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为了解和掌握三亚红塘湾珊瑚礁生态系统的健康状况及其影响因素,2017年3月采用断面监测法调查了三亚红塘湾海域珊瑚的物种多样性、覆盖率和补充量等指标,并采用健康指数(CI)对红塘湾珊瑚礁生态系统进行了评估。结果表明,红塘湾造礁石珊瑚共鉴定11科25属55种,优势种是多孔鹿角珊瑚(Acropora millepora)、风信子鹿角珊瑚(A.hyacinthus)、平展蔷薇珊瑚(Montipora solanderi)、叶状蔷薇珊瑚(M.foliosa);软珊瑚主要种有豆荚软珊瑚Lobophytum sp.、短指软珊瑚Sinularia sp.、肉芝软珊瑚Sarcophyton sp.以及柳珊瑚目一种;造礁石珊瑚平均覆盖率为14.58%,平均珊瑚补充量为0.15个·m~(-2),软珊瑚平均覆盖率为0.17%,珊瑚主要分布在1～4 m水深,水深6 m以外有零星的造礁石珊瑚或柳珊瑚分布;目前该区域珊瑚礁生态系统的健康状况平均处于很好级别,但与历史调查数据比较呈下降趋势,主要受水体环境中悬浮物及叶绿素a增加、围填海悬浮泥沙以及大型藻类增多等因素影响。 相似文献
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佳蓬列岛造礁石珊瑚的群落结构研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对佳蓬列岛造礁石珊瑚调查得知,该区域造礁石珊瑚有8科16种,以霜鹿角珊瑚、盾形陀螺珊瑚、粗糙刺叶珊瑚、十字牡丹珊瑚和扁缩滨珊瑚为优势种,造礁石珊瑚平均线形概率为48.2%,以水坑湾和大凼湾最高,分别达80%和71%;其垂直分带明显,密集分布的水深为5～15m。佳蓬列岛珊瑚礁资源已过度开发和人为破坏严重,死的造礁石珊瑚覆盖率为7.1%,文中并提出保护珊瑚的措施。 相似文献
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在广袤的海洋中,各式各样的珊瑚礁使水下世界绚丽多彩。珊瑚按其形态特征可分为造礁珊瑚和非造礁珊瑚,珊瑚礁是由造礁珊瑚形成的。造礁珊瑚具有分泌碳酸钙形成外骨骼的功能,并且由于有单细胞的虫黄藻与之共生,钙化生长速度快,所以能造礁。珊瑚礁是由生长在热带海洋中的石珊瑚和其他造礁生物、附礁生物、藻类等经历了长期生活、死亡后的骨骼堆积建造而成的。 相似文献
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能量与营养物质的正常获取是维系造礁石珊瑚生命活动的基础,这主要与其两种营养方式—光合自养和异养营养有关。当前,国内外学者对造礁石珊瑚的研究以光合自养为主,而对其异养营养的认识则相对不足。基于此,本研究以鹿回头礁区(海南三亚)的3种代表性造礁石珊瑚—丛生盔形珊瑚、鹿角杯形珊瑚和美丽鹿角珊瑚为对象,通过投喂丰年虫无节幼体、水族用桡足类、酵母浸出粉溶液及水族珊瑚粮这4种食物,探讨了3种造礁石珊瑚的食性、摄食方式。结果显示,丛生盔形珊瑚对上述4种食物均表现出明显的摄食行为;相反,美丽鹿角珊瑚对4种食物均不表现摄食行为;鹿角杯形珊瑚只摄食尺寸较小的丰年虫无节幼体和水族珊瑚粮,并首次发现其在摄食丰年虫无节幼体时水螅体间相互协作以及通过释放肠系膜摄食水族珊瑚粮的现象。进一步研究丛生盔形珊瑚对丰年虫无节幼体的摄食速率和消化情况,发现其摄食速率与丰年虫无节幼体密度符合米氏方程,且其消化周期约为3 h。研究结果有助于更加深入地认识造礁石珊瑚摄食取向及其摄食过程,可为造礁石珊瑚人工养殖过程中的饵料选择提供借鉴。 相似文献
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正大亚湾是位于广东省粤东的一个典型的亚热带海湾,岸线曲折、岛屿众多、生境多样,是渔业资源重要的繁殖场所,富有南亚热带特色,有大量的造礁石珊瑚分布。造礁石珊瑚是一种对环境极其敏感的营海底底栖固着生活的生物,对海域环境状况有很好的指示作用。造礁石珊瑚还是列入世界《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录Ⅱ的国家保护动物。本文通过参照国际上通用的造礁石珊瑚调查方法,实地对大亚湾造 相似文献
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美丽的珊瑚礁是人类最珍贵的自然遗产之一。在2002年的美国科学促进协会年会上，科学家们把中国南部与菲律宾、南非东部、北印度洋、西加勒比海等十处海洋生物最丰富的珊瑚礁海域一道，确定为全球十大珊瑚礁重点保护区之一。为保护珍贵的珊瑚礁资源，我国也早在1990年就于三亚设立了国家级的珊瑚礁保护区。然而，近20年来，与全球各珊瑚礁海域一样，南海的珊瑚资源也一直在衰退着，绚丽的珊瑚正在失色。历史上，三亚、陵水等地曾眩目夺彩的热带海洋泻湖型的珊瑚礁，已消失在珊瑚的白化与死亡之中。这种局面自2000年以来愈加严重，并从泻湖扩展到外海近岸。 相似文献
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深圳海域造礁石珊瑚分布特点与多样性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2015年7月,采用国际通用的截线样带法对大亚湾海域的造礁石珊瑚进行普查,并采用ShannonWeaver多样性指数(H')和均匀度指数(J)分析大亚湾海域造礁石珊瑚多样性情况,通过统计造礁石珊瑚覆盖率、死亡率、白化率和基底岩石、碎石、沙子覆盖率来分析大亚湾海域石珊瑚分布特点。结果表明:调查海域共记录54种珊瑚,调查海域主要优势种珊瑚以块状居多,主要为厚板页表孔珊瑚(Montipora incrassata)、团状滨珊瑚(Porites lobata)、隐形角菊珊瑚(Favites abdita)。统计分析数据表明:西涌海域所获珊瑚覆盖率(55%±3%)、多样性(3.039)都较高,但近期珊瑚白化率也较高(6%±2%);东山海域珊瑚覆盖率(13%±2%)、多样性(0.618)均最低。调查海域整体珊瑚覆盖度较高达到41.15%,最高覆盖率为55%,最低覆盖率仅为13%,覆盖度差异较大,近3年内珊瑚死亡率较高,建议加强大亚湾海域珊瑚生态系统的保护。 相似文献
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去年年底来自亚太地区、大洋洲和欧洲14个国家及地区70多位专家在马来西亚沙巴参加了一个专题研讨会,主要对珊瑚礁鱼类养殖和礁石渔业管理进行了讨论,会议上发表了23篇论文,本文集中介绍了参加会议的专家所提出的建议。 相似文献
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A new method for assessing coastal environments using the reproduction potential of corals has been developed and examined
in situ. Six assessment racks were deployed before the full moon of May 2006 at three sites located around a river outlet
in Nagura Bay, Ishigaki Is. and at one control location in Sekisei Lagoon. Each rack was equipped with two marine blocks (MB)
containing 378 holes, two cases of coral settlement devices (CSDs), each containing 120 CSDs, and a water temperature logger.
Assessment was based on recruitment of Acropora due to mass spawning. After 4 months of deployment, the surface of assessment racks showed apparent biofouling depending
on sites mainly by algal settlement on the surfaces. Almost all the holes of the MBs were partly occupied, mainly by turf
algae. Nagura Bay was thought likely to be an “unhealthy” coral reef due to runoff from land. However, our assessment showed
that there were 0.85 corals per CSD in the Bay, compared with 0.51 in Sekisei Lagoon, indicating that coral larvae supply
is not the cause of the unhealthy condition of corals in the Nagura Bay. 相似文献
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Fishes that feed from live corals (corallivores) are a conspicuous component of healthy coral reef environments. However, knowledge of the occurrence and ecological significance of this feeding mode is fragmentary. Historically, very few fish were considered capable of feeding from live coral, and those few that did were considered ecologically insignificant. More recently, the role of corallivores has been re-evaluated; published records document 128 corallivorous fish species from 11 different families, with 69 of these belonging to the family Chaetodontidae. Other families, including the Labridae, Tetraodontidae, Balistidae, Monacanthidae, Pomacentridae and Scaridae, all have between seven and ten coral-feeding species. One-third of coral-feeding fishes feed almost exclusively on corals, with more than 80% of their diet based on coral. Corallivorous fish show distinct prey preferences and consume only a small subset of available corals, usually the genera Acropora , Pocillopora and Porites . This selective predation by corallivores can limit abundance and distribution of preferred corals. Chronic predation by corallivores may also exacerbate effects of coral disturbance (e.g. climate-induced coral bleaching), impeding reef recovery and causing further coral loss. Conversely, the cover of preferred corals can be a primary determinant of corallivore abundance and physiological condition. Owing to this close association, obligate corallivores invariably decline in response to loss of coral cover. Increased knowledge of the number of corallivores and their diets suggest that this feeding mode is more important to coral reef food webs than traditionally thought. 相似文献
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Andrew W. Bruckner 《Aquarium Sciences and Conservation》2001,3(1-3):79-94
The extraction of coral reef organisms for the aquarium and curio trade is reported to be contributing to coral reef degradation. The total international trade and associated impacts are unknown, because data are collected only for organisms listed on Appendix II of CITES, which include stony corals, antipatharians and giant clams. CITES data indicate that trade in live stony coral and reef substrate (live rock) increased by 15–30% each year during the 1990s, with most exports since 1992 from Indonesia and Fiji. Overall, 19% of all stony coral traded (by item) from 1985 to 1997 was live; 71kern-1pt% of this was traded between 1993 and 1997 (52% of total trade). Although tracking trade using information from the CITES Trade Database provides limited information (e.g., coral is reported to genus, and volume is reported by item or weight), the CITES mechanism promotes the development of strategies to protect resources. In response to CITES requirements, Indonesia developed a management plan for sustainable harvest of corals, but not for non-CITES listed species such as soft corals and fishes. Trade in hard and soft coral provides revenue for developing countries; however, in order to be of lasting value the industry must be developed with a conservation ethic. This requires support for international programs such as CITES, management plans for sustainable harvest, and improved enforcement. 相似文献
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- 1. Forest restoration through silviculture (gardening) programs revives productivity, biodiversity, and stability. As in silviculture approaches, the coral ‘gardening’ strategy is based on a two‐step protocol.
- 2. The first step deals with the establishment of in situ and/or ex situ coral nurseries in which corals are farmed (originating from two types of source material: asexual [ramets, nubbins], and sexual [planula larvae, spat] recruits).
- 3. The second is the reef rehabilitation step, where maricultured colonies are transplanted into degraded sites.
- 4. We compare here the rationale of forest restoration to coral reef ecosystem restoration by evaluating major key criteria. As in silviculture programs, a sustainable mariculture operation that focuses on the prime structural component of the reef (‘gardening’ with corals) may promote the persistence of threatened coral populations, as well as that of other reef taxa, thus maintaining genetic diversity. In chronically degrading reef sites this may facilitate a halt in biodiversity depletion.
- 5. Within the current theoretical framework of ecosystem restoration, the recovery of biodiversity indices is considered a core element since a rich species diversity provides higher ecosystem resilience to disturbances.
- 6. The gardening measure may also be implemented worldwide, eliminating the need to extract existing colonies for transplantation operations. At degraded reef sites, the coral gardening strategy can assist in managing human and non‐human stakeholders' requirements as is done in forest management.
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- 1. The effects of trampling by visitors walking over the reef flat to snorkel or swim along the reef edge were studied at Ras Um Sidd, a popular fringing reef site at Sharm El Sheikh, and in the Ras Mohammed National Park, South Sinai, Egypt. Twelve stations showed a sequence of events linked to increased frequency and extent of trampling, with the intensities of trampling ranging from 0.1 to 324 tramplers m?2 yr?1.
- 2. Heavily trampled stations had a reduced coral cover (in particular branching corals), higher amounts of coral damage, less old dead coral, less obligate corallivorous fishes and more herbivores.
- 3. Wave exposure was crucial in determining the susceptibility of coral communities to trampling. Exposed communities were dominated by branching corals and were mechanically more resistant, since wave stress had favoured stockier growth forms.
- 4. The applicability of the ‘carrying capacity concept’ was investigated as a management tool for determining how much use is sustainable. Examination of the relationship between hard coral cover and intensity of trampling suggested that carrying capacity could be set at approximately 50 tramplers m?2 yr?1. The actual amount of damage caused by trampling showed a linear increase with increasing trampling intensities, so that the carrying capacity concept, as defined in this study, was not applicable to the relationship since no threshold existed. Instead, the ‘limits of acceptable change’ approach would be more practicable, with managers deciding what amount of coral damage they permit before limiting access. To establish meaningful limits of change, more knowledge is required about ecological as well as social consequences (e.g. visitor satisfaction) of such limits.
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Sarit Lampert‐Karako Noga Stambler Don J. Katcoff Yair Achituv Zvy Dubinsky Noa Simon‐Blecher 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2008,18(6):1039-1045
- 1. The symbiotic association between corals and zooxanthellae has been a major contributing factor in the success of reef‐building corals.
- 2. The diversity of zooxanthellae harboured in the hermatypic coral Stylophora pistillata in the Gulf of Eilat (Aqaba), northern Red Sea, was investigated on the basis of the length and sequence variation of the 18S small subunit ribosomal DNA. Of several clades found worldwide, only clades A and C were found to be associated with this coral species in the Gulf.
- 3. No correlation between the pink and brown colour morphs of the coral S. pistillata and the zooxanthella clade was found. Shallow‐water colonies (5 m) harbour clade A while deeper‐water colonies (17 m) harbour either clade A or C. This coral is a brooding species that associates with different zooxanthellae at different depths.
- 4. Eutrophication from fish farms did not affect clade identity associated with Stylophora.
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- 1. Rapid assessment protocols for determining and monitoring the status of any given coral reef are provided and include measuring: (a) standing stocks of functional indicator groups, (b) herbivore populations, (c) water‐column nutrient levels, (d) tissue C:N:P ratios, (e) algal physiological‐response assays, and (f) herbivory assays. These measurements can reveal quantitative tipping‐point levels beyond which resilience to undesirable phase shifts begins to become critically reduced. Universal tipping‐point approximations are reviewed for inorganic nutrients, and posited for the first time for herbivory.
- 2. The relative roles of top‐down and bottom‐up controls in determining benthic community structure and the health of coral reefs are especially important management concerns. This paper specifically addresses the top‐down effects of herbivory and bottom‐up effects of nutrient enrichment on critical indicator groups, i.e. reef‐building corals, crustose coralline algae, dense turf algae and frondose macroalgae.
- 3. A predominance of (a) massive corals and calcareous coralline algae relative to frondose macroalgae and algal turfs indicates a healthy spatially heterogeneous condition reflecting low nutrients and high herbivory. An abundance of (b) frondose macroalgae illustrates the least desirable condition of elevated nutrient levels and reduced herbivory, possibly reflecting pollution in concert with destructive herbivore fishing practices. High coverage of (c) coralline algae suggests healthy high herbivory levels, but problems with elevated nutrients that are inhibitory to some corals. Domination by (d) dense turf algae indicates desirably low nutrient levels, but an inadequate herbivory component.
- 4. The fast growth and turnover rates of fleshy algae compared to other reef organisms highlight their value as early warning indicators of reef degradation.
- 5. From a management perspective, levels of herbivory and nutrients rank among the most useful quantitative indicators of coral reef resilience; whereas, the degree of degradation and mortality are inferred from the above functional indicator groups of benthic primary producers.