safflower, rapeseed and castor oil plant were evaluated in the field between years of 2015 and 2016 for their oviposition deterrent activity against winterform females of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyri (L.) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), the most important insect pest of pears in Turkey. All the oils were used at three different concentrations, 1, 1.5 and 2 L/100 L water including 0.01% Tween-20 for a good mixture and applied at the dormant period (just before the first eggs were deposited by overwintered females). Only one application was made each year. Oviposition deterrency was evaluated by counts of eggs deposited by overwintered females of the pest on treated dormant shoots during the sampling times 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after application. The results showed that significant reductions in total numbers of eggs laid by winterform females were observed in all the oil-treated plots compared with the controls sprayed with tap water including Tween-20 (0.01%). Safflower and castor oils exhibited 100% oviposition deterrent activity at all the concentrations during the 3 weeks period in both years. Even after 4 weeks, the deterrency of these oils was higher than 70%. In the control plots, the first eggs were deposited by overwintered females within 3 days after application in both years. These findings suggest that these oils are promising oviposition deterrents against winterform females of C. pyri. 相似文献
2.
A botanical natural product,AkseBio2, was evaluated under laboratory conditions for its oviposition deterrent, ovicidal and larvicidal (nymphicidal) effects against
the pear psyllaCacopsylla pyri (L.) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). The product exhibited a strong oviposition deterrent effect for winterform and summerform females
and caused a reduction in the total number of eggs laid in both choice and no-choice assays. Significant mortalities in freshly
laid eggs (0–48 h) and various nymphal stages of the pest were recorded in toxicity assays. At a concentration of 0.1% (formulation),
the highest biological activity of the product was recorded against the young (1st and 2nd) nymphal stages (up to 87.4% mortality)
in comparison with the other biological stages of the pest. It was less active against the older (3rd-5th) nymphs, causing
62.1% mortality at the same concentration. In assays with non-target organisms, a significant negative effect was not observed.
There were no significant changes on treated plants up to 7 days after treatment in any trial, nor was there any phytotoxicity
on plant tissue as a result ofAkseBio2 treatments. The results suggest that the product can be used in psylla control instead of synthetic insecticides and may
serve as an integrated pest management (IPM) component in pear orchards.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2004. 相似文献
3.
A field trial was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of several selective insecticides for the control of pear psyllaCacopsylla pyri (L.) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in two successive years. Three insect growth regulators (IGRs) — diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen
and teflubenzuron, and an amin-hydrazine derivative — amitraz, were evaluated singly and in combination with summer oil (1%).
All insecticides were applied at recommended label rates in both years. When compared with the untreated control, all insecticides
alone and their combinations with summer oil, except for pyriproxyfen alone, provided control of young (1st and 2nd instars)
nymphs. However, combined applications of these insecticides and summer oil were more effective than either insecticide alone
for controlling the egg and young nymph stages of the pest. The products were less effective against older (3rd–5th instars)
nymphs, even in combination with summer oil, and failed to suppress the population of older nymphs. Adding oil to sprays also
delayed oviposition by winterform and summerform females. With the exception of oil with amitraz, combinations of insecticides
with summer oil did not cause any phytotoxicity during the study. 相似文献
4.
Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of kaolin particle film on winterform oviposition
of the pear psyllacacopsyllapyri (L.) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Kaolin particle film (kpf) treatment significantly reduced winterform oviposition rates in both
choice and no-choice tests in the laboratory. In choice tests, overwintered females laid 11 times more eggs on water-treated
dormant shoots than on shoots treated with particle film, within 21 days after treatment. In no-choice tests, kpf treatment
also significantly reduced egg numbers compared with water-treated controls. The results of field trials carried out in southwestern
Turkey (Antalya) during the late winter — early spring of 2004 and 2005 showed very good efficacy of kpf treatment in comparison
with water-treated control. Kpf treatment (just before egg laying, during the dormant-postdormant period) delayed egg-laying
activity in overwintered females for up to 3 weeks from the beginning of the experiment and continued to suppress oviposition
significantly in comparison with watertreated control up to 4 weeks. Our overall results suggest that kpf treatment may be
useful in pear psylla management programs by decreasing winterform oviposition, particularly in conjunction with other control
tactics. 相似文献
5.
Neem(Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) seed kernel (NSK) extracts,viz., NSK aqueous suspension (NSKS), ethanolic extract of NSK (EtOH. NSK), hexane extract of NSK (neem oil), ethanolic extract
of the hexane extract (EtOH. oil) and acetone extract of deoiled NSK powder (Acet. DNSKP) at 1.25-20% concentrations, and
pure azadirachtin at 1.25-10 ppm, were evaluated as oviposition deterrents toBactrocera cucurbitae (Coq.) andB. dorsalis Hendel. NSKS at ≥5% under choice test conditions, and at all concentrations (≥1.25%) in no-choice tests significantly deterred
oviposition in both species. Similarly, EtOH. NSK was significantly active at all the concentrations tested for both species
in choice and no-choice tests. However, with neem oil and EtOH. oil sensitivities of the two species differed considerably.
Both extracts deterred oviposition byB. cucurbitae at all the concentrations tested under both choice and no-choice test conditions. On the other hand, withB. dorsalis, neem oil was significantly deterrent only at 20% in both test regimes and at 5% and 20% for EtOH. oil under choice and no-choice
test conditions, respectively. Acet. DNSKP significantly deterred oviposition by both species at all concentrations tested.
Azadirachtin failed to deter oviposition in either species. 相似文献
6.
Populations of pear psylla,Cacopsylla pyri (L.) (Rhynchota: Psyllidae), and its natural enemies were sampled on pears in Antalya province during the years 2000–2002.
Thirty-two species of predators and three species of parasitoids were detected to be associated withC. pyri in Antalya province. The heteropterans (especially anthocorid species) were the most abundant predator group. Among the anthocorids,Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), whose population was closely related to the dynamics of the pear psylla population,
was generally the principal antagonist ofC. pyri. Other species recorded during the study were the miridDeraeocoris spp., the chrysopidChrysoperla carnea L., and many coccinellid species. Although these predators are polyphagous, as are theOrius species, their populations were related to the psylla fluctuations. Among the parasitoid complex belonging to the order Hymenoptera,
the encyrtidTrechnites psyllae (Ruschka) was the only primary parasitoid. Two hyperparasites,viz., Syrphophagus mamitus (Walker) andPachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) (Encyrtidae and Pteromalidae, respectively), were detected in the surveys. Also, this study revealed new information
concerning the pear psylla parasitoid complex in Turkey. WhileT. psyllae andS. mamitus are new records to Turkish parasitoid fauna,C. pyri is a new host record forP. aphidis. The population development and abundance of pear psylla and its natural enemies, as well as the parasitization rates in
treated and untreated pear orchards, are presented here.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 6, 2004. 相似文献
7.
昆虫母代产卵部位的选择特点直接影响到子代的生存适应性,但已有研究对冬型中国梨木虱产卵部位选择特点尚未明确。本研究调查了冬型中国梨木虱随时间变化在梨树花芽、叶芽、枝条基部、花柄、幼叶上产卵特点的变化。结果表明,冬型梨木虱产卵期约45 d,以枝条基部刻痕处着卵量最大,显著高于其他部位。冬型梨木虱产卵部位的选择随梨树的物候变化而变化:萌芽前,优先选择枝条顶芽,其次在腋芽和枝条基部刻痕处产卵;花期和展叶期,花芽、叶芽、枝条基部刻痕处着卵量下降,主要于花柄和幼叶部位产卵;冬型梨木虱产卵部位的选择顺序依次为花芽、叶芽、枝条基部、花柄、幼叶。本研究明确了冬型梨木虱在梨树不同部位产卵的变化特点,研究结果可用于指导梨木虱防控。 相似文献
8.
Crop damage by non-human primates can cause friction between local people, government wildlife agencies and conservationists. Consequently, developing effective, non-lethal methods to protect crops against primate foraging could benefit farmers, reduce conflicts between interest groups, and even promote primate conservation The purpose of this research was to (1) develop a simple, economical protocol for testing the deterrent properties of non-lethal plant substances on captive primates prior to testing in the field; (2) examine the preliminary effectiveness of neem (Azadirachta indica) and ocimum (Ocimum kilimandscharicum) essential oils, and spent coffee grounds (SCGs) as feeding deterrents in captive macaques. The test methods developed involved exposing primates to possible feeding deterrents whilst feeding and comparing to a control. This was used to identify likely repellent substances, which could then be tested in the field to determine their effectiveness against crop damage. SCGs were most effective at deterring the macaques; ocimum and neem essential oils were less effective, though animals appeared less willing to access food when protected by these oils than they were under control conditions. 相似文献
9.
10.
BACKGROUND: The deterrent effect of seven commercial compounds against Schistocerca americana (Drury) nymphs and Diaprepes abbreviatus L. adults, two important citrus pests, was investigated. Extracts of three Florida local plants were also tested as deterrents. Antifeedant activity was assayed using a leaf‐disk bioassay in choice and no‐choice tests. The residual activity of the commercial compounds that significantly deterred the insects was assayed by applying them to foliage of citrus plants exposed to three time intervals of sunlight. RESULTS: Sabadilla, azadirachtin and ryanodine effectively deterred S. americana, whereas rotenone, sabadilla and ryanodine reduced the feeding activity of D. abbreviatus. Methanol and methylene chloride extracts of Ceratiola ericoides Michaux deterred D. abbreviatus, but only methylene chloride extract dissuaded S. americana. Methanol extract of Ardisia crenata Sims functioned as a feeding deterrent against both S. americana and D. abbreviatus, but only the latter species was deterred by methylene chloride extract of A. crenata. Extracts of Illicium parviflorum Michaux ex Ventetat only dissuaded the insects in choice bioassays. Rapid loss of effectiveness was observed under field conditions. Sabadilla was the only compound that maintained its antifeedant properties in the field, but only against S. americana. CONCLUSION: Based on their deterrency, some of the commercial products and plant extracts have potential for use as substitute crop protectants against the pest species tested. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
11.
The frequency of pear decline-positive insects and transmission of pear decline (PD) phytoplasma by Cacopsylla pyri in Spain has been studied. Psyllids were used for experiments on phytoplasma transmission both to healthy Pyrus communis trees and to an artificial feeding medium. Over a period of 1 year, about 100 psyllids were collected monthly from pear trees, cv. Williams, using the beating tray method, and tested for the presence of PD phytoplasma. Results indicate that the frequency of PD positive psyllids changes through the year and that C. pyri transmits the pear decline associated disease agent. Phytoplasma transmission was also effective under laboratory conditions using a feeding medium. The relationship between PD positive Cacopsylla pyri, Pear decline phytoplasma transmission and the sex of the vector was also evaluated. Although the percentage of PD positive psyllids was similar in both genders, PD phytoplasma transmission by females was significantly higher than by males. Since the sex ratio (male/female) was less than 1:1 for most of the year, these results should be taken into consideration for controlling Pear decline in Mediterranean climates. 相似文献
12.
We determined the effects of petroleum spray oil (PSO) (Caltex Canopy®) on oviposition responses of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner adults, and larval survival of the pest moths on cotton and maize plants in the laboratory. Application of 2% (v/v) of the PSO deterred H. armigera oviposition. Increasing the rate from 2 to 5% (v/v) did not significantly reduce the number of eggs laid by H. armigera on the treated plants. In contrast, the minimum rate at which the oil could deter oviposition of O. nubilalis on maize plants was 5% (v/v). Increasing the rate from 5 to 10% (v/v) did not significantly reduce the number of eggs laid per plant. However, a reduction in the rate of the PSO from 5 to 3% (v/v) resulted in a 73.9% increase in oviposition activity on the maize plants. In wind tunnel bioassay tests, all mated H. armigera females tested could detect and settle on plants treated with water but with plants treated with PSO at various times, only 50% of tested females settled on the plants 4?–?5 days after treatment (DAT) and none on the plants 0?–?2 DAT. A solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) test to determine the effect of the PSO on volatiles released by the cotton plants showed that the quantity of volatiles released by the cotton plants treated with PSO was lower than for water treated plants. This indicates that the PSO sprays may be suppressing or masking the leaf surface volatiles of the cotton plants, thereby deterring oviposition of H. armigera. Larval survival data show that PSO sprays can cause direct mortality of first, second and third instar O. nubilalis larvae. PSOs may have the potential to be integrated into pest management programme targeting H. armigera and O. nubilalis on cotton and maize crops, respectively. 相似文献
13.
The effects of pesticide applications on pests (aphids and acarid mites) and predators (ladybeetles and spiders) were investigated
in transgenicBt cotton and nontransgenic cotton agroecosystems in 1999, 2000 and 2001. Transgenic cotton did not cause changes in populations
of acarids and did not reduce numbers of predators considerably; its effects on aphids were inconsistent. Although insecticides
were not applied against the main pest — cotton bollworm — on transgenic cotton, the total number of insecticide applications
in 3 years was no less than the total applied on nontransgenic cotton, because additional applications were required against
sucking pests on transgenicBt cotton. Pesticide applications decreased numbers of aphids, acarids and predatory spiders significantly on both transgenic
and nontransgenic cottons. The results suggest that the use ofBt cotton should be evaluated carefully in China.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting April 30, 2004. 相似文献
14.
BACKGROUND: Aphis glycines Matsumura, an invasive insect pest in North American soybeans, is fed upon by a key biological control agent, Harmonia axyridis Pallas. Although biological control is preferentially relied upon to suppress insect pests in organic agriculture, approved insecticides, such as neem, are periodically utilized to reduce damaging pest populations. The authors evaluated direct spray treatments of two neem formulations, azadirachtin and neem seed oil, under controlled conditions for effects on survivorship, development time and fecundity in A. glycines and H. axyridis. RESULTS: Both azadirachtin and neem seed oil significantly increased aphid nymphal mortality (80 and 77% respectively) while significantly increasing development time of those surviving to adulthood. First-instar H. axyridis survival to adulthood was also significantly reduced by both neem formulations, while only azadirachtin reduced third-instar survivorship. Azadirachtin increased H. axyridis development time to adult when applied to both instars, while neem oil only increased time to adult when applied to first instar. Neither neem formulation affected the fecundity of either insect. CONCLUSIONS: Results are discussed within the context of future laboratory and field studies aimed at clarifying if neem-derived insecticides can be effectively integrated with biological control for soybean aphid management in organic soybeans. 相似文献
15.
LING Hai-Qing LIU Shao-Ming OUYANG Ge-Cheng YANG Yue-Ping HUANG Hao-Wei GE Jia-Jun XIONG Jin-Jun 《昆虫天敌》2008,(3)
选取4种非寄主植物柠檬桉Eucalyptus citriodora、樟树Cinnamomum camphora、白千层Melaleuca leucadendron、夹竹桃Nerium indicum,初步研究了这4种植物叶子提取物对橘小实蝇Bactroceradorsalis的产卵拒避作用。以无水乙醇作溶剂,供试4种植物中的白千层提取物对橘小实蝇具有较强的产卵拒避作用。检测了橘小实蝇对4种植物的乙醇提取物的触角电位值,发现各生物测定值与雌虫触角电位值呈显著相关性,表明其中的挥发性组分是橘小实蝇对植物提取物产生拒避反应的重要原因之一。用无水乙醇、乙醚、石油醚、二氯甲烷作溶剂,分别提取白千层叶,仅乙醇提取物有显著拒避作用;用这4种溶剂分别提取樟树叶,则无水乙醇、乙醚、石油醚作溶剂的提取物都有较好效果。 相似文献
16.
Janusz Pop&#x;awski Boena &#x;ozowicka Alina T Dubis Barbara Lachowska Zbigiew Winiecki Jan Nawrot 《Pest management science》2000,56(6):560-564
All isomers of α‐asarone [(E)‐4‐prop‐1‐enyl‐1,2,5‐trimethoxybenzene] were tested for their feeding deterrent activity against adults of Sitophilus granarius and Tribolium confusum and larvae of Trogoderma granarium and Tribolium confusum. (E)‐2‐prop‐1‐enyl‐1,3,5‐trimethoxybenzene exhibited the strongest deterrent activity against all the species tested. The total coefficients of deterrency for this compound were 140.6 and 169.7 for Tribolium confusum adults and larvae, respectively, and 144.9 and 104.6 for larvae of Trogoderma granarium and adults of Sitophilus granarius, respectively. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
17.
非嗜食植物中的昆虫产卵驱避物及其利用 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
产卵是植物性昆虫生命周期中的一个重要环节，它能反映昆虫与植物相互作用的某些特点以及植食性昆虫对植物利用的策略。植物中的驱避物质在调节昆虫产卵行为过程中超着十分重要的作用。大量研究结果表明：许多非嗜食植物含有对昆虫产卵有驱避作用的次生化合物。研究植物中的昆虫产卵驱避物质不仅能在理论上加深对植食性昆虫产卵机制，植食性昆虫与植物间的相互关系以及昆虫群落构建机制等的认识，同时在害虫综合治理中有广泛的应用前景。 相似文献
18.
The effectiveness of Vivere + Vivo phyto, AVA + vinegar, AVA + urea, Vivere + Vivo urticae, calcium oxide, and Surround WP
against pear psyllaCacopsylla pyricola (Foerster) was evaluated by recording the number of eggs, the number of nymphs, and the amount of honeydew produced by the
psylla. Very promising results were obtained with all chemicals used. The effectiveness against psylla of the AVA + urea combination
was the best and similar to that achieved with conventional chemical treatments. Moreover, trees treated with the above chemicals
showed a lower percentage of natural infection by the fire blight pathogenErwinia amylovora than the untreated control trees.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2004. 相似文献
19.
Ranil Waliwitiya Christopher J Kennedy Carl A Lowenberger 《Pest management science》2009,65(3):241-248
BACKGROUND: Aedes aegypti L. is the major vector of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. In an effort to find effective tools for control programs to reduce mosquito populations, the authors assessed the acute toxicities of 14 monoterpenoids, trans‐anithole and the essential oil of rosemary against different larval stages of Ae. aegypti. The potential for piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to act as a synergist for these compounds to increase larvicidal activity was also examined, and the oviposition response of gravid Ae. aegypti females to substrates containing these compounds was evaluated in behavioral bioassays. RESULTS: Pulegone, thymol, eugenol, trans‐anithole, rosemary oil and citronellal showed high larvicidal activity against all larval stages of Ae. aegypti (LC50 values 10.3–40.8 mg L?1). The addition of PBO significantly increased the larvicidal activity of all test compounds (3–250‐fold). Eugenol, citronellal, thymol, pulegone, rosemary oil and cymene showed oviposition deterrent and/or repellent activities, while the presence of borneol, camphor and β‐pinene increased the number of eggs laid in test containers. CONCLUSIONS: This study quantified the lethal and sublethal effects of several phytochemical compounds against all larval stages of Aedes aegypti, providing information that ultimately may have potential in mosquito control programs through acute toxicity and/or the ability to alter reproductive behaviors. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
20.
Mario E. Sato Marcos Z. da Silva Adalton Raga Katia G. Cangani Bruce Veronez Roberto L. Nicastro 《Phytoparasitica》2011,39(5):437-445
Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a major pest of several agricultural crops and Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is an important natural enemy of this pest mite. The objective of the study was to evaluate
the effect of spiromesifen on the development and reproduction of T. urticae, and to assess the influence of spiromesifen and other acaricides on the population growth rates of the spider mite and its
predator, N. californicus. Toxicity tests with spiromesifen at different life stages of T. urticae indicated that eggs less than 72 h old were more sensitive than other development stages. The oviposition rate of T. urticae was significantly affected by spiromesifen. Experiments on the effects of spiromesifen on the growth rates of T. urticae and N. californicus indicated that spiromesifen is innocuous to the predaceous mite but highly toxic to the spider mite, leading to population
suppression in 10 days. Fenpropathrin, acephate and neem oil were not harmful to N. californicus, but were not so efficient as spiromesifen in controlling T. urticae, and had significantly less influence on the population growth rates of the spider mite. Among these three products, only
neem oil caused significant reduction in the growth rate of T. urticae. Chlorfenapyr, abamectin, milbemectin and diafenthiuron significantly affected the population growth rates of T. urticae and N. californicus. Spiromesifen was the most promising acaricide for managing the two-spotted spider mite, when used in combination with N. californicus. 相似文献