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1.
农田防护林主要间距离的确定——基于林带结构与风速降低的关系 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Relative windspeed reduction was measured behind nine relatively narrow, homogenous tree windbreaks with porosities between
0.13–0.33, and behind 28 combinations of model stubble barriers representing 25 different optical porosities (0.00–0.80).
The optimum porosities observed were 0.25 and 0.13 for tree windbreaks and stubble barriers respectively. Based on the relationship
between windbreak structure (optical porosity) and wind reduction, the chief indices for determining spacing interval, i.e.,
the windbreak structure index (δ) and the parameter of microclimate, represented by the problem wind (L
rp
), were determined. Additionally, investigations on shelterbelt trees were carried out, and stem-analysis techniques were
used, to develop a method for determining the mature height of tree windbreaks (H
0). Optimal spacing intervals between windbreaks could be predicted from the indices of a given windbreak structure, percentage
of reduction of windspeed desired and tree growth model. A hypothetical example for determining the spacing interval of principal
poplar windbreaks is given at the end of this paper. The results can be applied not only to tree windbreak design but also
to other plant materials and artificial barriers for wind protection.
Foundation item: This study was supported by Innovation Research Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Biography: ZHU Jiao-jun (1965-), male, Ph. Doctor, PhD advisor. Professor of Institute of Applied Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences,
China, Scholar researcher of Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Japan.
Responsible editor: Song Funan 相似文献
2.
In Patagonia, where strong winds are a constraint to agricultural production, live windbreaks are often planted in agricultural fields to protect crops, livestock, and soils from wind hazards. The major factors that determine the efficacy of windbreaks are height, porosity, orientation, length, and location in the landscape. A review of the research on the effect of live windbreaks during 1993 through 2000 is presented in the paper. Porosity and distance from windbreak were found to have major effects on relative windspeed reduction. The greatest degree of protection was for dense windbreaks (windspeed reduction of 85%) at 1H (1H = a distance of one tree height, leeward of the windbreak). Different crops showed a differential yield response to wind stress. The production of garlic (Allium sativum) was not significantly affected by wind. Tulip (Tulipa sp.) bulb yield decreased on average by 25% between 2H and 17H. The production of lucerne (Medicago sativa) at 1H was 40% higher than lucerne grown in open conditions. In contrast, strawberry (Fragaria sp.)and cherry (Prunus avium) were more sensitive to the effect of the wind. Dendrometric models (diameter, site index, volume and crown dynamics) were developed to define the wood potential productivity that could be expected from different site qualities. The prediction of height growth as a function of age, allows the estimation of the area protected by the windbreak. An economic assessment based on realistic estimates of shelter benefits is required to encourage the development of windbreak systems that could also offer other benefits, including erosion control and timber production.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Relative windspeed reduction was measured behind nine relatively narrow, homogenous tree windbreaks with porosities between 0.13-0.33, and behind 28 combinations of model stubble barriers representing 25 different optical porosities (0.00-0.80). The optimum porosities observed were 0.25 and 0.13 for tree windbreaks and stubble barriers respectively. Based on the relationship between windbreak structure (optical porosity) and wind reduction, the chief indices for determining spacing interval, i.e., the windbreak structure index (δ) and the parameter of microclimate, represented by the problem wind (Lrp), were determined. Additionally, investigations on shelterbelt trees were carried out, and stem-analysis techniques were used, to develop a method for determining the mature height of tree windbreaks (H0). Optimal spacing intervals between windbreaks could be predicted from the indices of a given windbreak structure, percentage of reduction of windspeed desired and tree growth model. A hypothetical example for determining the spacing interval of principal poplar windbreaks is given at the end of this paper. The results can be applied not only to tree windbreak design but also to other plant materials and artificial barriers for wind protection. 相似文献
4.
本文通过对9条分布均匀、相对较窄的不同疏透度(透光疏透度,下同)(0.13～0.33)的树木林带和不同疏透度(0.00～0.80)风障组合的野外风速观测,确定了树木林带和风障的最适疏透度分别为0.25和0.13。基于林带结构(疏透度)与风速降低的关系,确定了林带主带间距离的主要参数,即,林带结构系数(δ)和以主害风为代表的小气候参数(Lrp)。另外,通过对林带树木的野外调查,应用树木解析技术确定林带成林高(H0)。因此,树木林带的主带间距可以通过林带结构系数、希望降低风速的比例和树木生长模型来确定。本文以杨树林带为例,具体确定了杨树林带的主带间距。该研究结果不仅适于树木林带的设计,同时适于其它生物材料或人工风障的设计。图4表5参40。 相似文献
5.
Bijay Tamang Michael G. Andreu Christina L. Staudhammer Donald L. Rockwood Shibu Jose 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,86(2):255-266
Agroforestry systems have received global attention lately as a strategy for carbon mitigation but still are one of the least studied systems. This study was conducted in south Florida to develop biomass equations for windbreak grown cadaghi (Corymbia torelliana) trees and to estimate biomass in various aged windbreaks. Trees were selected for destructive sampling based on diameter at breast height (DBH) distribution from five windbreaks. Crown biomass was estimated using randomized branch sampling (RBS) and trunk biomass by taking disks every 1.5?m along the stem. Separate nonlinear equations were developed for crown, trunk and whole tree biomass estimation using DBH and height as predictors. Results indicated that DBH alone was sufficient to predict aboveground biomass, but including height in the models gave better results. Average oven-dry whole tree biomass ranged between 6 and 935?kg for 2- and 20-year-old windbreaks. Oven-dry whole tree biomass per100?m windbreak length in the same windbreaks ranged between 166 and 26,605?kg. Because fast-growing cadaghi is efficient and can produce significantly more biomass in a short period versus other windbreak species, landowners can expect higher returns from biomass or carbon trade over a shorter period, where available, to offset the cost of land occupied by the windbreaks. 相似文献
6.
Optical porosity and windspeed reduction by coniferous windbreaks in Southern Ontario 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
Relative windspeed reduction was measured behind nine relatively narrow, homogeneous windbreaks in southern Ontario, Canada
to assess whether any characteristics of the windspeed reduction curve could be predicted from optical porosity. The latter
was determined for each windbreak using high contrast black and white photographic silhouettes on a computer digitizing system.
Minimum windspeeds behind the windbreaks ranged from 29 to 71% of open windspeed; these minima were located 2 to 6 multiples
of windbreak height away from the windbreak. Optical porosities of the bottom half of the windbreak ranged from 0 to 31%.
Multiple regression of the shelter parameters (location and value of minimum relative windspeed) on the independent variables
(optical porosity, open windspeed, surface roughness, approaching wind direction relative to the windbreak, average tree diameter
and average tree spacing) showed that the minimum relative windspeed could be predicted from the optical porosity of the bottom
half of the windbreak. The results suggest that optical porosity can be used to predict minimum relative windspeeds and may
therefore be useful as a guide in the field evaluation of windbreaks. 相似文献
7.
Windbreaks are a major component of agroforestry practices and play an important role in agroforestry ecosystems. They can reduce wind velocity and protect shelter crops from wind damage and soil from wind erosion. Porosity is one of the most important structural parameters that affect wind speed and is widely used in the study of wind protection provided by windbreaks. In this paper, a method to estimate porosity using high-resolution satellite imagery is represented. Porosity was difficult to estimate through the direct use of remote sensing data due to the poor relationship with vegetation indices. Thus, two intermediate variables, that is, CL 2 × LAI and CL × LAI × W, which were highly related to porosity, were selected. Leaf area index (LAI) and average tree crown length (CL) were estimated using vegetation indices, and W, which refers to the width of a windbreak, was identified using object-based image analysis. Porosity was estimated using a statistical relationship between porosity and intermediate variables. The average prediction accuracy of the estimated porosity value was 76.104 %. Based on the estimated porosity value, the windbreaks were grouped into three types, and their efficiency of wind protection was evaluated. The evaluation result indicated that the windbreaks have a very good protective structure in the study area and they can effectively shelter crops from wind damage and erosion. This study can provide a useful guide for studying the wind protection provided by windbreaks on spatial and temporal scales using remote sensing. 相似文献
8.
We measured the shelter effect of model windbreaks in a wind tunnel before and after adjustment thinning based on methods
for managing overcrowded windbreaks. One of the aims of this experiment was to determine whether or not the actual thinning
done on an actual windbreak would sustain the shelter effect. The shelter effects were evaluated based on the critical wind
speed and the shelter distance. Six model windbreaks were set to model a windbreak after the thinning (AT1–6) and one was
set to model it before the thinning (BT). In models AT1–3, the trees in the middle part of the windbreak were cut and the
trees in both the windward and leeward parts were left. AT1 and AT2 were models that reproduced the actual windbreak after
the thinning. In the other three models (AT4–6), which were set as additional thinning models based on AT3, trees in both
the windward and leeward parts were cut. The thinning ratios of these models ranged from 21% (AT1) to 84% (AT6). The shelter
effects of AT1–3 were sustained or only slightly decreased compared with that of BT. The shelter effects of AT4 (thinning
ratio of 63%) and AT5 (79%) were the highest among all of the models. From these results, it was confirmed that the thinning
done on an actual windbreak was able to sustain the windbreak’s shelter effect. If the trees at the edges are not felled,
the shelter effect of the windbreak can be sustained or improved, even if the thinning is heavier than AT2. 相似文献
9.
Kabita Ghimire Mike W. Dulin Robert L. Atchison Douglas G. Goodin J. M. Shawn Hutchinson 《Agroforestry Systems》2014,88(5):865-875
Windbreaks are valuable resources in conserving soils and providing crop protection in Great Plains states in the US. Currently, Kansas has no up-to date inventory of windbreaks. The goal of this project was to assist foresters with future windbreak renovation planning and reporting, by outlining a series of semi-automated digital image processing methods that rapidly identify windbreak locations. There were two specific objectives of this research. First, to develop semi-automated methods to identify the location of windbreaks in Kansas, this can be applied to other regions in Kansas and the Great Plains. We used a remote sensing technique known as object-based image analysis (OBIA) to classify windbreaks visible in the color aerial imagery of National Agriculture Imagery Program. We also combined GIS techniques and field survey to complement OBIA in generating windbreak inventory. The techniques successfully located more than 4500, windbreaks covering an approximate area of 2500, hectares in 14 Kansas counties. The second purpose of this research is to determine how well the results of the automated classification schemes match with other available windbreak data and the selected sample collected in the field. The overall accuracy of OBIA method was 58.97 %. OBIA combined with ‘heads up’ digitizing and field survey method yielded better result in identifying and locating windbreaks in the studied counties with overall accuracy of 96 %. 相似文献
10.
Wang Zhengquan Wang Ke Zhang Yandong Wang Qingchen Northeast Forestry University 《林业研究》1992,3(1):23-28
The distributive characteristies of turbulence,turbulent vclocity,turbulent intensityand Rcynolds stress,in horizontal and vertical direction on leeward side of windbreak were dis-cussed in this paper.The results show that all the three kinds of parameters of turbulence have thesimilar distributive patterns in lec,their peaks were around 10H for houizontal and Z/H=1 forvertical.The windbreak is important barrier to affect the structure and distribution of wind speedand turvbulence.Porosities of windbreaks could alter the patterns of turbulence,therefore,affect theabilities and functions of windbreaks. 相似文献
11.
The beneficial effects of shelterbelts and windbreaks have been convincingly demonstrated in the temperate regions of the world. Investigations conducted on the biological effects of windbreaks are relatively few in arid and semiarid zones. In the semiarid regions of Haryana under Social Forestry programmes large scale plantations along roads, canals, fields, etc. were undertaken. In this region, an area having a windbreak of Dalbergia sissoo (18 years old) was selected and cotton was raised in the agricultural fields. The tree belt is able to reduce the windspeed by 15 to 45% depending upon season and wind speed. Observations on morphological characters and crop yield revealed that the belt height had a significant effect on plant growth. In general growth and cotton productivity increased upto distance of four times the tree height to the leeward of belt. Depending upon the orientation of tree belt, an increase in cotton yield was found to be 4 to 10%. Plant growth (in terms of leaf area, leaf number, plant height) and yield (seed cotton production) were observed to be high in sheltered area as compared to open fields. The results indicate that windbreak establishment should be adopted and integrated to a whole farming system, in semiarid regions. 相似文献
12.
Yukhnovskyi V. Polishchuk O. Lobchenko G. Khryk V. Levandovska S. 《Agroforestry Systems》2021,95(5):855-865
In this article, we investigate the regulation of wind regime by windbreaks of different designs formed by thinning. In particular, we look at the effects of thinning in 52–67 years old oak stands. Based on our results, different windbreaks designs of foliage and aphyllous states influence wind regime of adjacent fields. This research shows that windbreaks of sieve-looking and blown designs with an average optical porosity of 20–25% between the trunks and 5–10% in the crowns have better aerodynamic properties than windbreaks of dense design. The uniformity coefficient of reduction in the airflow ranged between 0.42 and 0.76. There is a clear tendency to decrease wind velocity at a distance of 15H in the leeward side, which has a beneficial effect on agronomic productivity of the surrounding areas. With the transition of windbreaks from full foliage to aphyllous state the optical trunk porosity of plantations increases 1.8–3.0 times, and in crowns—2.5–4.0 times. The windbreaks of blown and sieve-looking designs in the aphyllous state with an average porosity between trunks of 40–50% and in the crowns of 20–30%, regulate more effectively the wind regime in comparison with windbreaks of dense design. According to our findings, the windbreaks of blown design with porosity 40–50% between the trunks and 0–10% in crowns and sieve-looking design have the best ameliorative properties in the region.
相似文献13.
Soil erosion by wind is a persistent problem in central Wisconsin. The extent and effectiveness of windbreaks in erosion-prone
areas are unknown. We investigated the potential effectiveness of windbreaks established for soil erosion control in Portage
County, Wisconsin. Our objectives included quantification of their extent and condition, development of a routine method for
field assessment, and compilation of a reference database of windbreak information. We used aerial photographs to identify
the windbreak population, and a two-stage, stratified random sampling technique to obtain samples for field evaluation. Variables
and attributes examined included species, number of gaps, height, width, porosity, spacing, live crown ratio, crown condition,
and a condition rating. Methods included simple photo-interpretation techniques, field measurements, optical scanning techniques,
and data manipulation in geographic information systems. We identified over 2600 windbreaks comprising a total extent of 834
km; only a small proportion of this may offer effective protection at critical periods. Collectively, field windbreaks protect
a very small proportion only of the county‘s agricultural land area from wind erosion. These results imply a need for increased
planting rates, explicit maintenance or renovation of existing barriers, and windbreak designs that are both sustainable and
compatible with current agricultural production efforts.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Windspeed reduction in shelter is generally expressed relatively and is usually assumed to be independent of open windspeed. The purpose of this study was to re-examine the relationship between open windspeed and windspeed reduction in shelter using windspeeds and wind directions measured for two windbreak systems at various distances from the windbreaks and with three windbreak porosities. Optical windbreak porosities were estimated from digitized color photographs using an intelligent (trainable) image processing program. Relative windspeed reduction in shelter was found to be related to the open windspeed. There existed a threshold windspeed at approximately 5 m s–1, below which relative windspeed reduction varied but generally decreased as the open windspeed increased. Above the threshold windspeed, open windspeed did not have an effect on relative windspeed reduction in the sheltered zone. Using the threshold windspeed reduction, the authors propose an index to evaluate the effectiveness of a windbreak for the overal windspeed protection.Published as Journal Series No. 10815 of the Agricultural Research Division, University of Nebraska. 相似文献
15.
Field windbreaks can increase crop yield within a protected zone. However, they also take land out of crop production and
compete with adjacent crops. Although the beneficial aspects are generally recognized, the question arises whether the windbreak
will increase crop revenue enough to offset costs over time. Achieving additional yields to offset windbreak costs might be
a sufficient incentive for a producer to plant a windbreak. Additional maize (Zea mays) yields necessary to break even with costs are calculated for four typical Midwestern USA field windbreaks: poplar (Populus spp.), mixed tree/shrubs (Populus spp., Acer saccharinum L./Physocarpus spp., Viburnum spp., Cornus spp.), and two and four-row spruce (Picea spp.) windbreaks. Five lifespans, two management and two cost scenarios, and three protected zone widths to account for changing
sheltering effects are evaluated. Greatest additional yields are for a 4-row spruce windbreak with intensive management at
high cost and a 10-year lifespan: 15.38 Mg ha–1 yr–1 within 6H, 7.69 Mg ha–1 yr–1 within 12H and 6.15 Mg ha–1 yr–1 within 15H. If a 50-year lifespan is implemented, the additional yields are about 11% of those in 10-year lifespan. Smallest
additional yields are for a mixed tree/shrubs windbreak with extensive management at low cost and a 50-year lifespan: 0.56
Mg ha–1 yr–1, 0.28 Mg ha–1 yr–1 and 0.22 Mg ha–1 yr–1, respectively. The mixed windbreak is likely to have actual maize yield increases comparable to the added maize yields required
to break even as long as the lifespan is 30 years or longer with a minimum protected zone of 12H.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
17.
Qingjiang Hou James Brandle Kenneth Hubbard Michele Schoeneberger Carlos Nieto Charles Francis 《Agroforestry Systems》2003,57(2):137-147
Root-pruning is generally recommended as an appropriate treatment to reduce competition for soil water and/or nutrients and suppression of crop yield in areas adjacent to windbreaks. Several recent studies suggest, however, that factors other than soil water might be causing yield reduction at the interface. For two consecutive years, we evaluated root-pruning effects on soil water at the windbreak/crop interface under both cropped (soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] variety Iroquois, 1997) and non-cropped (1998) conditions in Mead, Nebraska, USA. Volumetric soil water content near the windbreaks was systematically measured at various soil depths, distances from the windbreak, and windbreak exposures using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). Overall differences in soil water content between root-pruned and non-pruned plots in soybean were smaller in magnitude at all distances in both the west (windbreak on the east side) and the east (windbreak on the west side) exposures in 1997, compared with the non-cropped condition in the south exposure in 1998. With a soybean crop in 1997, volumetric soil water content in the east exposure averaged 2.3% greater in the top 30 cm of the soil profile at a distance of 0.75H (H = windbreak height) into the field from the windbreak when compared to the non-pruned treatment. In the west exposure, however, the differences were undetectable at corresponding distance and depth. The increase in soybean yield in root-pruned plots corresponded well with the observed differences in soil water content at various distances, especially in the east exposure. Under a non-cropped condition in 1998, soil water content in the root-pruned plots was significantly greater than the non-pruned plots in the top 45-cm profile, averaging 3.3% at 0.75H and 2.2% at 1.0H. Beyond 1.0H, the increase was not significant. These results agree with the previously reported range of crop yield suppression near windbreaks, indicating that soil water competition between the crop and windbreak is highly related to, and probably plays a leading role in yield suppression within the competition zone.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
At sites in the Sahel where windbreaks are used to control wind erosion, management strategies are required to minimise competition for water between trees and crops. Uptake of water by windbreak trees was therefore studied in experiments designed to compare water use among tree species, assess which variables exert most control over transpiration and determine the source of water transpired by windbreak trees. Transpiration and soil-water extraction by Acacia nilotica, Acacia holosericea and Azadirachta indica trees in windbreaks were measured at the ICRISAT Sahelian Centre, Niger. Coupling of windbreaks to the atmosphere was evaluated and a stable isotope technique was used to compare utilisation of groundwater by windbreaks and crops at two sites in Niger with different water table levels. Azadirachta indica used least water, probably as a result of lower stomatal conductances, since windbreaks exhibited good physiological control over transpiration. The potential for competition for water was most severe with Acacia nilotica and Acacia holosericea, as they extracted large quantities of water through lateral roots, and at the location where trees could not access groundwater. At such sites, the effects of competition on crop productivity should be minimised by planting tree species with low water requirements and by using pruning to limit tree transpiration.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
A sample of 1,500 farmers and 2,000 non-farmers were surveyed during 2005–2006 to examine the impact of field windbreaks on
visual appearance of agricultural lands in Iowa, USA. About 73% of respondents indicated that field windbreaks diversified
visual appearance of agricultural landscapes, whereas 67% of these respondents thought that windbreaks made agricultural lands
visually more appealing. An improved aesthetics of the area was fourth most frequently mentioned reason for planting field
windbreaks reported by 21% of respondents. When compared to other windbreak benefits, however, improved aesthetics of agricultural
landscapes was ranked as the least important windbreak benefit. Majority of respondents (50%) preferred groups of trees planted
in straight rows followed by groups of trees nested between agricultural fields (23%), groups of trees planted in non-straight
rows (20%), and single trees dispersed between fields (7%). Respondents preferred windbreaks that were tall, wide, long, and
continuous. Most of them (74%) preferred field windbreaks consisting of trees and shrubs, whereas 69% preferred windbreaks
in which conifers were mixed with hardwoods. Respondents who preferred groups of trees planted in non-straight rows were 5.0 times
more likely to indicate that windbreaks improved visual appearance of agricultural lands than those who preferred single trees.
Those who preferred groups of trees nested between agricultural fields or groups of trees planted in straight rows were 3.6
and 2.6 times more likely, respectively, to indicate that windbreaks improved visual appearance of agricultural lands in comparison
to those who preferred single trees. 相似文献
20.
The effectiveness of windbreaks in windspeed reduction is often evaluated without regard to the objects to be protected. In fact, many objects may have different sensitivities to wind and often require different degrees of wind protection. Since commonly used indexes do not consider the sensitivity to wind, a concept of specific protection efficiency is developed. A critical windspeed is used to represent the sensitivity of each object. Windspeeds greater than this value are considered damaging. A dimensionless protection index is defined to evaluate windbreak efficiency. The maximum index value is 1 for the highest protection, and the index is negative when sheltered windspeed is greater than the critical windspeed. This index can be compared, summed, and averaged across different windbreaks, objects, and leeward locations. A sample of critical windspeed values was compiled from the literature. The index was evaluated using actual wind data measured under both sheltered and open conditions. The results indicated that the index can be used for evaluating windbreak effectiveness in terms of objects protected under various conditions. This model could be used as a tool for windbreak-related research and policy making. 相似文献