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1.
Active management for preservation of conserved ecosystems is receiving increased attention, as management probably is the most important factor for the temporal and spatial distribution of understorey vegetation, and probably humus forms and soil nutrient cycling as well. The present study investigates this issue on well-drained sandy soils in the ancient woodlands of Hald Ege, Denmark, which was preserved in 1915. Four types of management have continued since then: (i) managed, pure oak, (ii) non-managed, beech-oak, (iii) grazed oak and (iv) coppiced oak stands. Data consisted of two independent present-day data sets from all types of management, and one comparison between data from 1916 and now. Relations between forest type and possible explanatory variables, such as land-use history and characteristics of forest, humus layer, soil and understorey, were studied using principal component (PCA) and correspondence (DCA) analyses. Results showed that grazing mammals have kept the oak forest in a state resembling the pre-preservation stage with respect to both vegetation and humus forms. Here, light penetration to the forest floor during the entire growing season supported a diverse flora and a moder or mull-type of decomposition. The non-managed plots were in contrast succeeded into a dark beech-oak forest with thick humus layers and a drastic decrease in understorey species number. The present analysis hence supports the theory that management is necessary to conserve oak-scrubs and open woodlands from successional changes of herbaceous forest vegetation, humus forms and understorey vegetation.  相似文献   

2.
The vegetation of Takkobu, northern Japan, has been significantly altered by land-use development following Japanese settlement at the end of the 19th century. In order to assess the impact of human activity on vegetation dynamics in Takkobu, changes in the vegetation composition over the last 300 years were reconstructed from fossil pollen in the sediments of Lake Takkobu. The pollen assemblage represented broadleaved forests on the surrounding hills and alder forests found on the margin of the wetland bordering the lake. Prior to Japanese settlement, the hillside forests consisted predominantly of oak. However, with the onset of land-use development, a significant decline in oak relative to increasing birch was apparent, particularly after the early 1960s. These results suggest that successive logging since the 1880s had gradually undermined the resilience of oak. An increase of Artemisia and birch pollen also indicates an expansion of disturbed land. Since the 1960s, a large part of the broadleaved forests in Takkobu has been converted to larch plantations, although this was not represented in the pollen data because of the underrepresentation of larch pollen. The results of the pollen analysis have implications for forest restoration in Takkobu. The use of long-term data allows the determination of the baseline (natural) vegetation to be restored, and also illustrates the factors affecting present-day vegetation and how it may change in the future.  相似文献   

3.
Effects of forest management and soil acidity on herb layer vegetation were studied after 10 years on 190 permanent plots in south Swedish beech (Fagus sylvatica) and oak (Quercus robur) forests. Species richness generally increased with management intensity, mainly due to establishment of ruderal species from the seed bank. Species richness of the typical forest flora was unaffected by management. Moderate management of oak stands favoured several species which are commonly found in semi-natural pastures. Classification and ordination of the data showed that the main floristic gradient within Swedish beech and oak forest vegetation is related to soil acidity. Species richness of the typical forest flora was strongly positively correlated with soil pH in beech forests, but this correlation was weaker in oak forests. The number of herbaceous plants with a broader habitat range increased with pH only in the oak forest plots. Long term changes in the forest environment, which may affect the vegetation, are the decline of grazing 150-50 years ago and soil acidification mainly caused by atmospheric pollutants during the last 50 years. In the one-decade perspective of this study, however, we did not find a general trend towards a more acid-tolerant flora. Neither could we find a general decrease of pasture species in currently ungrazed oak stands. The results indicate that most typical forest plants are well adapted to and partly depend on occurrence of canopy gaps and soil disturbance. If canopy thinning is followed by periods of canopy closure the characteristic shade tolerant flora of Swedish beech and oak forests may be able to persist as long as soil chemical limits of existence are not exceeded.  相似文献   

4.
This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on pine and oak forest dynamics in the mid-montane central Himalayan forest and the ecosystem services associated with these vegetation types. Forest ecosystems play a crucial role in the livelihood of the central Himalayas as well as the adjacent plains, providing a number of tangible and intangible ecosystem services, at each stage of succession. The successional sequence starts from warm temperate grasslands, followed by early successional pine forests, mid-successional pine-oak mixed forests and eventually culminating in a late successional oak community. This successional sequence is considerably influenced by disturbances like fire, grazing, and lopping, which maintain the vegetation types in their current form and can act as potential drivers of change. Fire and grazing in grasslands and pine forests inhibit the successional process by hindering the establishment of pioneer and late successional species, respectively. Potential land-cover changes with forest succession can lead to changes in ecosystem services supply. We found that the number of ecosystem services associated with these vegetation types increase from early to late successional community. Current management approaches fail to include the dynamic nature of vegetation, which is essential for maintenance of ecosystem service supply. In conclusion, the trade-offs between ES of global (biodiversity and carbon) and local importance (fuel wood and fodder) have to be examined carefully in order to have effective conservation and management plans for the region.  相似文献   

5.
The purpose of this research was to study the influence of the vegetation on the soil C pool of forests of pines (Pinus sylvestris) and oaks (Quercus pyrenaica), located in Central-Western Spain. Horizons from selected soils located in these forests were sampled, and the soil organic C (SOC) was determined. In addition, in vitro incubation experiments were carried out, under controlled conditions, to monitor the stability of SOC against the microbial activity. Soil humus fractions were isolated following a classical procedure of chemical fractionation using alkaline solutions, before and after the incubation experiment. A deeper O horizon was found under the pine forest than under oak one; however, higher SOC content was found in the oak site than that under pine one. During the in vitro mineralization process, a lower CO2 production by the soil sample from pine forest was observed, in relation to that emitted by the oak soil. In addition, a lower humification degree was estimated for the soil humus under pines than for that under oaks. In conclusion, replacement of oaks by pines produced a decrease in SOC accumulation and a lower quality of humus in the forest soils.  相似文献   

6.
The effect of forest conservation on the organic carbon (C) stock of temperate forest soils is hardly investigated. Coarse woody debris (CWD) represents an important C reservoir in unmanaged forests and potential source of C input to soils. Here, we compared aboveground CWD and soil C stocks at the stand level of three unmanaged and three adjacent managed forests in different geological and climatic regions of Bavaria, Germany. CWD accumulated over 40–100 years and yielded C stocks of 11 Mg C ha?1 in the unmanaged spruce forest and 23 and 30 Mg C ha?1 in the two unmanaged beech–oak forests. C stocks of the organic layer were smaller in the beech–oak forests (8 and 19 Mg C ha?1) and greater in the spruce forest (36 Mg C ha?1) than the C stock of CWD. Elevated aboveground CWD stocks did not coincide with greater C stocks in the organic layers and the mineral soils of the unmanaged forests. However, radiocarbon signatures of the O e and O a horizons differed among unmanaged and managed beech–oak forests. We attributed these differences to partly faster turnover of organic C, stimulated by greater CWD input in the unmanaged forest. Alternatively, the slower turnover of organic C in the managed forests resulted from lower litter quality following thinning or different tree species composition. Radiocarbon signatures of water-extractable dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the top mineral soils point to CWD as potent DOC source. Our results suggest that 40–100 years of forest protection is too short to generate significant changes in C stocks and radiocarbon signatures of forest soils at the stand level.  相似文献   

7.
灵空山主要森林类型枯落物生物量及持水性能   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9  
通过对太岳灵空山四种主要森林类型 :油松纯林、辽东栎林、松栎混交林、油落桦栎混交林的枯落物生物量及其持水性能的调查分析 ,总结出不同森林类型的生物量、最大持水量、分解率的大小排序。为研究森林的水土保持、水源涵养功能以及进一步综合评价该区的森林生态功能提供了科学依据  相似文献   

8.
本文回顾了美国西弗吉尼亚州和中国陕曲省无序开发时期的森林利用情况。由于在森林性质、在开发利用的压力大小和持续时间上的不同，导致两地区经济和生态恢复过程的差异。在无序开发约一个世纪之后，西弗吉尼亚森林已经走向可持续经营和保护阶段。由于过度利用和无序开发陕西的森林还不确定，目前森林仍处在生态恢复的初级阶段。完全恢复到可持续阶段需要一个世纪或者更长的时间。提出了促进森林恢复的一些措施。图6参18。  相似文献   

9.
Semi-open oak-rich forests may support many species adapted to large trees and coarse woody debris. Currently many oak-rich forests in northern Europe have more or less closed canopies due to lack of natural and cultural disturbances. In these forests, conservation oriented partial harvesting of biofuel may restore a desired forest structure and light regime that potentially may favour many species that have declined during the last century. We quantified effects of such cutting on lichens and bryophytes living on dead wood in southern Sweden, using a design with paired cutting and control plots (each 1 ha) in 15 forests. In each plot we surveyed the same five logs and three stumps before and after harvest (25% of the tree basal area removed). The epixylic species composition shifted towards a flora typical for dryer dead wood. The mean species number of lichens per stump increased (clear effect) and the mean number of bryophytes per stump decreased (nearly significantly) due to harvesting. The species composition, but not species richness, on logs was affected. No increases or decreases in species of conservation concern could be detected. Since the overall negative effects were weak, we suggest that partial harvesting of dense oak forests is compatible with maintenance of the diversity of lichens and bryophytes on dead wood. However, the amount of such forest harvested needs to be carefully assessed in relation to demands of other taxa.  相似文献   

10.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of forest structure (mainly resulting from human uses) and forest type (the identity of the dominant tree species) on biodiversity. We determined the diversity of two taxonomical groups: the understory vegetation and the edaphic carabid beetle fauna. We selected eight types of forest ecosystems (five replicates or stands per forest type): pine (Pinus sylvestris) plantations of three age classes (10, 40 and 80 years since reforestation), an old-growth relict natural pine forest, and four types of oak (Quercus pyrenaica) stands: mature forests with livestock grazing and firewood extraction, mature forests where uses have been abandoned, “dehesa” ecosystems and shrubby oak ecosystems. The results obtained by a global PCA analysis indicated that both tree size and dominant species influenced the ordination of the 40 forest stands. In general, carabids were more sensitive to changes in forest heterogeneity and responded more clearly to the analysed structural variables than the understory vegetation, although the species richness of both groups was significantly correlated and higher in case of oak forests. Pine forest ecosystems were characterised by the lowest species richness for both taxonomical groups, the lowest plant diversity and by the lowest coefficients of variation and, consequently, low structural heterogeneity. As a result, it was very difficult to discriminate the effects of the spatial heterogeneity and the dominant tree species on biodiversity.  相似文献   

11.
Heathland soils are characterized by high acidity and poor nutrient contents. Nutrient availability could then be an important factor in forest growth and development on these soils. The hypothesis to be verified was 1. The enduring change in vegetation composition and production is of great influence especially on the development of the organic layer and on the nutrient distribution between this compartment and the mineral soil, and 2. As a result, forest nutrition and water supply will change during forest growth with consequences for forest development itself. In NW Germany heathland forest development are dominated by heathlands as the initial stage of the succession, naturally established pioneering pine dominated woodlands, and oak and beech dominated forests as the terminal stages. In a comparative study, within these stages of forest succession the nutrient and water supply in the organic layer were investigated with regards to the nutrient and water supply in the mineral soil and to the morphology of the organic layer itself. The successional development was associated with an increased productivity and a marked enrichment of organic material and nutrients in the organic layer, whereas the nutrient storage in the mineral soil was unchanged. The nutrient storage in the organic layer in the forested sites amounted to up to 80% of the plant-available nutrients within the organic layer–mineral soil system. The water supply increased too due to higher water storage and increasing root penetration within the organic layer. However, the increase in water supply was less marked than the nutrient enrichment. Especially the beech-dominated broad-leaved forests depend on higher nutrient and water supply of the organic layer. They have better growth conditions in the late stages of succession, due to an intense humus accumulation by the pioneering birch–pine woodlands. Consequently, the development of the organic layer facilitates the change of coniferous woodlands to forests and woodlands dominated by broad-leaved trees. Using pine as first planted tree is recommended to support this development.  相似文献   

12.
在滇中高原区森林植被广泛调查的基础上,首先对本区地貌特征及水热条件作详尽介绍,进而论述了该区３２个天然林和人工林类型的种类组成和分布规律,以及各森林类型的结构特点;研究了这些森林植被类型的演替规律,分析了现有滇中高原森林植被存在的生态问题;为开展滇中高原区主要森林类型的水源涵养功能研究打下了基础。  相似文献   

13.
In many second-rotation Pinus radiata forest planta-tions, there has been a steady trend towards wider tree spacing and an increased rate of application of P fertiliser. Under these regimes, the potential for understory growth is expected to in-crease through increased light and greater nutrient resources. Therefore, understory vegetation could become a more signifi-cant component of P cycling in P. radiata forests than under closely-spaced stands. Studies have shown that growth rates and survival of trees is reduced in the presence of understory vegeta-tion due to the competition of understory vegetation with trees. Other studies have suggested that understory vegetation might have beneficial effects on nutrient cycling and conservation within forest stands. This review discusses the significance of understory vegetation in radiata pine forest stands, especially their role in enhancing or reducing P availability to forest trees.  相似文献   

14.
Oaks (Quercus spp.) are experiencing recurring regeneration failures associated with pervasive mid- and under-story strata of shade tolerant species in intact, undisturbed forests. Where oak regeneration occurs, inadequate vertical height and depleted root carbohydrate stores impede the ability of regenerating oaks to respond when light does become available. A variety of silvicultural techniques have been developed to increase the penetration of diffuse light, enhancing the light environment on the forest floor, and thereby increasing the likelihood of regenerating oaks to successfully respond to increased light transmittance. We measured shoot and root characteristics, and root soluble non-structural carbohydrate concentrations of white oak (Q. alba L.) advance regeneration exposed to enhanced light intensities associated with a mid-story removal and a clearcut, and compared white oak regeneration vigor to untreated controls.

Root diameter and soluble non-structural carbohydrates increased with increasing light availability. Our data suggest that white oak responds to increases in light transmittance by building below-ground biomass and carbohydrates in the root system prior to an above-ground response. Our study shows that white oak regeneration vigor increases with only modest increases in light. In the absence of other pressures, enhancing the light environment to the forest floor should contribute to successful regeneration of this species.  相似文献   


15.
Abstract

Stands of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) planted 50–80 years ago on two types of land (previously forested land and former arable fields) were compared regarding vegetation and soil. Former arable soils were characterized by a higher pH, higher nitrate concentration and higher soil density, but had lower organic matter content and lower ammonium concentration in the topsoil (0–5 cm). These differences, however, decreased with soil depth. Phosphorus concentration was consistently higher in former fields throughout the soil profile (0–45 cm). Nitrogen mineralization, determined by in situ incubation, showed a strong seasonal pattern with peak values in spring. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination revealed marked compositional differences in the vegetation between the two land-use categories, and also compositional turnover along gradients in soil pH and nitrogen availability. Differences in soil pH between land-use categories occurred in a range critical for the establishment of many typical forest herb layer species. Plant indicator species were identified for the two land-use categories. The results showed that acid-sensitive forest herbs may benefit from the higher pH soils in new woodlands, in contrast to ancient forest soils with little buffer capacity towards natural and anthropogenic acidification. In conclusion, former arable use has long-lasting effects on soil properties and vegetation composition in broadleaved forests. New woodlands on former fields can thus offer relatively persistent new habitats for acid-sensitive species that have suffered from reduction in habitat area during historic periods of deforestation and cultivation.  相似文献   

16.
Fire is an important component of the historic disturbance regime of oak and pine forests that occupy sandy soils of the coastal outwash plain of the northeastern US. Today prescribed fire is used for fuel reduction and for restoration and maintenance of habitat for rare plant and animal, animal species. We evaluated the effects of the frequency and seasonality of prescribed burning on the soils of a Cape Cod, Massachusetts's coastal oak-pine forest. We compared soil bulk density, pH and acidity, total extractable cations and total soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in unburned plots and in plots burned over a 12-year period, along a gradient of frequency (every 1–4 years), in either spring (March/April) or summer (July/August). Summer burning decreased soil organic horizon thickness more than spring burning, but only summer burning every 1–2 years reduced organic horizons compared with controls. Burning increased soil bulk density of the organic horizon only in the annual summer burns and did not affect bulk density of mineral soil. Burn frequency had no effect on pH in organic soil, but burning every year in summer increased pH of organic soil from 4.01 to 4.95 and of mineral soil from 4.20 to 4.79. Burning had no significant effect on organic or mineral soil percent C, percent N, C:N, soil exchangeable Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ or total soil C or N. Overall effects of burning on soil chemistry were minor. Our results suggest that annual summer burns may be required to reduce soil organic matter thickness to produce conditions that would regularly allow seed germination for oak and for grassland species that are conservation targets. Managers may have to look to other measures, such as combinations of fire with mechanical treatments (e.g., soil scarification) to further promote grasses and forbs in forests where establishment of these plants is a high priority.  相似文献   

17.
In the Iberian Peninsula Mediterranean oak forests have been transformed into a mosaic landscape of four main patch-types: forests, savannas, shrublands and grasslands. We used aerial photographs over a period of 45 years (1958–2002) to quantify the persistence and rates of transitions between vegetation patch-types in southern Portugal, where cork oak is the dominant tree species. We used logistic regression to relate vegetation changes with topographical features and wildfire history. Over the 45 years, shrublands have been the most persistent patch-type (59%), and have been expanding; forests are also persistent (55%) but have been decreasing since 1985; savannas and grasslands were less persistent (33% and 15%, respectively). Shrublands persistence was significantly correlated with wildfire occurrence, particularly on southern exposures after 1995. In contrast, forest persistence decreased with wildfire occurrence, and forests were more likely to change into shrublands where wildfire had occurred after 1995.  相似文献   

18.
The destruction of natural ecosystems is an important issue in many parts of the world. In the west of Iran, a vast area of the Zagros Mountain range is covered by typical vegetation including several rare plant species, of which many are currently considered endangered by anthropogenic activities. Despite the important role of soil seed banks to help conserve these degraded plant communities, the floristic studies in the Zagros forests have only focused on above- ground vegetation. In this study, the characteristics of soil seed banks and above-ground vegetation were examined at two forest sites： an undisturbed control （Un） and a disturbed （D） site. The objectives of this study were 1） to investigate the diversity of above-ground vegetation and soil seed banks in disturbed and undisturbed forests, 2） to examine the soil properties and the germination characteristics of the soil seed bank in disturbed and undisturbed oak forests and 3） to estimate the potential of soil seed banks in the restoration of disturbed sites. The results show that soil properties between Un and D sites were significantly different with higher values of pH, NH4-N, N~o,, CEC, OC, clay and canopy percentage in the Un site than in the D site. The Simpson diversity, Margalef richness and evenness indices differed significantly between sites, either for the soil seed banks or the above-ground vegetation. After a period of 26 weeks, the germination speed and the mean daily number of germinants were significantly different between Un and D sites. Without other conservation measures, soil seed banks alone cannot result in a full recovery after severe disturbances in the oak forests of Zagros.  相似文献   

19.
[目的]定量研究不同林火干扰对森林生物碳库的变化规律,揭示林火干扰对森林生物碳密度的影响机制,为林火干扰后森林生态系统碳汇管理提供参考依据。[方法]以广东省亚热带2种典型针叶林为研究对象,采用相邻样地比较法,以野外调查采样与室内试验分析为主要手段,定量测定不同林火干扰强度对森林生物碳库(植被碳库和凋落物碳库)碳密度与碳分配格局的影响。[结果]林火干扰对亚热带2种典型针叶林的植被和凋落物碳密度有影响,均表现为对照>轻度林火干扰>中度林火干扰>重度林火干扰。轻度林火干扰对植被碳密度的影响差异不显著(P<0.05),而中度和重度林火干扰则显著降低了植被碳密度(P<0.05).相同林火干扰强度下,植被各组分碳密度的变化均表现为乔木最大。乔木碳密度在不同林火干扰强度下均呈现为对照>轻度林火干扰>中度林火干扰>重度林火干扰,而草本碳密度则呈现与乔木碳密度相反的变化趋势。林火干扰显著影响乔木和草本碳密度,亦对灌木碳密度产生了影响。不同林火干扰强度对凋落物碳密度的影响有所差异,但不同林火干扰强度均显著减少了凋落物碳密度(P<0.05),并随林火干扰强度的增加其减少幅度增大。[结论]林火干扰减少了植被和凋落物碳密度,进而对森林生态系统的碳密度产生重要影响。  相似文献   

20.
Many forest species can be found in understory vegetation of old plantation plots, despite the fact that the native vegetation was a poor savanna growing on highly nonfertile sandy soils. The aim of the present paper is to describe the changes that occur in the environmental conditions when savanna is planted with fast-growing trees, and is particularly concerned with vegetation and soil macrofauna. The study was carried out in industrial eucalyptus plantations, and in experimental Acacia and pine plantations. Most plots were located on sandy soil, but some measurements were also carried out on clay soil planted with the same species in order to assess the influence of soil type.

A strong correlation was shown between the age of the eucalyptus trees and the percentage of forest species in undergrowth, emphasizing the progressive change from savanna vegetation towards forest vegetation.

Biomass and density of macrofauna were very low in both sandy and clayey savanna soils, total biomass being 3.3 and 5.8 g/m2 respectively. Soil macrofauna became more important as the age of plantations increased, and biomass reached 29 g/m2 in the 20-year-old eucalyptus plot on sandy soil, and 74 g/m2 in 26-year-old eucalyptus plantation on clay soil, compared to 33 g/m2 in the natural forest plot on sandy soil; however, frequency of occurrence and number of taxa were lower in old eucalyptus plot as compared to forest. Large differences in the abundance of macrofauna were observed in relation to planted species. Acacia was most favourable to soil macrofauna, with a total biomass of 60 g/m2 on sandy soil and many taxa present. Pine plantations had a poor macrofauna and several taxa were lacking, particularly in the sandy soil.

Total macrofauna frequency was significantly correlated with the percentage of forest species in understory vegetation. Both were correlated with soil pH and soil organic-matter content. The results suggest that soil organic matter and litter quality are of main importance in changing the above- and below-ground habitat in plantations.  相似文献   


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