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1.
Magona JW Walubengo J Olaho-Mukani W 《Journal of the South African Veterinary Association》2004,75(4):173-176
A pilot survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted in Tororo and Busia districts of Uganda on the knowledge and attitudes of cattle owners regarding tsetse fly and trypanosomosis control, in order to understand factors that hindered their full participation. A total of 81 cattle owners was randomly selected and interviewed, of which 92.5% were aware of tsetse flies and trypanosomosis and 87.6% recognised animal trypanosomosis as a problem in the area. Most cattle owners were aware of tsetse fly trapping (76.5%), isometamidium chloride use (55.5%), diminazene aceturate use (48%) and pour-on applications (18.5%). However, knowledge did not coincide with the application of control measures. Despite the widespread awareness, tsetse fly trapping and pour-on applications were used by only a small percentage of cattle owners (7.5% applied tsetse fly trapping while 76.5% were aware of it; 1.2% applied pour-on insecticides while 18.5% were aware of them). Differences between awareness and application were highly significant for tsetse fly trapping (chi2 = 67.8, d.f. = 1, P < 0.001) and pour-on applications (chi2 = 10.8, d.f. = 1, P < 0.05), but not for isometamidium chloride use (chi2 = 0.08, d.f. = 1, P = 0.77) and diminazene aceturate use (chi2 = 0.00, d.f. = 1, P = 1.00). Most cattle owners (97.5%) were willing to participate in future control programmes, but preferred participating on a group basis (85.2%) rather than individually (14.8%). The 4 most favoured control options in order of importance were: fly traps supplied by the government and maintained by cattle owners; contribution of labour by cattle owners for trap deployment; self-financing of trypanocidal drugs and self-financing of pour-on insecticide. The control options that should be selected in order to elicit full participation by cattle owners are discussed. 相似文献
2.
In the humid and subhumid tropics, trypanosomosis is an economically important zoonotic protozoan disease of the commonly
kept farm animal species and their wild relatives. For example, more than 20% of the humid western and southwestern Ethiopia,
which is home to more than 14 million heads of cattle, is under varying levels of trypanosomosis risk. Our study was, therefore,
initiated to document farmers’ perception on trypanosomosis and Sheko’s trypanotolerance character. Our findings showed that
trypanosomosis was the most frequently reported cattle disease in the Bench Maji Zone. Accordingly, 76.7% of the farmers reported
the epidemiological importance of trypanosomosis, and they also noted that trypanosomosis on average accounted for 63.0% of
annualized cattle death. The reported signs of trypanosomosis and trypanotolerance indicators were consistent with literature
reports. Moreover, 66.7% of the farmers reported Sheko’s trypanotolerance character. In the course of time, smallholder farmers
have developed ethnoveterinary practices that are mainly used to prevent the landing of vector flies on the animal. Wet and
warm seasons of the year, i.e., spring and, to some extent, the beginning of summer and autumn, were reported as peak periods
of trypanosomosis risk. Therefore, this showed the need for incorporating farmers’ knowledge in trypanosomosis control programs. 相似文献
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The study was carried out to assess the economic burden of trypanosomosis in three villages of the Metekel zone in 2009. The
disease was found to cause substantial economic losses through cattle mortality, drug purchase, and draft power loss of infected
oxen. The farmers in the area were spending a significantly (p < 0.05) higher amount of money for the treatment of trypanosomosis than all other diseases combined. The overall mortality
rate of cattle due to trypanosomosis was 4.4%. The mortality was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in an area where trypanosomosis prevalence was also higher. Many of the farmers prioritized losses of draft power
as the most important impact of the disease. The overall prevalence of the disease was 12.1%. The disease burden was significantly
(p < 0.05) higher in the rainy season than at other times of the year. In general, farmers had good knowledge on the signs and
seasonality of trypanosomosis. Thus, tsetse suppression activities that involve the local community can be an important tool
towards minimizing the economic burden of the disease in the area. 相似文献
5.
Eisler MC Brandt J Bauer B Clausen PH Delespaux V Holmes PH Ilemobade A Machila N Mbwambo H McDermott J Mehlitz D Murilla G Ndung'u JM Peregrine AS Sidibé I Sinyangwe L Geerts S 《Veterinary parasitology》2001,97(3):171-182
Resistance to the drugs used to control African animal trypanosomosis is increasingly recognised as a constraint to livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa. The most commonly used tests for detection of trypanocidal drug resistance are tests using mice or ruminants, but these suffer from lack of standardisation and hence it may be difficult to compare the results of different investigators. Tests in mice are less expensive than tests in ruminants, but while tests in mice they may be useful as a general guide to resistance in a geographic area they should not be extrapolated to cattle on an individual trypanosome level. Moreover, the commonly used protocols are too laborious for their application to large number of trypanosome isolates on an area-wide basis. This paper presents guidelines for standardised testing of trypanocidal drugs in vivo, and introduces a simplified single-dose test for use in mice, which is convenient for use in areas with limited laboratory facilities. The single-dose test is appropriate for characterisation of geographic areas in terms of trypanocidal drug resistance using large numbers of trypanosome isolates, for making comparisons between areas, and for monitoring changes in trypanocidal drug resistance over time. Multiple-dose tests may be used to determine the degree of resistance of individual stabilates to be determined precisely in mice are also described, but for logistical reasons these will rarely be conducted on more than a few stabilates, and testing of a larger number of stabilates in the single-dose test will generally provide more useful information. Finally, we describe tests in cattle that may be used to determine the efficacy of recommended curative doses of trypanocidal drugs for the treatment of infection with individual trypanosome isolates, including Trypanosoma vivax, which is rarely infective for mice. 相似文献
6.
This study was conducted in Masaba and Masafu Sub-counties, Busia District, Uganda to assess the effect on the tsetse fly population of first treating all cattle with 1% w/v deltamethrin pour-on for a few months, followed by treating 10% of the cattle population. Treatment of all cattle for 6 months resulted in a significant reduction in the density of tsetse flies from 6.3 to 0.1 flies/trap/day (FTD), a 98.4% reduction. During the same period, the point prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis dropped from 37.7% to 2.9% (a 92.3% reduction). Treatment was resumed six months later, but this time only 10% of the cattle population received the pour-on treatment at three week intervals for a period of one year. This treatment maintained the tsetse fly density between 0 and 0.5 FTD and the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis generally remained below 10%. In conclusion, under the local prevailing conditions, treatment of all communally grazed cattle with deltamethrin pour-on effectively suppressed the Glossina fuscipes fuscipes population. However, subsequent treatment of 10% of the cattle probably failed to control the tsetse fly population at a level sufficient to reduce trypanosomosis to acceptable levels. 相似文献
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Tsetse-transmitted livestock trypanosomosis affects livestock in large parts of sub-Saharan Africa. In southern Africa two epidemiological situations can be distinguished. The disease can have an endemic nature with high morbidity and low mortality in the livestock population. Endemic livestock trypanosomosis is found mainly in areas where cattle constitute the main host of tsetse and reservoirs of trypanosomes. Epidemic trypanosomosis, with high morbidity and high mortality is found in areas where wildlife persist as main reservoir and where livestock come into contact with tsetse flies transmitting trypanosomes from the sylvatic reservoir. Based on the differences in impact of the disease on livestock health in these two epidemiological settings, the appropriateness of the available trypanosomosis control tools differs. In trypanosomosis endemic areas, trypanocidal drug use could be the most suitable approach. Possible problems associated with the development of resistance in trypanosomes to the drugs need to be investigated further. In epidemic situations, vector control seems the most appropriate long-term solution. 相似文献
10.
Albert Soudré Salifou Ouédraogo-Koné Maria Wurzinger Simone Müller Olivier Hanotte Anicet Georges Ouédraogo Johann Sölkner 《Tropical animal health and production》2013,45(2):497-503
Trypanosomosis is an important disease affecting humans as well as animals. It remains a big constraint to livestock productions in tropical areas. The objective of this study was to assess the importance of trypanosomosis among cattle diseases in Burkina Faso, mainly in tsetse-challenged areas, and to capture information on how farmers apply available methods for controlling the disease. A survey has been carried out in 29 villages of Burkina Faso in three regions (north, southwest, and west regions). One hundred and thirty-four cattle breeders were interviewed individually with a questionnaire. The results indicate that among the 16 diseases mentioned by cattle breeders, trypanosomosis is the most important one in tsetse-challenged areas. Overall, 76.12 % of the breeders mentioned it as the most important disease, while 54.55 % of the farmers in the southwest region and 70.91 % of the farmers in the west region ranked it as a priority disease. Chemoprophylaxis/chemotherapy is widely used as a control method. Isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate were used by 53.49 and 46.52 % of the responders, respectively. Among farmers, 85.55 % ranked diminazene aceturate as the less efficient while 14.45 % ranked isometamidium chloride as the most efficient trypanocid. Trypanocidal drug quality and drug resistance were raised as a major concern by 30.77 and 50 % of the respondents, respectively. According to them, zebu cattle are more susceptible to trypanosomosis than taurine Baoule cattle and their crosses with zebu, emphasizing that crossing susceptible breeds with trypanotolerant ones, could be used as part of an integrated control strategy. 相似文献
11.
Sinyangwe L Delespaux V Brandt J Geerts S Mubanga J Machila N Holmes PH Eisler MC 《Veterinary parasitology》2004,119(2-3):125-135
A survey to investigate resistance to drugs used in the treatment of bovine trypanosomosis was conducted in the eastern province of Zambia between 1996 and 1998. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three districts (Petauke, Katete, Lundazi) at 34 village sampling sites selected at random from villages that had shown greater than 6% prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis during an earlier survey. A longitudinal study was conducted in same three districts over a 1-year period. The study sites were chosen from the cross-sectional study and included eight sites showing high trypanosomosis prevalence and where no control activities were recorded. Use was made of parasitological methods, tests of resistance in cattle and mice and isometamidium-ELISA. Overall mean prevalence of trypanosomosis was 14.4, with 96% of infections caused by Trypanosoma congolense. The remainder was caused by Trypanosoma vivax (2%) and Trypanosoma brucei (2%). Tests in mice showed that of the stabilates collected, 24 (34%) were resistant to only isometamidium chloride, 8 (11.3%) were resistant to only diminazene aceturate, 1 (1.4%) was resistant to both drugs, and 38 (53.5%) were sensitive to both drugs. At least 2 out of 27 stabilates tested in cattle appeared to be resistant to trypanocidal drugs, 1 to isometamidium and 1 to diminazene. Isometamidium could be detected in only 63 (4.1%) of 1526 serum samples from cattle in the study. Only 6 (2.8%) of 212 serum samples from trypanosome-infected cattle had serum levels of the drug above 0.4 ng isometamidium per ml serum which is indicative for drug resistance in the infecting parasite population. Although some drug resistance is apparent, diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride can still be expected to be effective as a sanative pair in this area in most cases, since not more than 1 stabilate of 71 investigated showed evidence of resistance to both drugs. 相似文献
12.
Brent M. Swallow Woudyalew Mulatu Stephen G. A. Leak 《Preventive veterinary medicine》1995,24(4):265-275
The new pour-on insecticides that can be used to control tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis confer benefits to the owners of the cattle given treatments and other people keeping cattle in areas affected by the control. A study was conducted in southwest Ethiopia to assess farmers' perceptions of the public and private benefits of the pour-on and identify the household-level factors affecting its demand. Ninety-seven percent of the 166 survey respondents had received pour-on treatments when they were free and 67% paid for treatments the month before the survey. Farmers noted public and private benefits from using the pour-on, the most important of which were less trypanosomiasis, fewer problems with biting flies (including tsetse), and fewer problems with ticks. The probit model estimated to quantify the effects of different variables indicates that proportions of cows and oxen, distance to the treatment centre, and seasonal factors were significant determinants of demand. 相似文献
13.
A cross sectional survey to determine the distribution and prevalence of trypanosomosis was conducted in Kindo Koisha district, in the Wollaita zone in southern Ethiopia. A total of 1 008 adult cattle was examined at eight different localities. Dark field examination of the buffy coat, as well as stained thin blood film examination and packed cell volume (PCV) evaluation were the diagnostic techniques used. The overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was 15 %. Among the positive animals, 108 (71.1%), 43 (28.4%) and 1 (0.6%) were due to Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense and mixed infection (T. vivax and T. congolense), respectively. The infection rate of T. vivax and T. congolense varied significantly (P < 0.01). The mean PCV of the positive and negative animals ranged between 18.3-32.1% and 26.8-33.4%, respectively. The mean PCV of negative animals (28 %) was significantly higher than the mean PCV of positive animals (22.3%) (P < 0.001). There was an inverse association of PCV with the prevalence of trypanosomosis (P > 0.05). The herd average PCV values of each site decreased with increasing proportion of the positive herds of that particular site. Of the diagnostic tests employed, the microhaematocrit buffy coat technique is relatively sensitive and it has an added advantage of indicating the general condition of the animal by haematocrit measurement. In view of the risk of trypanosomosis, a control intervention through the strategic application of appropriate trypanocidal drugs is recommended. A tsetse fly control scheme to reduce host-tsetse fly contact is equally as important as chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis against trypanosomosis. 相似文献
14.
During this century livestock production has increased massively through the improved ability to diagnose, treat, control and prevent certain diseases. Despite these advances, disease remains a major constraint to livestock production and welfare throughout the world. In many instances, this is a result of failure to properly apply methods that are already available. TrypsChemo is an expert system that attempts to aid the application of veterinary knowledge to disease management. It has been designed to maximise the effectiveness and cost efficiency of the different trypanocidal drug regimens currently available for prophylaxis and treatment of tsetse-transmitted bovine trypanosomosis in Africa. This paper describes the design of TrypsChemo, the properties of the system, and illustrates how it can be used to support decision making for trypanocidal drug control. The system is currently undergoing a structured evaluation by potential users in Africa. 相似文献
15.
Cyromazine, a triazine insecticide, was used as a pour-on preparation to prevent blowfly myiasis in sheep kept in pairs of neighbouring farms in two locations. In 1987 one of the farms in each location used conventional dipping with a diazinon dip while the other used the pour-on treatment. The results achieved with the pour-on preparation compared favourably with the results of conventional dipping and the incidence of blowfly strike was substantially lower than the proportion affected among the untreated groups on the same farms. The 1988 trial results confirmed the efficacy of the pour-on treatment for up to 13 weeks and that retreatments at eight-weekly intervals could reduce the incidence of fly strike to zero. 相似文献
16.
We used factor and path analyses to identify the causal paths or relationships between variables affecting the demand and use by subsistence farmers of the various services offered by government-employed veterinary livestock technicians (VLTs) in Zimbabwe in 1996. We examined whether the farmer had implemented the VLT-recommended livestock-management procedures. Various factors that have been reported or theorised as important in the demand for veterinary services by subsistence farmers are described. The important factors positively affecting whether farmers had sought veterinary assistance in the last 24 months included familiarity of the farmer with the VLT, if situated closer to the VLT’s base, and if the farmer received further training in agriculture (either through courses or from attendance at demonstrations on animal husbandry conducted by the VLT). Factors affecting whether farmers implemented the recommended management practices that had a monetary cost included familiarity with the VLT, proximity to the VLT’s premises, farmer literacy, club membership, and farmer’s wealth. There was a difference in the paths generated for preventive measures that had a monetary cost versus those measures that involved only a labour or effort costs. For the former practices, the VLT played an important role informing farmers by extension and demonstrations, and farmer’s membership of a club increased their performance. 相似文献
17.
研究了多拉菌素浇泼剂对小鼠旋毛虫各个时期的驱杀效果。采用多拉菌素浇泼剂按5mg·kg^-1·bw^-1为小鼠背部浇泼给药一次,对小鼠旋毛虫成虫、移行期幼虫和包囊期幼虫进行驱杀。结果表明。多拉菌素浇泼剂对旋毛虫成虫的杀虫效果最好,杀虫率可达99．5％,其次是旋毛虫的移行期幼虫,杀虫效果达96．62％,而对包囊期幼虫的杀虫效果最差,只有31．98％。多拉菌素浇泼剂治疗小鼠旋毛虫的成虫和移行期蚴虫疗效显著,而对包囊期幼虫效果不明显。本研究为该药进一步的广泛应用于家畜提供理论与试验依据。 相似文献
18.
Jamal S Sigauque I Macuamule C Neves L Penzhorn BL Marcotty T Van Den Bossche P 《The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research》2005,72(4):333-338
Resistance to trypanocidal drugs has been detected in various African countries and is a serious impediment to the control of livestock trypanosomosis. To determine whether drug resistant trypanosome strains are present in the Zambézia Province of Mozambique a study was initiated. To assess the effect of the farming system and the drug-use regimen on the development of drug resistance, trypanosome isolates were collected from cattle from subsistence and commercial livestock production systems. The susceptibility of seven isolates against isometamidium chloride, diminazene aceturate and homidium chloride was tested in mice using a multiple-dose test. In four of the seven isolates high levels of drug resistance to diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride were detected. In most cases the observed levels of drug resistance correlated with the drug-use practices in the particular livestock production system. 相似文献
19.
Livestock farmers' perception and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis in Kwale District, Kenya 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We did cross-sectional surveys in Kwale District, Kenya to determine the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis and livestock owners' perceptions of the disease. The surveys involved relative importance of trypanosomosis, examination of the current disease constraints, current control practices and drug-use patterns. Informal meetings were held with farmers and cattle census undertaken. Tsetse-fly densities and trypanosomosis prevalences in cattle were determined. A total of 132 farmers were interviewed. Trypanosomosis, anaplasmosis, East Coast fever, foot-and-mouth diseases were reported to be the major constraints to livestock production. Trypanosomosis was the most important compared to other diseases. Chemotherapy was the most widely used method of controlling the disease. Farmer-based tsetse-control technologies were poorly adopted. Respondents were quite knowledgeable on the symptoms, causes and treatment of trypanosomosis. Glossina austeni, G. brevipalpis and G. pallidipes were found in the area; the latter was the most common (0.2-738 flies/trap). Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax were found in cattle with the former more prevalent. Infection prevalences in cattle varied between 0 and 25% (median: 22%). 相似文献
20.
We carried out a stratified, cluster-randomised, controlled trial in south Mali in 2004 to evaluate the impact of providing information on the diagnosis and treatment of bovine trypanosomosis by farmers. We recruited cattle farmers (444) in 46 villages and used stratified, restricted-randomisation to assign villages to either the test or control group. Farmers in the test group received an information leaflet designed to address gaps in farmer knowledge likely to lead to inadequate treatment; their knowledge was assessed before the intervention, and at 2 weeks and 5 months after the intervention. We assessed the quality of farmer treatments by measuring clinical outcomes in cattle 2 weeks after selection and treatment. As an indicator of herd health, we assessed the mean hematocrit of the village herd before, and 5 months after, the intervention. To account for clustering, we analysed data using generalised estimating equations. Improvements in farmer knowledge of trypanosomosis diagnosis and treatment at 2 weeks and 5 months in the group receiving information were 23% and 14% greater at 2 weeks and 5 months, respectively. In the test group, 84% of farmer treatments were successful, compared to 73% in the control group. Giving rational drug-use information to farmers improved their knowledge and management of trypanosomosis as well as clinical outcomes in cattle they treated and had no discernible negative impacts. 相似文献