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1.
分层供水和表层施锌对玉米植株生长和锌吸收的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
进行分层水分隔离盆栽试验,模拟田间不同层次土壤中水分含量分布不均条件,研究表层土壤施锌情况下,玉米植株生长和锌吸收以及根系在表层和底层土壤中的分配。结果表明,施锌明显促进了玉米地上部生长。在土壤表层水分充足时,施锌对植株增长效果较明显,有利于玉米利用土壤水分。缺锌条件下,改善土壤水分并未显著提高玉米生物量。表层土壤干旱时,上下层土壤中根系干物重之比减小,底层土壤中根系分布相对增加,当表层土壤水分增加时,根系在表层土壤中干物重显著增加,分布相对增多。施锌并没有影响根系在不同层次土壤中的分配。表层土壤水分对苗期玉米植株锌吸收总量有显著影响,干旱条件下,玉米植株锌吸收总量下降;底层土壤水分供应状况对玉米锌浓度影响不大,但植株中锌向地上部运转增加。尽管施锌没有提高生长早期玉米根系生长和对底层土壤水分的利用,但本研究表明缺锌旱地土壤上如通过灌溉等措施增加了耕层土壤水分,应该注意施用锌肥,否则严重影响玉米生物量和玉米对土壤水分的利用效率。  相似文献   

2.
【目的】植物缺锌表现为叶片脉间失绿、枯萎黄化、局部细胞死亡等。通过分析缺锌玉米营养学性状和细胞凋亡特异性指标，揭示缺锌是否会导致玉米出现细胞凋亡的特征。【方法】选择‘郑单958’和‘农大108’两个玉米品种，进行水培试验。设置不施锌(0μmol/L)和供锌(1μmol/L)两个处理，在玉米幼苗生长5、10、15和20天时，取样测定幼苗地上部和根部生物量和锌含量；利用光学显微镜和电子显微镜观察叶片细胞结构；利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行叶片DNA梯状条带分析，利用DAPI (4’,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚)荧光染色研究叶片细胞DNA降解特征；利用试剂盒测定Caspase-3酶活性。【结果】缺锌玉米植株生长矮小，新叶基部发白，地上部锌含量下降，生物量降低，叶肉细胞体积变小、收缩；叶肉细胞核膜出现皱缩，核内染色质凝集固缩，趋向核膜边缘，向外周聚集，形成周边化；维管束鞘细胞核结构变形、萎缩，呈不规则状。DAPI染色可见缺锌叶片细胞的细胞核变形、弥散，碎片增多。琼脂糖凝胶电泳发现，缺锌培养15天时，叶片中DNA出现降解，呈现拖尾(DNA ladder)，郑单958叶片DNA受破坏较农大108更为严重；缺...  相似文献   

3.
锌素营养对作物叶片解剖结构的影响   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  
采用水培方法,调节锌素营养供应,观察芹菜、玉米、小麦幼苗生长及幼苗叶片解剖结构。结果看出,锌素营养不足时植株含匀量降低,生长受到抑制:叶肉细胞收缩,细胞间隙增大,叶肉细胞中叶绿体数量减少。禾本科作物维管柬鞘细胞中叶绿体减少尤为明显,但对叶绿体的体积无影响;辅导组织发育受到抑制,机械组织不发达。锌素营养过剩时细胞结构破坏,叶肉细胞严重收缩,叶绿体明显减少。  相似文献   

4.
采用溶液培养试验、亚细胞组分分级分离技术、透射电子显微镜观察及生化分析等方法研究钙对镉胁迫下玉米根、叶组织镉的亚细胞分布、叶绿体超微结构及叶片RuBP 羧化酶和PEP 羧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,与缺钙加镉处理比较,镉毒害下添加钙,玉米根、叶细胞器和细胞质Cd 组分均显著下降,相应Ca 组分则显著增加,而细胞壁Cd 、Ca 含量各处理间均十分接近;镉毒害下添加钙,维管束鞘细胞基质片层及叶肉细胞基粒和基粒片层排列较好,维管束鞘细胞嗜锇粒大为减少,叶片RuBP和PEP羧化酶活性显著增加。说明Ca 对于Cd 胁迫下玉米叶片正常结构与功能的保持具有十分重要的意义。  相似文献   

5.
不同水分状况下施锌对玉米生长和锌吸收的影响   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3  
选择潮土(砂壤)和土(粘壤)两种质地不同的土壤,进行盆栽试验,研究不同土壤水分条件下施锌对玉米生长和锌吸收的影响。结果表明,施锌显著增加了玉米植株根、茎、叶以及整株干物质重;缺锌条件下玉米植株根冠比、根叶比和根茎比趋向增大。施锌显著提高了玉米植株各器官中锌的浓度和吸收量,并明显促进锌向地上部运移。干旱胁迫抑制了玉米植株生长,根冠比、根茎比、根叶比增大;随着土壤水分供应增加,植株生长加快,各器官生物量以茎和叶增加大于根。水分胁迫下,在潮土上玉米叶片中锌浓度上升;在土上叶片中锌浓度下降。但增施锌后,根和茎锌浓度增加幅度较大,叶片增加幅度较小;施锌和水分胁迫对根和茎锌浓度的交互作用极显著。水分胁迫下,玉米植株对锌的吸收总量减少。水分胁迫和锌肥施用对玉米叶片、茎锌吸收量的交互作用十分显著,但对根锌吸收量的交互影响不显著。  相似文献   

6.
不同土壤水分供应与施锌对玉米水分代谢的影响   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10  
采用盆栽试验研究不同土壤水分状况下及施锌对玉米植株水分状况、水分生理特征的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下,玉米叶片含水量和水势降低,植株体内自由水分的含量减少,而束缚水含量略有增加,离体叶片失水速率小;叶片气孔阻力增加,导度下降,蒸腾作用和光合速率受到抑制。施锌后玉米叶片的水势和鲜重含水量没有明显变化,但玉米叶片气孔阻力降低,气孔导度增加,叶片蒸腾速率和光合作用速率加大。干旱胁迫下,施锌对玉米植株体内水分生理代谢有一定的调节作用,但是在土壤水分供应充足时,施锌更能增强玉米水分生理代谢,提高水分利用效率。  相似文献   

7.
一氧化氮改善铁胁迫玉米光合组织结构及其活性   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
一氧化氮(NO)影响植物生长发育过程及其机制是近年来的研究热点,在植物生长发育的多个层面起着重要的作用。以硝普钠(SNP)为一氧化氮发生剂,液体培养20.d龄的玉米幼苗叶片为实验材料进行研究,结果表明,NO可完全逆转玉米幼苗由缺铁引起的脉间失绿现象,极显著地提高叶片叶绿素含量。电镜观察结果证实,NO促进了玉米叶片叶肉细胞和维管束鞘细胞中叶绿体的发育,叶绿体数量增多且体积增大,基质片层和基粒数量明显增多且结构完好。同时,NO促进了缺铁玉米类囊体膜色素蛋白复合体的装配并显著提高了光合链的电子传递速率,使叶片光合活性得到极显著增加。  相似文献   

8.
干旱胁迫及不同钾水平下烟草叶肉细胞中钾的再分布   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
研究了干旱胁迫及不同水平下K+在烟草叶肉细胞的液泡、线粒体、叶绿体中的分布。结果表明,无论是正常水分条件下还是干旱胁迫下,施K肥可以提高叶肉组织中K的含量;烟草叶肉细胞中K+主要集中在液泡中,叶绿体中次之,线粒体中最少。干旱胁迫下,K+在烟草叶肉细胞内存在明显再分配现象,不施钾植株在干旱胁迫下液泡中K+总量变化不大,但所占比例减少;而线粒体、叶绿体中K+总量和所占比例均明显增加。施钾植株干旱胁迫下液泡中K+所占比例也有减少,但总量增加;线粒体中K+总量和所占比例均减少,叶绿体中K+总量和所占比例均明显增加,且叶绿体中K+的变化趋势随施钾量增加而增强。结果还表明,在不同干旱程度下,适量施钾可以减少烟草叶肉细胞光合活性的下降。  相似文献   

9.
“神舟3号”飞船搭载草地早熟禾‘Nassu’干种子,地面种植后筛选出突变株系PM1、PM2和PM3。观察其叶片表面结构和叶肉细胞超微结构,结果表明:3个突变株系的叶片气孔密度增大,气孔面积减少,单位视野中气孔所占面积比则变化不大;叶肉细胞中叶绿体体积增大,形状变圆并移向细胞中央;PM3株系白绿相间叶片的白色部分,其叶肉细胞中叶绿体多数正在或已经消解,结构不完整。在各突变株系中淀粉粒数量却有不同程度的增加。  相似文献   

10.
硫胁迫对油菜超微结构及超细胞水平硫分布的影响   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16  
利用温室砂培盆栽试验,结合油菜缺硫症状的形态表现特征,进行了硫胁迫条件下油菜营养与生殖器官超微结构及超细胞水平硫素分布的电子探针分析。结果表明,硫胁迫导致油菜叶片皱缩,叶脉聚集、扭曲、隆起,气孔张开、变形,叶肉细胞叶绿体基粒片层松弛、肿胀,淀粉积累;花瓣细胞质发育不良,细胞内含物颗粒呈聚集状;柱头细胞器排列不规则,质膜呈断续状,细胞壁松弛、增厚;花粉粒发育不全,形状不规则,多呈扁瘪、畸形,纹饰不整齐,条脊不规则,穿孔大小不均,花粉壁发育不完善,淀粉粒出现积累并呈复合状。缺硫还显著降低油菜超细胞水平的硫素分布,尤其对叶绿体、生物膜及线粒体等的影响更严重。  相似文献   

11.
A rhizobox experiment was conducted to study the changes of various zinc (Zn) forms in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils of maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown under well-watered and drought conditions. The tested soil was earth-cumulic orthic anthrosol sampled from the Shaanxi Province of China. The experiment was set at two levels of Zn, 0 and 5.0 mg Zn kg?1 soil, and at two treatments of soil water content, 45%–50% (drought) and 70%–75% (well watered) of soil water-holding capacity. A completely randomized factorial design (2 Zn treatments × 2 water levels × 3 replicates) was set up. Adequate soil water supply enhanced growth and Zn accumulation of maize plants. Applying Zn increased plant biomass and Zn content more notably under well-watered conditions rather than drought conditions. Soil Zn was defined as water-soluble plus exchangeable (WSEXC) Zn, carbonate-bound Zn (CA), iron–manganese oxide–bound Zn (FeMnOX), organic matter–bound Zn (OM), and residual Zn (RES) forms using the sequential extraction procedure. Most of Zn was predominantly in the RES fraction. Zinc application increased the contents of WSEXC Zn, CA Zn, and FeMnOX Zn in soil. When Zn was added to the soil, the concentrations of CA Zn within 0–2 mm and 0–4 mm apart from the central root compartment (CC) were greater than other zones under the conditions of adequate and limited soil water supplies, respectively. Zinc application also resulted in an accumulation of FeMnOX fractions at a distance of 2 mm from CC. The FeMnOX Zn content in this compartment increased with soil drought. Under well-watered conditions, dry-matter weight and Zn concentration of shoots presented better correlations with CA Zn and FeMnOX Zn fractions in and near the rhizosphere as compared with drought conditions. It is suggested that in an earth-cumulic orthic anthrosol, soil moisture conditions affect the transformation of the added Zn into the CA and FeMnOX fractions near the rhizosphere and their bioavailability to maize plants.  相似文献   

12.
Both drought and salinity cause nutrient disturbance, albeit for different reasons: a decrease in the diffusion rate of nutrients in the soil and the restricted transpiration rates in plants for drought and extreme soil sodium (Na)/calcium (Ca), Na/potassium (K), and chloride (Cl)/nitrate (NO3) ratios for salinity. The objective of this study was to examine short-term effects of drought and salinity on nutrient disturbance in wheat seedlings. Wheat was grown in a greenhouse in soil under drought and saline conditions for 26 days after sowing. At harvest, shoot biomass and length, and fresh weight and dry weight of the blade and sheath in expanded leaves 3 and 4 and expanding leaf 5 were determined. Mineral elements (K, Ca, magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), Na, sulphur (S), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn)) in leaf blades and sheaths were also analyzed. At harvest, the reduction in plant height, shoot biomass, and accumulative evapotranspiration under drought was similar to that under salinity as compared with control plants. However, drought decreased the accumulation of all ions in the blade of the youngest leaf 5 compared with the control, whereas there was either an increase or no difference in all ion concentrations under saline conditions. The change in concentration for most ions in the blade and sheath of expanded leaves 3 and 4 varied among control, drought, and salinity plants, which indicated a different competition for nutrients between the sheath and blade of expanded leaves under drought and saline conditions. It can be concluded from this study that ion deficiency might occur in expanding leaves under drought but not saline conditions.  相似文献   

13.
OUYANG TAO 《土壤圈》1993,3(4):341-347
By using nutritional diagnosis of citrus leaves and determining soil micronutrients,the relationship between soil micronutrients and citrus growth in southern China has been studied.Studies showed that there was a significant positive correlation between available micronutrients (such as Zn,Mo,Cu)in the soil and the corresponding nutrients in citrus leaves.Thus,one can roughly learn of the sufficiency or deficiency of certain nutrients in soils by analyzing citrus leaves.Rational spray of Zn B or Mo fertilizer not only improved citrus yields but also increased the total sugar of Satsuma mandarin and of Xinhui orange by 2.9 and 17.2% respectively compared with the control.Spraying Mo fertilizer increased the vitamin C content of Satsuma mandarin juice by 4.7%-8.4%,maturated fruits 7-10 days earlier and gave the peel a brighter color.The ultramicroscopic characteristics of Zn-deficient citrus leaves were investigated under an electron microscope.Results showed that the Zn-deficient leaf cell was characterized mainly by poor cytoplasm,endoplasmic reticula and ribosomes and by big starch grains in the chloroplast.As a result of spraying Zn fertilizer the structure of the cell returned to normal,the cytoplasm became rich and the amount of chloroplast increased.There also appeared a great deal of multiform endoplasmic reticula,thus promoting the photosynthesis of Zn-deficient plants.This provides a cytologico-theoretical basis for fertilization of high-yielding citrus trees.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

The present study investigated how foliar zinc (Zn) application affects seedling growth and Zn concentration of rice grown in a Zn-deficient calcareous soil with different soil Zn treatments. Seeds were sown in soil with five rates of Zn (0, 0.02, 0.1, 0.5 and 5.0?mg kg?1 soil) with and without foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4. Seedlings were harvested at 35?days and separated into (i) the youngest leaves, (ii) the remaining shoot parts and (iii) roots. In soil with no Zn supply, shoot and root dry weight of the rice seedlings were significantly increased by foliar and soil Zn treatments. Plant growth was not clearly increased in low soil Zn treatments, while at each soil Zn treatment, foliar Zn application promoted growth of plants. Plants with adequate Zn supply had the highest Zn concentrations in the youngest leaf. Foliar Zn spray improved Zn concentration of the new growth formed after foliar spraying which shows that Zn is phloem mobile and moved from treated leaves into youngest new leaves. The results indicate clearly in rice seedlings that shoot growth shows more responsive to low Zn than the root growth. The results obtained in the present study are of great interest for proper rice growth in Zn-deficient calcareous soils but needs to be confirmed in other rice genotypes.  相似文献   

15.
The interactive effect of applied zinc (Zn) and soil moisture on early vegetative growth of three alfalfa (lucerne) (Medicago sativa L.) varieties was investigated in a sand‐culture pot experiment to test whether there is link between Zn nutrition and soil moisture stress or excessive moisture tolerance in alfalfa plants. Three varieties (Sceptre, Pioneer L 69, and Hunterfield) with differential Zn efficiency (ability of a variety to grow and yield well in a Zn deficient soil is called a Zn‐efficient variety) were grown at two Zn levels (low Zn supply: 0.05 mg Zn kg‐1 of soil, adequate Zn supply: 2.0 mg Zn kg‐1 of soil) and three levels of soil moisture (soil moisture stress: 3% soil moisture on soil dry weight basis; adequate soil moisture: 12% soil moisture on soil dry weight basis; excessive soil moisture: 18% soil moisture on soil dry weight basis) in a Zn deficient (DTPA Zn: 0.06 mg kg‐1 soil) siliceous sand. Zinc treatments were applied at planting, while soil moisture treatments were applied three weeks after planting and continued for two weeks. Plants were grown in pots under controlled temperature conditions (20°C, 12 h day length; 15°C, 12 h night cycle) in a glasshouse. Plants grown at low Zn supply developed Zn deficiency symptoms, and there was a severe solute leakage from the leaves of Zn‐deficient plants. Adequate Zn supply significantly enhanced the leaf area, leaf to stem ratio, biomass production of shoots, and roots, succulence of plants and Zn concentration in leaves. At low Zn supply, soil moisture stress and excessive moisture treatments significantly depressed the shoot dry matter, leaf area and leaf to stem ratio of alfalfa plants, while there was little impact of soil moisture treatments when supplied Zn concentration was high. The detrimental effects of soil moisture stress and excessive soil moisture under low Zn supply were less pronounced in Sceptre, a Zn‐efficient alfalfa variety compared with Hunterfield, a Zn‐inefficient variety. Results suggest that the ability of alfalfa plants to cope with water stress and excessive soil moisture during early vegetative stage was enhanced with adequate Zn nutrition.  相似文献   

16.
The effect of Zn deficiency on rate of photosynthesis of leaf discs, isolated mesophyll and bundle sheath cells and chloroplasts of maize (Zea mays. L) was studied. The yield of mesophyll and bundle sheath cells obtained by enzymic digestion of the leaf tissues from Zn deficient plants is lower than the identical tissues from normal plants which suggests that Zn deficiency brings about some structural changes in the leaf cell. Photosynthetic oxygen evolution measured in the leaf discs is low due to Zn deficiency. Photosystem‐II dependent Hill reaction and non cyclic photophosphorylation of chloroplasts were also affected by Zn deficiency. Rate of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation by both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells obtained from Zn deficient leaf‐tissue waslower than the cells free from Zn deficiency. Addition of various metabolites like NADPH, ATP and PEP to Zn deficient mesophyll cells whowed marked enhancement in 14‐CO2 fixation. However, addition of NADPH, ATP and RuBP to Zn deficient bundle sheath cells showed no or very little enhancement in the rate of 14‐Cu2 fixation. Addition of exogenous Zn ions to isolated cells inhibited the CO2 fixation both in the non‐deficient and Zn deficient cell types. It is suggested that Zn deficie ‐ncy affects the primary electron transport and phospho‐rvlation ability for chloroplasts which in turn affects CO2 fixation in leaf cells.  相似文献   

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