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1.
Yearling yellow perch were collected from sixteen Muskoka-Haliburton lakes to determine interrelationships between water quality, Hg residues in fish and fish condition. The lakes studied were Precambrian shield lakes with a pH range of 5.6 to 7.3 and total inflection point alkalinities of 0.4 to 16.0 mg L?1. Mercury residues in yellow perch ranged from 31 to 233 ng g?1 and were inversely correlated (p < 0.001; r = 0.84) with lakewater pH. Stepwise linear regression analyses selected lakewater pH as the only significant parameter associated with Hg accumulations. Alkalinities, sulphate, Ca and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were not selected as significant. Likewise, lakewater pH and Hg residues in yellow perch were inversely (p < 0.001) correlated with fish condition. Lakewater pH, accounted for 74% and Hg in fish a further 11% of the variability in fish condition. Terrestrial drainage size/lake volume ratios were also correlated (p < 0.05; r = 0.78) with Hg accumulations in perch from a subset of nine headwater lakes. No temporal trends in Hg residues were evident in yellow perch over a 9 yr interval (1978–1987).  相似文献   

2.
Mercury concentrations were measured in samples of peat soils, sediments and clams (Rangia cuneata) from a peatland region of the Albemarle-Panlico Peninsula of North Carolina. Total Hg concentrations in peat cores ranged from 40 to 193 ng g?1 (dw); no depth-related trends were noted. Mercury concentrations in surface sediments from canals draining the peatlands and from the Pungo River that receives this drainage ranged from 8 to 20 ng g?1 (dw). Selective extractions of these peat and sediment samples revealed that the bulk of the Hg was associated with organic matter-associated fractions (particularly humic/fulvic acid bound and organic-sulfide bound fractions). No Hg was detected in the relatively mobile and bioavailable water-soluble or ion-exchangeable fractions. Total Hg concentrations in the soft tissues of clams from the Pungo River ranged from 25 to 32 ng g?1 (ww). No concentrations of methyl Hg above the detection limit of a 25 ng g?1 were measured in soils, sediments, or clams. These data indicate that Hg concentrations in this region are at the low end of the distribution of levels reported for uncontaminated systems and that mining of these peatlands is unlikely to significantly elevate Hg concentrations in the receiving estuarine system.  相似文献   

3.
Three months after neutralization concentrations of methylmercury (MeHg) were higher in the water of the limed than in the control basin of a small lake. After two years, the concentrations in the limed basin were somewhat lower than in the control (0.056–2.19 ng L?1 and 0.129–2.65 ng L?1, respectively). The highest concentrations were found in the anoxic hypolimnia. The total amount of MeHg in the water mass of the lake varied from 19 to 68 mg, showing a drop after spring and autumn overturns and a maximum during stratification periods. The total Hg concentrations of fish in L. Iso Valkjärvi varied from 0.06 to 0.14 μg g?1 (ww) in whitefish to 0.1 to 0.7 μg g?1 in perch and to 0.2 to 1.4 μg g?1 in pike. The total amount of MeHg bound in the fish of the lake was quite similar to that in the water column, 43 to 59 mg in 1990–1993, 33 to 47 mg of which was in the perch population.  相似文献   

4.
Natural geological Hg deposits control the Hg levels inthe upper Katun river. Very high levels of total Hg areobserved in the watercolumn (up to 20 ng L-1) and thesediments (up to 244 μg g-1) close to the depositarea, but almost normal levels (1.8 ng L-1 in the watercolumn and 0.14 μg g-1 in the sediments) are reached60 km downstream of that zone. In general, low dissolvedmethylmercury (MMHg) concentrations were found (0.04–0.05 ngL-1) due to unfavourable methylation conditions. The MMHgconcentrations in the sediments vary from 23.3 ng g-1, inthe vicinity of the geological Hg deposits, to 0.17 ng g-1 60 km downstream.Total Hg levels in Lake Teletskoye (a geological activearea) are slightly increased (1.1–1.8 ng L-1) compared toLake Baikal and fairly constant alover the Lake, suggestingmultiple sources. High mercury concentrations in springs andsoils coincide with high radon concentrations in the samecompartments as well as high soil exhalation fluxes. Theseresults in combination with the fact that Lake Teletskoye islocated in an active fault zone suggest that the Rn and Hgsources may be fault aligned spring waters and deep seatedgases escaping through open cracks. Methylmercuryconcentrations in the Lake (0.03–0.1 ng L-1) werecomparable to the concentrations found in Katun river butrelative to the total Hg burden this means a higher percentage.  相似文献   

5.
Estuarine and riverine sediments from fourlocations showing different sediment structures wereanalysed as fresh, thawed and lyophilised samples fortotal mercury (TotHg) and methylmercury (MeHg)concentrations, and results were compared to addresseffects of sample preservation on Hg speciation. TotHg was measured by cold vapour atomic absorptionspectrometry (CVAAS). MeHg was isolated bydistillation and ion-exchange and analysed by coldvapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS) afterpreconcentration on a gold trap. No loss of TotHg norMeHg due to lyophilisation was found. Concentrationsof TotHg and MeHg respectively ranged from 92 to 267ng g-1 dw and 1.1 to 2.9 ng g-1 dw in freshsamples, from 94 to 215 ng g-1 dw and 1.1 to 2.8ng g-1 dw in thawed samples, and from 100 to 256ng g-1 dw and 1.2 to 3.1 ng g-1 dw inlyophilised samples. Lyophilised samples showedbetter homogeneity and better MeHg analysisreproducibility compared with wet samples.  相似文献   

6.
We analyzed surface waters from 30 Wisconsin lakes and rivers for total mercury ([Hg]T) and total suspended particulates (TSP) on a state-wide basis with trace-metal ‘ultraclean’ techniques. Mercury concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 2.9 ng L?1 in lakes and from 0.7 to 8.9 ng L?1 in rivers. TSP concentrations ranged from 0.9 to 6.6 mg L?1 in lakes and from 3.1 to 31.4 mg L?1 in rivers. Spatial trends were weak; however, [Hg] T was generally higher in the spring than in the autumn of 1991. Total mercury concentration was weakly dependent on TSP with the coefficient of determination (r 2) ranging 0.06 to 0.49 across seasonal and geophysical differences.  相似文献   

7.
Falandysz  J.  Brzostowski  A.  Kawano  M.  Kannan  K.  Puzyn  T.  Lipka  K. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2003,148(1-4):127-137
Fourteen species of wild growing mushrooms and surface (0–10 cm) soils were collected near Lake Wdzydze in the northern part of Poland in 1996–1997 to understand the status of mercury pollution. Concentrations of mercury in mushrooms varied between 100±30 and 2400±1900 ng g-1 dry matter in caps and 60±1 and 1300±1500 ng g-1 dry matter in stalks. Concentrations of mercury in underlying soil were between 30±1 and 140±120 ng g-1 dry matter (between 36±18 and 63±100 ng g-1 depending on the soil type). Bioconcentration factors (BCF: concentrations in mushroom/concentrationin soil) of total mercury were between 2.3±1.1 and 90±110 for caps, and between 2.1±1.0 and 53±56 for stalks. Scaly tooth (Sarcodon imbricatum) contained the greatest concentrations of mercury in the flesh. However, there was no significant relationship (p >: 0.05) between mercury content in the fruiting bodies of this speciesto soil mercury concentrations. A significant (p < 0.01) positive relationship between mercury content in caps to underlying soil was noted for European cow bolete (Suillus bovinus), while a negative relationship between mercury content in caps and stalks to underlying soil was observed for Sandy knight-cap (Tricholomaflavovirens), Shaggy scale-head (Pholiota squaroso-adiposa),Gypsy mushroom (Rozites caperata) and Pine spike cap (Chroogomphus rutilus).  相似文献   

8.
Boudala  F. S.  Folkins  I.  Beauchamp  S.  Tordon  R.  Neima  J.  Johnson  B. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2000,122(1-2):183-202
Mercury flux measurements were conducted at two lakes and three soil sites in Kejimkujik National Park, located in the eastern Canadian province of Nova Scotia. One of the lakes had high levels of both mercury and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC). Two of the soil sites were located under the forestcanopy, while the other was in a small clearing surrounded by forest. Flux measurements were performed using the dynamic chamber method. Mercury concentrations in the air were measured with a TEKRAN mercury analyzer. Mercury fluxes over the two lakes were most strongly correlated with solar radiation, although the flux was also significantly correlated with water temperature, air temperature, and negatively correlated with relative humidity. The flux from the high DOC lake (Big Dam West) was especially high when the conditions were both sunny and windy (wind speed greater than 1.3 m s-1) and the average flux measured was 5.4 ng m-2 h-1. The mercury flux from this lake was wellparameterized in terms of a simple expression involving solar radiation and a nonlinear dependence on wind speed. The flux measured from the low DOC lake (North Cranberry) tended to be lower than from the high DOC lake. The averageflux measured was 1.1 ng m-2 h-1, but was again strongly correlated with solar radiation. The flux was low during windy conditions in the absence of sunlight, suggesting that wind enhances mercury evasion from lakes only in the presence of solar radiation. Mercury fluxes measured over the soil sites tended to be smaller than those over water (a range of –1.4–4.3 ng m-2 h-1). At one of the forest sites, mercury flux was very strongly correlated with 0.5 cm soil temperature, and this dependence was well described by an Arrhenius-typeexpression with an activation energy of 14.6 kcal-1 mole, quite close to the heat of vaporization of mercury (14.5 kcal-1 mol-1 at 20 °C). At the clearing, where there was direct exposure to the sun, the mercury flux was most strongly correlated with solar radiation.  相似文献   

9.
Total S concentrations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles studied in the Finnish subarctic (66–70°N, 24–30°E) in 1990/1992 ranged from 573 to 1153 μg g-1. Levels were found to be ≈ 900 μg g-1 (i.e. 1.3–1.8 times the ‘normal’ level of 500–700 μg g-1) in areas where the long-term ambient SO2 concentration was ≈ 2–5 μg m-3, particulate SO4 2- ≈ μg m-3 and total S deposition ≈ 0.5 g m-2. A statistically significant increase in needle total S concentrations was found towards the east, i.e. towards the smelters of the Kola Peninsula in Russia, which emit SO2. The increase in needle total S concentrations to over 900 μg g-1 close to the Russian border is thought to result mainly from exposure to high short-term SO2 concentrations. The results also suggest that wintertime S deposition may have an impact on the needle total S content. It is suggested that the UNECE long-term critical level of 15 μg SO2 m-3 for forestry in boreal and high mountain climates in Europe is too high for the pine forests in the extreme north, where the proportion of dry-deposited S may be 60–80%.  相似文献   

10.
Concentrations of methyl mercury (MeHg) and total mercury (THg) in precipitation were measured at the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), a remote field station in northwestern Ontario. We found that precipitation was a source of both MeHg and THg to boreal ecosystems, but at lower rates than in industrialized regions of North America and Scandinavia. MeHg concentrations in precipitation ranged from 0.010 to 0.179 ng L?1 and were highest when events originated west of the ELA. THg concentrations in precipitation ranged from 0.95 to 9.31 ng L?1 and were highest when the events came from the southeast. There was no relationship between THg and MeHg over time in precipitation. Inputs of both MeHg and THg to ecosystems were highest during summer months.  相似文献   

11.
Contaminants in Arctic Snow Collected over Northwest Alaskan Sea Ice   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Snow cores were collected over sea ice from four northwest Alaskan Arctic estuaries that represented the annual snowfallfrom the 1995–1996 season. Dissolved trace metals, major cationsand anions, total mercury, and organochlorine compounds weredetermined and compared to concentrations in previous arctic studies. Traces (<4 nanograms per liter, ng L-1) of cis- and trans-chlordane, dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate, dieldrin, endosulfan II, andPCBs were detected in some samples, with endosulfan I consistently present. High chlorpyrifos concentrations (70–80 ng L-1) also were estimated at three sites. The snow washighly enriched in sulfates (69–394 mg L-1), with highproportions of nonsea salt sulfates at three of five sites (9 of 15 samples), thus indicating possible contamination throughlong-distance transport and deposition of sulfate-rich atmospheric aerosols. Mercury, cadmium, chromium, molybdenum, and uranium were typically higher in the marine snow (n = 15) in relation to snow from arctic terrestrial studies, whereas cations associated with terrigenous sources, such as aluminum,frequently were lower over the sea ice. One Kasegaluk Lagoon site (Chukchi Sea) had especially high concentrations of totalmercury (mean = 214 ng L-1, standard deviation = 5 ng L-1), but no methyl mercury was detected above the method detection limit (0.036 ng L-1) at any of the sites. Elevated concentrations of sulfate, mercury, and certain heavymetals might indicate mechanisms of contaminant loss from the arctic atmosphere over marine water not previously reported overland areas. Scavenging by snow, fog, or riming processes and thehigh content of deposited halides might facilitate the loss of such contaminants from the atmosphere. Both the mercury and chlorpyrifos concentrations merit further investigation in view of their toxicity to aquatic organisms at low concentrations.  相似文献   

12.
The sources and concentrations of total mercury (total Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in the upper catchment of the Lake Gordon/Lake Pedder system in Tasmania, Australia were investigated. The catchment area, which contains over 50% wetlands, is located in a temperate region with no obvious point sources of mercury. Surface waters in the region had concentrations of total Hg ranging from 1.2 to 14.4 ng L-1 and MeHg from < 0.04 to 1.4 ng L-1. MeHg concentrations were seasonally dependent, with the highest concentrations occurring in summer. Sediments/soils in the catchment had concentrations of total Hg ranging from 4.0 to 194 ng g-1 and MeHg from <0.02 to 20.1 ng g-1. The low concentrations of total Hg confirmed that this region is pristine as regards mercury and has no geological enrichment of total Hg. The highest total Hg and MeHg concentrations in both sediment/soils and waters were found in bogs whereas the lowest concentrations typically occurred on the wetlandplains. MeHg concentrations, in bog and swamp sediments were correlatedwith the organic matter content (r = 0.942, P < 0.001). Acid volatile sulfide (AVS) measurements indicate that in most sediments AVS was greater than total Hg. Given the high reactivity of inorganic mercury and sulfide, this suggests that most of the particulate mercury in sediments is present as mercuric sulfide. The yield of MeHg from the catchment was estimated to be 3.2 mg ha-1 yr-1 and is higher than published rates measured in non-contaminated temperate catchments in the northern hemisphere. The higher yield was attributed to the generally warmer climatic conditions that favour net methylation and the relatively high rainfall (2–3 m yr-1) of the region, which supplies reactive inorganic mercury to the active zones ofmercury methylation and also flushes MeHg from the catchment.  相似文献   

13.
Surficial sediments were sampled with a light-weight gravity corer at 175 sites in 73 Ontario and Québec lakes and Zooplankton was collected with a 225 μm mesh size net in 24 lakes. Hg concentrations in surficial sediments (0–2 cm) ranged from 3 to 267 ng g?1 dry weight with a mean of 80 ng g?1 dry weight for all sites. A regression model including organic content of sediments and the ratio of the catchment area/lake surface explained 60% of the variation in sediments Hg concentrations. Hg in Zooplankton ranged from about 25 to 377 ng g?1 dw with a mean of 108 ng g?1 dw and was weakly correlated with catchment area, primary productivity and TOC. Our data indicate that an important fraction of Hg originates from the catchments, but do not show a clear west-east regional gradient for Hg concentrations in surficial sediments or in zooplankton.  相似文献   

14.
Mercury (Hg) was measured in stream water and precipitation in the Loch Vale watershed in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, during 2001–2002 to investigate processes controlling Hg transport in high-elevation ecosystems. Total Hg concentrations in precipitation ranged from 2.6 to 36.2 ng/L and showed a strong seasonal pattern with concentrations that were 3 to 4 times higher during summer months. Annual bulk deposition of Hg was 8.3 to 12.4 μ g/m2 and was similar to deposition rates in the Midwestern and Northeastern U.S. Total Hg concentrations in streams ranged from 0.8 to 13.5 ng/L and were highest in mid-May on the rising limb of the snowmelt hydrograph. Stream-water Hg was positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon suggesting organically complexed Hg was flushed into streams from near-surface soil horizons during the early stages of snowmelt. Methylmercury (MeHg) in stream water peaked at 0.048 ng/L just prior to peak snowmelt but was at or below detection (< 0.040 ng/L) for the remainder of the snowmelt season. Annual export of total Hg in Loch Vale streams ranged from 1.2 to 2.3 μ g/m2, which was less than 20% of wet deposition, indicating the terrestrial environment is a net sink of atmospheric Hg. Concentrations of MeHg in stream water and corresponding watershed fluxes were low, indicating low methylation rates or high demethylation rates or both.  相似文献   

15.
During processing of the historic Comstock Ore, Virginia City, NV, an estimated 5.5 × 109 g of metallic mercury (Hg) were released into the Carson River Drainage Basin. The Bessels Mill site is one of at least 75 locations where Hg was used to amalgamate the gold and silver from the ore. Although the mill is no longer standing, Hg contaminated tailings attest to its past location. Mercury concentrations in samples of tailings from the Bessels Mill site are as high as 1570 μg/g. Mercury concentrations vary spatially over the site. Total Hg concentrations in air measured directly over the site are well above regional background levels (1 to 7.1 ng/m3). The highest average atmospheric Hg concentration measured at the site was 240 ng/m3 for October 1993. The estimated range of Hg flux to the atmosphere from the site was 37 to 500 ng/m2 hr. Atmospheric Hg concentrations varied seasonally, diurnally and spatially. Atmospheric Hg concentrations varied as a function of Hg concentration, soil and air temperature, wind speed and surface morphology.  相似文献   

16.
This study investigated the spatialand seasonal variations of MeHg concentrations andburdens of different sediments and soils of theTapajós river floodplain, one of the majorclear-water tributaries of the Amazon. The smallfloodplain of the Tapajós is typical of Amazonianfloodplain ecosystems. The studied lakes are borderedby inundated forest (igapó), while floatingmacrophyte mats (Paspalum sp.) develop at themargin of lakes during the flooded season. During theflood, we observed very low MeHg concentrations in theopen water lake sediments (<0.5 ng g-1 d.w or<0.5 μg m-2 cm-1 d.w.) as compared to thesemi-aquatic sediments of the macrophyte zone (0.2–1.4 ng g-1 d.w or 1–3 μg m-2cm-1 d.w.) and the igapó semi-terrestrial soils (0.2–3 ng g-1 d.w or2–12 μg m-2 cm-1 d.w.). The litter horizon fromthe igapó soils showed the highest value of MeHg(4–8 ng g-1 d.w.) representing 0.2–2 μg m-2cm-1 d.w. at the sediment/water interface during theaquatic phase. The inundation had no effect on theconcentrations and burdens of MeHg in the sediment ofthe central part of the lake. The inundation had aclear effect on the methylation of Hg at the surfaceof semi-aquatic shoreline sediments (macrophyte zone)and semi-terrestrial forest soils, where MeHgconcentrations and burdens appeared to be 3 timesgreater following inundation. In all cores, total Hgconcentrations follow those of Fe and Aloxy-hydroxides, whereas the MeHg concentrations arelinked to organic matter quality and quantity. It issuggested that organic matter and inundation controlMeHg production and accumulation at the benthicinterface. These results confirm previousobservations, in the same study area, of net203Hg methylation potentials. The fresh andlabile organic matter in the litter of the igapóforest appears as the most important factor leading tosignificant enrichment of MeHg in these particularterrestrial/aquatic sedimentary environments.  相似文献   

17.
Mercury in the aquatic biota and geologic materials in areas without anthropogenic sources has been stimulating the discussion about the possibility of natural Hg occurrence in the Amazon region. In this study the dispersion of Hg in different geologic materials as well as its relationship with high Hg levels, detected in some species of carnivorous fish consumed in the Rio Branco city, is evaluated. Bottom and suspended sediments, river water and fishes were sampled in the Acre and Purus Rivers and in some of their tributaries. Total mercury as well as physical and chemical characterization of the waters were done. Hg on top soil and upper horizons samples were also determined to evaluate the potential Hg accumulation in these materials. In addition the dominant minerals were determined by X-ray Diffraction analysis. Furthermore, ten samples of fossilized material were analyzed. The Hg analysis were carried out by CVAAS. The Hg mean levels in the bottom and suspensed sediments were 0.042 and 0.060 μg g-1, respectively. In the river water samples, the Hg levels were below the detection limit. The Hg mean values in the different soil samples were as follow: soil samples (0.077 μ g-1), lower (50–60 cm depth) horizons samples (0.117 μ g-1), ferruginous nodules within the clayey matrix (0.190 μ g-1) and fossilized material (0.379 μ g-1). In the fishes the Hg levels are high with mean of the 1.287 μ g-1 in the carnivorous species. These levels indicate a possible bioaccumulation of Hg mostly in the carnivorous fishes. Although low concentrations of Hg were found in the river waters, it is assumed here that the bioavailable Hg can is original large from the ferruginousnodules and fossilized materials.  相似文献   

18.
The goal of this study was to investigate net mercury flux associated with seedlings of two species (Populus tremuloides and Pinus ponderosa) grown in three soil exposure concentrations (0.010 ± 0.001, 6.15 ± 0.86, and 25.56 ± 2.10 µg Hg g-1) and to determine if mercury flux from vegetation was directly correlated with mercury concentration in the soil. Net mercury flux was measured using a gas exchange system. Mercury emission from foliage was not influenced by mercury concentration in the soil. Experiments were also done to assess the significance of mercury emission from vegetation relative to that occurring from associated soils. Mean soil mercury emissions were 1 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than that from plants grown in similar soil mercury concentrations. Light and the addition of water were found to significantly increase mercury emission from soils, and the magnitude of the flux response to watering was correlated with soil mercury concentration.  相似文献   

19.
The objective was to develop and adapt a versatile analytical method for the quantification of solvent extractable, saturated long‐chain fatty acids in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Fulvic (FA) and humic (HA) acids, dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water, as well as organic matter in whole soils (SOM) of different horizons were investigated. The proposed methodology comprised extraction by dichloromethane/acetone and derivatization with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and library searches. The C10:0 to C34:0 methyl esters of n‐alkyl fatty acids were used as external standards for calibration. The total concentrations of C14:0 to C28:0 n‐alkyl fatty acids were determined in DOM obtained by reverse‐osmosis of Suwannee river water (309.3 μg g—1), in freeze‐dried brown lake water (180.6 μg g—1), its DOM concentrate (93.0 μg g—1), humic acid (43.1 μg g—1), and fulvic acid (42.5 μg g—1). The concentrations of the methylated fatty acids (n‐C16:0 to n‐C28:0) were significantly (r2 = 0.9999) correlated with the proportions of marker signals (% total ion intensity (TII), m/z 256 to m/z 508) in the corresponding pyrolysis‐field ionization (FI) mass spectra. The concentrations of terrestrial C10:0 to C34:0 n‐alkyl fatty acids from four soil samples ranged from 0.02 μg g—1 to 11 μg g—1. The total concentrations of the extractable fatty acids were quantified from a Podzol Bh horizon (26.2 μg g—1), Phaeozem Ap unfertilized (48.1 μg g—1), Phaeozem Ap fertilized (57.7 μg g—1), and Gleysol Ap (66.7 μg g—1). Our results demonstrate that the method is well suited to investigate the role of long‐chain fatty acids in humic fractions, whole soils and their particle‐size fractions and can be serve for the differentiation of plant growth and soil management.  相似文献   

20.
以葫芦岛锌厂周围草地中的蜘蛛为研究对象,研究了汞在蜘蛛体内的含量及分布规律。结果表明,蜘蛛体内汞含量范围为6.72～185.01ng·g^-1,平均60.19ng·g^-1,远高于对照地区蜘蛛。不同采样点蜘蛛体内汞含量之间存在较大差异,距离锌厂远近对蜘蛛汞含量影响明显。蜘蛛体内总汞含量、头胸部及腹部汞含量分别同蜘蛛体重、对应器官重量之间呈显著负相关关系。蜘蛛不同器官中汞含量差异显著,表现出头胸部〉足〉腹部的规律。但是同其他昆虫相比,蜘蛛对汞的富集程度并不明显。  相似文献   

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