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1.
The effects of initial inoculum levels on spatio-temporal development in black rot of cabbage from artificial sources, one per plot, were evaluated in replicated field experiments. The results support the hypothesis that black rot is a polycyclic disease. Its development was inoculum-dependent because the progress rate of epidemics and spatial spread were both positively correlated with the strength of the source. Fast disease development was related to the number of rain days. The spread of black rot, associated with the primary gradient, at first resulted from allo-infection, later followed by a phase during which allo-infection was complemented by auto-infection. Three-dimensional maps of disease severity showed the dominance of the primary focus. Maximum distance of black rot symptoms from the source of the focus was limited to a few metres so that damage to cabbage by focal inoculum was limited to the plants close to the source. Spatio-temporal development and initial inoculum were related. High inoculum levels in point sources resulted in faster outward spread of black rot, and differences between low and high levels were generally significant. Under the conditions of the experiments, performed during three relatively dry seasons, a single source of infection measuring 0.5 × 0.5 m was not capable of spreading disease over all the plants in a plot of 6.5 × 6.5 m. The results imply that severe disease where whole crops are infected, as observed regularly in The Netherlands, can only originate from a large number of small foci per field. 相似文献
2.
ABSTRACT The spread of Fusarium head blight of wheat from a small area inoculum source was examined in wheat plots (100, 625, or 2,500 m(2)) inoculated in the center with Gibberella zeae-colonized corn kernels or macro-conidia sprayed on heads at anthesis. With the first inoculation method, disease foci were produced from ascospores released from perithecia formed on inoculated kernels. With the second inoculation method, disease foci were produced by macroconidia directly applied to the heads. Some plots were misted during anthesis. Plots were divided into grids, and disease incidence on spikelets and seeds was assessed at the grid intersections. Isopath contour maps were constructed using an interpolation procedure based on a weighted least squares method. Disease gradients were constructed from the isopath contours in the direction parallel to average nightly wind vectors using an exponential model. This study was conducted over a 3-year period at two sites: one in Quebec and one in Ontario. Both inoculation methods resulted in a discrete, primary focus of head blight in each plot, with one or two smaller secondary foci in some plots. The highest incidence of disease on spikelets or seed was commonly displaced somewhat from the inoculum source, usually downwind. The gradient slopes of seed and spikelet infection ranged from -0.10 to -0.43 m(1) in plots with ascospore inoculum and from -0.48 to -0.79 m(1) in plots inoculated with macroconidia. Seed infection declined to 10% of the maximum within 5 to 22 m from the focal center in asco-spore-inoculated plots, and within 5 m in a macroconidia-inoculated plot. Gradients were usually steeper upwind compared with downwind of the inoculum source. In misted plots, incidence of disease was higher and more diffuse than in nonirrigated plots. Based on gradients and dispersal patterns, disease foci in plots inoculated with G. zeae-colonized corn kernels probably arose from airborne ascospores rather than from splash-borne macroconidia and were the result of infection events that occurred over a short period of time. Comparison of conidial- and ascospore-derived disease gradients indicated a lack of secondary infection, confirming that Fusarium head blight is primarily a monocyclic disease. 相似文献
3.
C.G. Kocks M.A. Ruissen J.C. Zadoks M.G. Duijkers 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(9):911-923
Carry-over of inoculum of X.c. pv. campestris in the soil from one cropping season to the next was studied in field experiments over three years. These studies were supported by laboratory and greenhouse experiments on quantitative assessment of bacteria by bioassay using the Most Probable Number technique, and on recovery rates of bacteria from the soil. The mean recovery rate from artificially infested soil was 58%. Extinction of X.c. pv. campestris in soil infested with infected plant debris proceeded exponentially and extinction rates depended on temperature, as did the decomposition of plant debris. In replicated field plots, over three years, infection foci of black rot disease were established. At harvest time, all plants were chopped and resulting plant debris was rotovated into the soil. The resulting soil infestation was sampled and showed clear infestation foci reflecting the original infection foci of the crop. These infestation foci decreased with time and disappeared after the winter. Follow-up crops remained virtually uninfected. The results show that in The Netherlands good crop and soil management impedes survival of inoculum from one year to the next, so that cabbage can be grown continuously. Polyetic carry-over of inoculum by debris in the soil can be avoided in The Netherlands. 相似文献
4.
Adalberto C. Café-Filho Gil R. Santos Francisco F. Laranjeira 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2010,128(4):473-482
The effect of the distance of initial inoculum on the intensity of watermelon gummy stem blight, caused by Didymella bryoniae, was studied in a naturally-infected rainfed commercial field. The shorter the distance from the focus, the sooner was disease
onset and the earlier maximum disease levels were achieved. Maximum disease incidences were reached earlier than maximum severities,
but eventually destructive levels were observed for both disease incidence and severity. Disease progressed at similar rates,
irrespective of the radial distance from the focus. A detailed study of the disease temporal progress was conducted in inoculated
rainfed experimental fields with commercial genotypes Crimson Sweet (susceptible, S) and Riviera (moderately resistant, R).
The Gompertz model best described the disease progress curves, and estimated apparent infection rates were 0.049 and 0.020
respectively for S and R genotypes. In addition, spatial pattern studies were conducted during the dry season in overhead
irrigated experimental plots, inoculated with point-source foci. Disease intensity gradients were better explained by the
Exponential model than by the Power Law model. Gummy stem blight distribution was classified as aggregated by the Ordinary
Runs procedure. Two different spatial autocorrelation methods (2DCorr and LCOR) revealed strong short distance spatial dependencies.
Long distance positive correlations between quadrats were observed along with periods of higher progress rates. The dynamic
patterns of the epidemics of gummy stem blight in watermelon described here are consistent with epidemics of polycyclic diseases
with splash-dispersed spores. 相似文献
5.
6.
Chemical and biological agents were evaluated for their ability to suppress root rot, caused by Phytophthora cactorum , in field-grown radiata pine seedlings in New Zealand. Trials were conducted over two seasons in an area of a forest nursery with a natural infestation of P. cactorum , and a history of root rot. In each season, symptoms of root rot developed during April, one month after root pruning, when seedlings were approximately six months old. In trial one, root rot incidence by mid July 2007 was 9·1% in untreated plots and 8·4% in plots that had been treated with metalaxyl-M/mancozeb (14 kg ha−1 ) at seedling emergence. Disease incidence was lowest (2·1%) in plots that received seven monthly applications of phosphorous acid (6·5 L ha−1 ). Other treatments, including seed coating with thiram or Trichoderma spp., and foliar applications of methyl jasmonate, did not control disease. In trial two, effects of treatment timing relative to root pruning were investigated. By late June 2008, three months after root pruning, root rot incidence was 22·2% in the untreated plots. Phosphorous acid was the most effective treatment and almost completely suppressed disease (0·1% incidence) when applied fortnightly from February until May (seven applications). Metalaxyl-M/mancozeb (15 kg ha−1 ) was not effective (21·4% incidence) when applied five months before root pruning. However, disease incidence was reduced when the chemical was applied one week after root pruning (14·9% incidence) and greater control was achieved (8·2% incidence) when the application rate was increased to 50 kg ha−1 . 相似文献
7.
S. L. H. Viljanen-Rollinson C. M. A. Frampton R. E. Gaunt R. E. Falloon & D. L. McNeil 《Plant pathology》1998,47(2):148-156
A field experiment was conducted to assess the progress in time and spread in space of powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi ) in pea ( Pisum sativum ) cultivars differing in resistance to the disease. Disease severity (proportion of leaf area infected) was measured in 19 × 23 m plots of cultivars Pania and Bolero (both susceptible) and Quantum (quantitatively resistant). Inoculum on infected plants was introduced into the centre of each plot. Leaves (nodes) were divided into three groups within the canopy (lower, middle, upper) at each assessment because of the large range in disease severity vertically within the plants. Disease severity on leaves at upper nodes was less than 4% until the final assessment 35 days after inoculation. Exponential disease progress curves were fitted to disease severity data from leaves at middle nodes. The mean disease relative growth rate was greater on Quantum than on Pania or Bolero, but it was delayed, resulting in an overall lower disease severity on Quantum. Gompertz growth curves were fitted to disease progress on leaves at lower nodes. Disease progress on Quantum was delayed compared with Pania and Bolero. The average daily rates of increase in disease severity from Gompertz curves did not differ between the cultivars on these leaves. Disease gradients in the plots from the inoculum focus to 12 m were detected at early stages of the epidemic, but the effects of background inoculum inputs and the rate of disease progress meant that these gradients decreased with time as the disease epidemic intensified. Spread was rapid, and there were no statistically significant differences between cultivar isopathic rates (Pania 2.2, Quantum 2.9 and Bolero 4.0 m d−1 ). 相似文献
8.
Epidemiological studies on cercospora leaf spot of sugar beet 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the glasshouse, inoculation of sugar beet with Cercospora beticola followed by 16 h of high humidity produced visible disease only with at least four conidia per cm2 of leaf area. Disease became more severe after increasing periods of high humidity in the range of 0–24 h. In the field, spraying plants with water enhanced disease spread from a focus. Disease progress curves were sigmoid. Apparent infection rate declined towards the end of the season, possibly because of high temperature. In approximate agreement with prediction, epidemic development was delayed when initial inoculum was reduced. Reduced infection, resulting from either reduced initial inoculum or delayed inoculation, decreased the adverse effect of disease on sugar yield. 相似文献
9.
Spatiotemporal analyses of rhizopus rot progress in peach fruit inoculated with Rhizopus stolonifer 
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下载免费PDF全文 Rhizopus rot, caused by Rhizopus stolonifer, is one of the main postharvest diseases in stone fruits, but there is little known about the processes of disease development during transport and postharvest storage. The objective of this study was to characterize temporal progress and spatial distribution of the disease in peach fruit. Rhizopus rot development was evaluated using two different fruit arrangements. Only one fruit of each arrangement was inoculated with a R. stolonifer spore suspension. Disease incidence and severity were assessed daily for all the fruit. Nonlinear models were fitted to the quantity of fruit and to the area of fruit that became infected over time and distance in relation to the source of inoculum. Disease‐free fruit placed next to the artificially inoculated peaches showed disease symptoms due to pathogen dissemination by mycelial stolons. The disease incidence and severity progress rates varied from 0.33 to 0.53 day?1 and from 0.30 to 0.49 day?1, respectively. The spatial spread of the disease followed a dispersive wave pattern with increasing speed over time, but decreasing speed with disease severity. For disease severity y = 0.5, the velocity at day 3 varied from 0.14 to 0.32 fruit diameter day?1, while it ranged from 0.38 to 1.46 fruit diameter day?1 at day 12. 相似文献
10.
M. W. Zawolek 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(Z3):241-255
The diffusion theory of focus development permits development of a class of related models of different complexity. The basis
of the present study is an earlier model which simulates a dual spore dispersal mechanism, consisting of a short-distance
and a long-distance mechanism. This model was further elaborated by adding stochasticity and an external directional force
simulating wind. Stochasticity was simulated through randomization of lesions produced by spores dispersed by the long-distance
mechanism. The model was run twelve times for three values of spore partitioning over the two dispersal mechanisms combined
with four values of wind speed. Model responses were sampled at three simulation time values: 40, 90, and 100 days.
A major model response was the shape of a single focus, studied through snap-shot pictures of disease severity over the field.
Real life phenomena, non-circular mother or central focus with ragged front and daughter foci, were reproduced. Throughout
the simulations, maximum disease severity remained at the location of the initial inoculation. However, after all available
sites around the centre were exhausted, the geometrical centre of the focus was apparently moved downwind. Number of daughter
foci and their relative size were strongly dependent on the spore partitioning over the two dispersal mechanisms. 相似文献
11.
大白菜软腐细菌潜伏侵染的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
大白菜贮藏期软腐(Erwinia carotovora pv.carotovora Dyc)是城市冷库贮藏中严重的病害问题。据在南京市蔬菜公司冷库调查,常年因软腐病引起的损失达总入库量的40%。三年来,对不同来源和品种的外表完全健康的大白菜进行厌气诱发检测,结果在近500株被测的大白菜植株中,潜伏带菌率达99.6%。对10株大白菜的所有叶片逐张进行检查的结果表明,内、外叶片都有潜伏侵染的细菌存在。叶平均带菌率为47.7%,最高为82.8%,最低为4.5%。将叶片用75%的酒精表面消毒1~3分钟,通常并不明显减轻叶片的腐烂。自然潜伏带菌的叶片,诱发发病后病斑多与叶脉作平行分布。对生长在两个试验区的共17个品种的大白菜分别进行潜伏带菌程度的比较,不同品种的大白菜在两块田中的潜伏带菌趋势基本上是一致的。对17个品种大白菜的发病情况,可将其分为较抗、中感和高感3个类型。 相似文献
12.
冠菌素诱导甘蓝幼苗抗黑腐病及其机理初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以甘蓝 Brassica oleracea L.感病品种"庆丰"为材料,通过叶面喷施冠菌素(coronatine,COR)和人工接种黑腐病菌——野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris)的方法,研究了COR诱导甘蓝幼苗抗黑腐病的效果及其生理生化机制。结果表明, COR在质量浓度为0.01、0.1和1.0 mg/L下均具有诱导甘蓝幼苗抗黑腐病的效果,其中1.0 mg/L 处理的病情指数为38.2,诱抗率为43.7%,诱导抗病效果最好。与对照相比,随着COR质量浓度的提高,叶片中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和超氧阴离子(O2-)产生的速率明显增加,而过氧化物酶(POD)的活性增加不明显,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)的含量明显下降。表明COR具有诱导甘蓝幼苗抗黑腐病的作用,而这种作用可能与COR能调控甘蓝幼苗中抗氧化酶活性、提高O2-产生速率以及降低MDA的含量相关。 相似文献
13.
为了明确我国甘蓝主栽区黑腐病菌株种类与致病力水平,为优化抗病性鉴定方法、筛选抗病品种及抗病品种的合理布局提供依据,分别采集了10个省域的黑腐病病叶,经过分离纯化与分子鉴定,获得了26个典型甘蓝黑腐病菌株;选用5个甘蓝抗、感品种作为鉴别寄主,以甘蓝黑腐病菌株的悬浮液为接种体,采用喷雾接种法测定致病力。结果表明:来源于不同省域的黑腐病菌株致病力存在显著差异,致病力最强的是YU,病情指数平均值为38.31;致病力最弱的是SH,病情指数平均值为17.03。来源于不同海拔高度的甘蓝黑腐病菌株致病力最强的是G1500,病情指数平均值为37.93;最弱的是G800,病情指数平均值为19.80。根据鉴别寄主抗感反应将26个黑腐病菌株划分为12类致病型,发现来自不同地域的甘蓝黑腐病菌株间存在着显著的致病性分化现象,对甘蓝品种的致病力存在着显著性差异,其中菌株YU致病力最强,菌株YU可作为甘蓝抗病性鉴定的主要致病菌株,指导抗病品种的选育。 相似文献
14.
为了明确我国甘蓝主栽区黑腐病菌株种类与致病力水平,为优化抗病性鉴定方法、筛选抗病品种及抗病品种的合理布局提供依据,分别采集了10个省域的黑腐病病叶,经过分离纯化与分子鉴定,获得了26个典型甘蓝黑腐病菌株;选用5个甘蓝抗、感品种作为鉴别寄主,以甘蓝黑腐病菌株的悬浮液为接种体,采用喷雾接种法测定致病力。结果表明:来源于不同省域的黑腐病菌株致病力存在显著差异,致病力最强的是YU,病情指数平均值为38.31;致病力最弱的是SH,病情指数平均值为17.03。来源于不同海拔高度的甘蓝黑腐病菌株致病力最强的是G1500,病情指数平均值为37.93;最弱的是G800,病情指数平均值为19.80。根据鉴别寄主抗感反应将26个黑腐病菌株划分为12类致病型,发现来自不同地域的甘蓝黑腐病菌株间存在着显著的致病性分化现象,对甘蓝品种的致病力存在着显著性差异,其中菌株YU致病力最强,菌株YU可作为甘蓝抗病性鉴定的主要致病菌株,指导抗病品种的选育。 相似文献
15.
Robin A. Choudhury Hong Ling Er Marc A. Hughes Jason A. Smith Gretchen E. Pruett Joshua Konkol Randy C. Ploetz James J. Marois Karen A. Garrett Ariena H. C. van Bruggen 《Plant pathology》2021,70(3):676-688
Host size, density, and distribution, in addition to climate, can affect the likelihood a pathogen will invade and saturate landscapes. Laurel wilt, caused by the vector-borne pathogen Raffaelea lauricola, has devastated populations of native Lauraceae in the south-eastern USA, and continues to spread. We surveyed 87 plots in six coastal islands in South Carolina, Georgia, and north Florida, and one inland site (Archbold Biological Station) in south Florida for laurel wilt-affected and unaffected individual plants belonging to the genus Persea. The coastal island sites were surveyed once in 2008 or 2009, and the inland site was surveyed eight times from 2011 to 2013. Disease incidence per plot ranged from 0% to 96%, with mean disease incidence 42% across all sites. Disease incidence was positively correlated with trunk diameter and with density of hosts with trunk diameter >5 cm, but negatively correlated with the degree of clustering, which was highest for small trees. A recursive partitioning model indicated that higher disease incidence was associated with moderate temperatures, wider trunk diameter, lower relative humidity, and lower wind speeds. Disease progress over time at Archbold followed a Gompertz curve, plateauing at 3% in 2 years. The dispersal kernel for disease incidence from a focus followed a negative exponential distribution. The number of plots with diseased trees at Archbold was similar for redbay (P. borbonia) and swampbay (P. palustris) but was lower for silkbay (P. humilis). Understanding how host density, size, and diversity interact with environmental effects will help guide future risk prediction efforts. 相似文献
16.
Patterns of spread and yield losses were examined when migrant aphid vectors transmitted Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) within chickpea (Cicer arietinum) plots. When numbers of chickpea plant infection foci were varied to provide initial infection incidences of 0·3–2%, rate of virus spread and its final incidence increased in proportion to initial virus incidence and pathogen progress curves reflected a polycyclic pattern of spread. Chickpea seed yields decreased by 44–45% when CMV incidence reached 61–74% at final assessment in plots with simulated 1–2% initial incidence. In chickpea plots with or without introduced lupin plant infection foci, cumulative spatial data for diseased plants were assessed using spatial analysis by distance indices (sadie ). When CMV spread within a plot, infection was concentrated in large patch clusters and was consistent with comprehensive localized spread around primary infection foci. When introduced infection foci were absent, there was more diffuse spread with many isolated clusters. In individual plants that developed CMV symptoms at different growth stages, shoot and pod dry weight were reduced by 60–65% and 77–79% (early infection) and 44 and 66% (late infection), respectively. Seed yield losses were 78–80% (early) and 65–67% (late), and reduction in 50‐seed weight was 20–25% regardless of time of infection, so seed number was reduced more by early than late infection. Infection also reduced seed quality as, in addition to smaller seed size, seed coats were discoloured and malformed: the proportions of malformed seeds were 9–11% (early), 3–6% (late) and 0·5% (healthy). 相似文献
17.
ABSTRACT Epidemic development of brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructigena, was monitored in integrated and organic apple orchards at two locations in eastern Hungary between 2002 and 2005 on three cultivars with early, midseason, and late ripening periods. Disease incidence and severity measures were affected significantly (P < 0.05) by management system (organic versus integrated) and cultivar, but there was no significant management system-cultivar interaction. Epidemics started 2 to 4 weeks earlier in organic orchards and on the early cv. Prima compared with integrated orchards and the late cv. Mutsu. Disease intensity increased markedly in the final 3 to 5 weeks before harvest and was considerably lower in integrated than in organic orchards. Final brown rot incidence on fruit in the tree was correlated with incidence on dropped fruit on the orchard floor (r > 0.75, P < 0.05), whereby the lag period from the appearance of the first symptomatic fruit on the ground to the occurrence of the first symptomatic fruit in the tree ranged from 2 weeks to 2 months, depending on the cultivar. The inflection point of the disease progress curve was attained first by fruit on the ground, followed successively by fruit in the lower, middle, and upper thirds of the tree canopy. This may indicate that dropped fruit that became infected early provided a source of inoculum for subsequent epidemics by serving as a bridge between sporulation from overwintered fruit mummies in the spring and the first fruit with sporulating lesions in the tree in midsummer. Removal of dropped fruit from the orchard floor resulted in a significantly lower disease incidence on fruit in the tree on all cultivars; thus, drop-removal may be useful as a brown rot management practice in apple orchards. 相似文献
18.
ABSTRACT Brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructicola, is a destructive disease of stone fruit in California. Disease management requires information on inoculum dynamics and development of latent and visible fruit infections during the season to help make decisions on timing of fungicide treatments and choice of cultural practices. In this study, the daily spore concentration (ascospores and conidia) of M. fructicola in the air was monitored with spore traps in two prune orchards during the growing seasons in 2001 and 2002. The spore concentrations were low to moderate at early bloom, increased at full bloom, and decreased to the lowest level at the end of bloom. Improper timing of fruit thinning and irrigation in midseason increased spore concentration in the air and fruit infections late in the season. Artificial fruit inoculations were conducted periodically in 10 prune orchards in 2002 and 2004, and incidence of fruit rot at different inoculation dates was assessed. Fruit rot development rate increased linearly with inoculation date during the growing season. Natural blossom and fruit infections were monitored periodically in 10 prune orchards, and incidence of latent fruit infection was determined by using the overnight freezing-incubation technique. Incidence of fruit rot also was assessed 2 weeks before harvest in these orchards. The incidence of latent fruit infection at the pit hardening stage significantly correlated with that at the late stages and with the incidence of fruit rot at harvest. 相似文献
19.
Carlos Gongora-Canul Forrest W. NutterJr Leonor Frazao S. Leandro 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,132(1):71-79
Temporal dynamics of soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) root and foliar disease severity were studied in growth chamber experiments
on susceptible plants exposed to different inoculum densities (0, 100, 101, 102, and 103 conidia g−1 soil) of Fusarium virguliforme. The monomolecular model provided the best fit to describe the progress of root and foliar disease severity over time. Disease
severity and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) both increased in response to increasing inoculum density (P < 0.01), particularly for foliar symptoms. Rate of disease progress increased as inoculum densities increased for both root
and foliar disease severities. The incubation period for root and foliar disease severity ranged from 9 to 18 and 15 to 25 days,
respectively. Significant differences in root rot severity were most easily detected during the early stages of infection,
whereas root rot and foliar severities were only weakly correlated when both were assessed simultaneously at later stages
of disease development. Root rot severity assessments performed 15 to 20 days after inoculation (DAI) were most highly correlated
(r > 0.9, P < 0.01) with foliar disease severity assessments performed 30 to 50 DAI. Root biomass was reduced by up to 67% at the three
highest inoculum densities, indicating the aggressiveness that F. virguliforme possesses as a root rot pathogen on soybeans. 相似文献
20.
H. L. Van De Lande 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(3):129-138
Spatial patterns of spear rot and ‘marchitez sorpresiva’ epidemics in oil palm in Surinam were analyzed using geostatistics. Semivariogram analysis generally led to linear and spherical graphs of respectively, spear rot and marchitez incidence in areas where the diseases were not yet under control. In both, spear rot and marchitez, semivariograms indicated focal development in the initial stage of the epidemics, illustrated through disease maps and described by gradient analysis. In case of spear rot, the linear model of semivariograms suggested a disease dispersal with a spreading mechanism which operated over long distances within sampled area. Disease dispersal in marchitez was localized, suggesting tree to tree transmission within the range of the spherical semivariograms. 相似文献