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我国小麦良种繁育体系的特点与应用 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
小麦是我国的主要粮食作物 ,随着《种子法》的实施和我国农民科学种田意识的增强 ,对小麦种子的需求不断增长。目前小麦品种更新换代加快 ,对新品种的需求量增大 ,这就要求加快优良品种的繁殖 ,提高种子质量。小麦为自花授粉作物 ,其混杂的主要原因是 :1剩余变异 :2机械混杂 ;3基因突变。针对小麦种子的混杂退化特点 ,广大农业科技工作者在几十年的种子生产实践中 ,探索出了多种小麦种子繁育技术 ,形成了各具特色的技术体系 ,概括起来主要是 :1三圃制、2两圃制、3一圃制、4株系循环法、5四级繁育程序、6一圃三级种子生产技术六大技术体系。… 相似文献
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小麦良种繁育技术的发展现状 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在小麦种子生产的诸多系统和环节中，良种繁育技术是确保小麦种子质量和产量达到要求的最重要的环节。针对新疆、兵团小麦良种繁育技术研究与应用落后的现状，本文作者在介绍了小麦良种繁育工作发展历程、两种技术路线之后，对小麦良种繁育技术的主要方法作了综述。分析了“三圃制”方法的主要弊端，介绍了“株系循环法”、“四级种子生产程序法”、“一圃三级法”等小麦良种繁育新技术。当前应把以“株系循环法”为技术的保种圃种源保存方法，逐步过度为保种圃与低温低湿库并重的双重保种技术，最终实现小麦良种繁育技术的革新，使其技术路线、生产程序、种子类别与国际接轨。 相似文献
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为克服“三圃制”的不足，国内一些专家研究提出了“四级种子生产程序”、“一圃制”等农作物良种繁育新技术，这些方法繁育生产各级种子的起点均是育种家种子。本文论述了育种家种子的概念、特点，并对不同作物生产和保存育种家种子的方法等问题进行了探讨，为农作物的良种繁育提供参考依据。 相似文献
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我国一直沿用“三圃制”。l991年农业部在强调“三圃制”的基础上,提出了三级制生产程序,但没有制定技术操作规程引。本文结合国内在该领域内研究和技术创新成果,介绍小麦四级种子生产程序和技术。 相似文献
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三圃制是中华人民共和国建成以来一直沿用的农作物良种繁育体制,对我国种子生产发挥了重要作用。在新的形势下,三圃制的合法性与现实意义应当引起重视,同时呼吁创建对种子生产进行过程控制的政策环境,确保产种质量。 相似文献
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谷子的原种来源有两个方面:一是由原种经过繁育的种子;二是经过二圃制的程序生产的(符合国家规定的)原种标准种子。二圃制生产原种,采用的是改良混合选择法,有3个环节:即单穗选择、穗行比较和混合繁育。本文就其理论依据、主要技术、实验结果3个方面加以探讨和论述。1理论依据1.1谷子的生物学特性谷子是自花受粉作物。作物的传粉方式直接牵涉到原种生产的技术设计和隔离问题。谷子究竟是自交 相似文献
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高效制种技术是杂交小麦推广和产业化的重要影响因素,适宜制种区域的探索是制种技术研究的关键内容。以往基于光温敏不育的BS系列杂交小麦制种区域较为单一,多集中在安徽阜阳地区。为扩充杂交小麦的制种区域,本研究将陕西渭南地区与传统制种区域——安徽阜阳种子生产区进行了生态气候条件比较分析。渭南地区小麦生长期平均温度较阜阳低1.3℃,育性转化重要时期平均温度相差小于1℃;日可照时数与原阜阳制种区相近,从光温等生态气候条件上为BS系列杂交小麦制种提供了可能。同时,渭南地区在小麦种子生产关键时期降水量较阜阳低41.7%,种子质量更有保障。在此基础上,在陕西渭南地区开展了BS系列光温敏不育系育性鉴定和中试制种试验。结果表明,大部分BS系列骨干不育系自交结实为0.5粒/穗左右,不育度可达98%以上;各杂交种平均异交结实数可达14.4~20.7粒/穗,制种产量超过3 000kg/hm 2,并且种子纯度达到95%以上,符合杂交小麦制种生产要求。渭南地区可作为BS系列杂交小麦制种的备选区域。 相似文献
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山东省小麦生产技术效率变化特征及结构优化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文基于非参数方法通过构建双产出模型,在对山东省小麦生产技术效率测度的基础上,具体分析其历时特征和小麦生产资源配置结构优化策略。结果表明,山东省小麦生产技术效率1996年以来先是大幅度下降而后缓慢上升,其主要制约因素是规模效率。研究所体现的政策含义是,政府部门在进一步加大对耕地保护的同时,适时进行制度创新,激励粮农通过技术进步和合理的投入,提高耕地利用效率和产出效率,进一步加快农村剩余劳动力转移,加强农业基础设施建设,使转型期中国耕地资源的利用实现从粗放型向集约型转变,从而确保国家粮食安全和粮农收益最大化双重目标的实现。 相似文献
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建立小麦品种DNA指纹的方法研究 总被引：25，自引：1，他引：25
建立小麦DNA指纹对遗传资源评价、品种权益保护、种子质量鉴定具有重要的意义。本研究采用15个SSR标记和20个AFLP-SCAR标记，分析了来自我国不同麦区的455个小麦品种，证明用两种分子标记建立小麦DNA指纹可以更加全面地反应品种的遗传多样性。从而，在提出采用SSR标记与AFLP-SCAR标记构建小麦品种DNA指纹的技术路线的基础上，建立了构建DNA指纹的方法模式。按此方法获得的品种指纹代码可以经条形码软件转换为条形码，使为每个品种建立身份证的设想成为可能。 相似文献
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Md. Abu Hasan Jalal Uddin Ahmed Tofazzal Hossain Md. Abdul Khaleque Mian Md. Moynul Haque 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2013,16(1):69-74
To examine the effect of high temperature during seed development and maturation on seed quality of wheat, seeds of four heattolerant and two heat-sensitive wheat genotypes obtained normal and high temperature growing conditions were tested for quality. High parent plant growth temperature during seed development and maturation resulted in poor seed quality. The effect of parent plant growth temperature on seed germination and speed of germination was inconsistent between heat tolerant and heat-sensitive wheat genotypes. Seed vigor as indicated by seed density, conductivity of seed leachates, seedling dry weight, production of normal seedlings, seed reserve utilization efficiency, and seedling emergence were reduced in all wheat genotypes due to higher parent plant growth temperature but heat-sensitive wheat genotypes were affected more than the heat-tolerant genotypes. 相似文献
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多效唑、矮壮素对杂交小麦及其亲本矮化效应的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探讨杂交小麦及其亲本杂交制种在喷施不同化控剂对株高和产量的影响,以杂交小麦‘新冬43 号’及其亲本材料为研究对象。选用多效唑(PP333)和矮壮素(CCC)2 种化控剂,在小麦起身期和拔节期分1 次和2 次叶面喷施,研究化控剂对小麦株高的矮化效应及产量的影响。结果表明：喷施矮壮素350 mg/L、多效唑400 mg/L 均能有效降低3 种材料的株高和节间长;多效唑不同剂量与产量为负相关。根据不同种植目的有针对性地选择不同的喷施方法,不仅降低株高提高小麦的抗倒伏性,还可以减少杂交小麦制种过程中亲本之间的株高差,有利于提高制种产量。 相似文献
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CIMMYT小麦材料的苗期和成株抗叶锈病鉴定 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
选择来自CIMMYT的103个小麦品种(系)及35个含有已知抗叶锈基因的对照品种,苗期接种17个中国小麦叶锈菌小种以鉴定这些品种中可能含有的抗叶锈病基因, 并于2008-2009和2009-2010连续2年对这些材料进行成株抗叶锈病鉴定。通过苗期鉴定结合系谱分析和分子检测,在46个品种中共鉴定出Lr26、Lr34、Lr42和Lr47等4个抗叶锈病基因,其中9个品种携带Lr26基因,28个品种含有成株抗叶锈病基因Lr34基因,Lr42可能存在于11个品种中,还有2个材料可能含有Lr47,其他57个品种(系)对供试的15个小种多数表现为高抗,没有鉴定出已知的抗叶锈病基因。通过两年的田间抗叶锈病鉴定共筛选出46个表现慢锈的品种。苗期和田间结果表明,CIMMYT材料中含有丰富的对我国叶锈菌小种有效的苗期和成株抗叶锈基因,这些材料均可应用于我国小麦的抗叶锈病育种。 相似文献
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The influence of sowing date, seed rate, and variety on agricultural characteristics of winter wheat in a low external input system
Growth conditions of winter wheat in agricultural low external input systems, e.g. ecological agriculture, are very different compared to conventional agriculture (mineral nutrition, impact of diseases, competition of weeds). In 1986, 1987, and 1988 the influence of sowing date and seed rate on crop development and grain production was studied with two varieties of winter wheat in field experiments in Northern Hessia.
Drilling after the first decade of October decreases grain yield of both varieties significantly. The decrease was due to poor emergence, low plant densities, and low grain weights. Tillering could not compensate low plant densities, presumably because of low mineralization of nutrients in cold soils during respective growth stages.
Variation of seed rate (350, 500, and 650 viable seeds/m2 ) had little influence on grain yield. Low plant densities and low numbers of ears per nr after sowing in the end of October could not be improved satisfactorily by increased seed rates.
The ability of varieties of winter wheat to compensate unfavourable growth conditions due to "late" sowing varies considerably. Cultivars which are able to develop a high plant density seem to be more suitable for delayed sowing dates, as compared to varieties which own a high grain weight.
Further investigations concerning wheat production are needed to optimize agricultural low external input systems. Especially sandy soils with quick response to increased ambient temperature, and sites with favourable growth conditions in late autumn and early spring should be considered. 相似文献
Growth conditions of winter wheat in agricultural low external input systems, e.g. ecological agriculture, are very different compared to conventional agriculture (mineral nutrition, impact of diseases, competition of weeds). In 1986, 1987, and 1988 the influence of sowing date and seed rate on crop development and grain production was studied with two varieties of winter wheat in field experiments in Northern Hessia.
Drilling after the first decade of October decreases grain yield of both varieties significantly. The decrease was due to poor emergence, low plant densities, and low grain weights. Tillering could not compensate low plant densities, presumably because of low mineralization of nutrients in cold soils during respective growth stages.
Variation of seed rate (350, 500, and 650 viable seeds/m
The ability of varieties of winter wheat to compensate unfavourable growth conditions due to "late" sowing varies considerably. Cultivars which are able to develop a high plant density seem to be more suitable for delayed sowing dates, as compared to varieties which own a high grain weight.
Further investigations concerning wheat production are needed to optimize agricultural low external input systems. Especially sandy soils with quick response to increased ambient temperature, and sites with favourable growth conditions in late autumn and early spring should be considered. 相似文献
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Zhixia Niu Aixiang Jiang Wesam Abu Hammad Atena Oladzadabbasabadi Steven S. Xu Mohamed Mergoum Elias M. Elias 《Plant Breeding》2014,133(3):313-320
Production of doubled haploids (DHs) is an important methodology to speed the process of breeding and development of mapping populations in crops. The procedure for DH production includes two major steps: haploid induction and chromosome doubling. In recent years, wide hybridization between wheat and maize has become a main approach for haploid production in wheat. In this method, the maize chromosomes are completely eliminated during the early development of the hybrid seeds after wheat spikes were pollinated with maize pollen. Numerous wheat cultivars and mapping populations have been developed using wheat–maize hybridization. In this study, we review the procedures of DH production of durum and common wheat via wide hybridization with maize, the factors which affect the efficiency of DH production, and the mechanism of selective elimination of the maize genome during the early development of the hybrid embryos. We also report a highly efficient protocol for DH production in durum and common wheat, which was established based on the optimal conditions for each of the factors that affect the efficiency of DH production. 相似文献