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1.
杉木人工林连作生物生产力的研究 总被引：29，自引：0，他引：29
在全国杉木中心产区，选择不同栽植代数（1、2、3代），不同生长发育阶段（5、10、15、20a)及不同立地（14、16、18地位指数）的杉木人工林，进行不同栽植代数杉木人工林生物生产力的比较研究。结果表明：连栽导致了不同生长发育阶段杉木人工林生产力的明显下降，随栽植代数增加，不同生长发育阶段杉木林林分生物量逐代递减，林下植被生物量呈递增趋势，其中2、3代20a生杉木林林分生物量分别比1代下降20.24%和38.09%，3代比2代下降22.38%。同时林分树干生物量所占比例下降，根系生物量所占比例增加，连栽刺激了杉木根系生长发育，并有利于林下植被恢复。 相似文献
2.
桉树人工林在全世界的发展迅速,没有比在中国南部地区更需要一种新的木材和木纤维产品的需求。在桉树迅猛的扩张过程中,人工林可持续的生产力和合理的生态系统管理将扮演至关重要的角色。以往非可持续的农业经营导致了东门林场的土地严重退化,东门项目期间,在这些立地上重新造林证明了土壤营养的缺乏严重影响了退化立地的潜在生产力。1988年在东门进行了一个巨桉(E.grandis)早期施肥试验林植株地上部分不同器官的生物量和养分库的研究,以便更好地了解一些经营管理措施的养分结论。另一方面,林木采伐过程中养分的丧失,枯枝落叶的收集和燃烧使得土壤表面裸露,并加剧了土壤侵蚀。目前,在东门第3代、第4代集约经营的人工林的高生产力证明是高标准的经营管理的结果,林地上枯枝落叶和采伐剩余物的保留,细致的整地,土壤侵蚀的控制以及科学的施肥是关键因素;另外加上改良的遗传材料增强了生产力和收益,也增强了东门桉树人工林土壤可持续经营。一个国际林业研究中心网络得以建立,为了调查研究在同一立地上是否有可能进行连续的种植速生丰产林而对立地土壤和水资源没有损害,研究提供了大量的热带人工林有关立地管理的信息。为了优化集约经营人工林的生产力、收益率及可持续性,在华南地区有必要继续进行土壤和养分研究。 相似文献
3.
To improve the productivity and wood quality of poplar plantations, effects of four planting spacing on canopy characteristics, biomass production and stem roundness in poplar plantations were evaluated over 8 years. Planting spacing influenced canopy characteristics of the plantations, and further affected the understory vegetation and plantation productivity. Understory vegetation biomass and Shannon-Wiener index were negatively correlated with leaf area index, but both diversity indexes and aboveground biomass of understory vegetation were higher in stands with a wider spacing. Tree diameter growth increased with increasing planting spacing, while the increment in plantations of square configurations (5?×?5 m and 6?×?6 m) was higher than those with rectangular configurations (3?×?8 m, 4.5?×?8 m). The highest poplar biomass production was achieved in the plantation with 5?×?5 m spacing at age 8. Moreover, poplar trees showed a tendency with better stem roundness in a square configuration. The results suggest that planting spacing not only affect canopy characteristics, understory vegetation and tree growth but also wood quality, and square configurations (5?×?5 m and 6?×?6 m) could be a better option for poplar plywood timber production at similar sites. 相似文献
4.
《林业研究》2021,32(1)
Tachi-branco(Tachigali vulgaris,L.F.Gomes da Silva H.C.Lima) is a leguminous tree species native to the Amazon rainforest that has drawn attention for its remarkably fast growth,a required trait for biomass/bioenergy plantations.In evaluations of biomass production and wood properties of T.vulgaris planted in homogeneous plantations at different spacings in the Amazonian state of Para,Brazil,biomass of 7-year-old trees was quantified for individual trees and the entire population.Wood was also sampled to assess properties relevant to bioenergy applications.The choice for spacing dimension for planting nonclonal T.vulgaris should consider whether the priority is greater productivity per tree,achieved with greater spacings(9.0 m~2 and 12.0 m~2),or productivity per area,achieved with closer spacings(6.0 m~2 and 7.5 m~2).Genetic variability of the T.vulgaris seed stand and/or high heritability of wood traits overcame the effect of different spacing on all morphological,physical,chemical and energetic properties of T.vulgaris wood.This species has moderate basic density when cultivated at spacings larger than 6 m~2 and net heating value above 7.95 MJ/kg,which is suitable for bioenergy purposes.The high variation in wood properties within tree spacing is strongly indicative of great potential for genetic breeding.The fast growth and the suitable moderate wood basic density confirm the outstanding potential of homogeneous plantations of T.vulgaris for providing wood for bioenergy. 相似文献
5.
Tapping-tree density in rubber plantations affects the production of dry rubber. Farmers can estimate rubber productivity when they know with certainty the number of tapping trees within a plantation and can therefore increase productivity through optimized planting schematics. Historical data on planting distance between trees and between rows, planting density (trees/ha) and tapping-tree density (number of trees under tapping for latex harvest per hectare) from 1952 to 2014 have been collected for plantations in the Hainan, Yunnan and Guangdong provinces of South China. A plantation survey was conducted to collect more detailed data on current tapping tree and planting densities in various plantations in the three provinces. Planting density and row spacing are found to have increased with rubber tree planting time and plant spacing to have declined from 1952 to 2014. Tapping-tree density of rubber plantations from 1955 to 1995 in South China ranges from 270 to 345 tree/ha, averaging 300 trees/ha. Strong typhoons and cold snaps are important drivers of fluctuations in tapping-tree density. The factors driving tapping-tree density are similar across the three provinces but the degree of change differs between provinces. Tapping panel dryness (due to tapping beyond the natural limit of the rubber tree productivity), severe wind damage and cold damage are the major factors resulting in loss of tapping trees in plantations in South China. These results suggest that a combination of environmental management for extreme weather and targeted breeding could improve tapping-tree density in rubber plantation and therefore dry rubber yield per unit area. 相似文献
6.
我国桉树生物质能源林研究与利用综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
开发利用林业生物质能源是改善能源结构、保障能源安全和保护生态环境的重要途径之一.桉树不仅是工业原料林生产的重要树种,也是林业生物质能利用的良好原材料.本文从品种研究、评价指标(热值、灰分、生物量、能量现存量)、造林技术(立地条件、整地方式、造林密度、混交造林、收获周期、效益分析)和利用方式等方面阐述了我国桉树生物质能源林研究与利用现状,简要总结了我国发展桉树生物质能源存在的不足并提出今后加强研究的重点,以期为我国合理开发和利用桉树生物质能源提供参考. 相似文献
7.
Kayu putih oil, extracted from the kayu putih tree (Melaleuca leucadendron), is an important non-timber forest product (NTFP)
in Indonesia. We compared productivity of kayu putih tree plantations among three different sites in East, Central, and West
Java, Indonesia. Leaf-twig, and branch production per tree differed significantly among the three sites. Tree biomass production
was highest at the site in West Java practicing tumpangsari (a form of shifting cultivation) of kayu putih with rice (Oryza
sativa) on alluvial soils. Tree biomass production was lowest at the site in East Java, practicing tumpangsari of kayu putih
with maize (Zea mays) and cassava (Mani- hot esculenta). At this site, tree biomass production increased with increasing stand
age and low production was compensated by greater biomass yield of companion crops. Intermediate tree biomass production was
observed at the site in Central Java where intercropping is only practiced for the first two years after plantation establishment.
Production of tree biomass and kayu putih oil did not increase with increasing stand density, indicating that at a given site,
high tree stocking did not lead to high production. Stand-level productivity of the plantations increased with increasing
stand age and maximum productivity was attained at 15 to 35 years, after which productivity declined. This suggested unsustainable
stand productivity as plantations increase in age. 相似文献
8.
To improve the productivity of poplar plantations, a field experiment of split-plot design with four tree spacings and three poplar clones was established, and four soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass were monitored in the trial.Soil enzyme activities, in most cases,were significantly higher in topsoil(0–10 cm) than in lower horizons(10–20 cm).Soil cellulase, catalase and protease activities during the growing season were higher than during the non-growing season, while invertase activity followed the opposite trend.Soil invertase, cellulase and catalase activities varied by poplar clone but soil protease activity did not.Cellulase and protease activities in the plantation at 5×5 m spacing were significantly higher than in the other spacings.The highest catalase activity was recorded at 6×6 m spacing.At the same planting density, invertase activity was greater in square spacings than in rectangular spacings.Soil microbial biomass was also significantly affected by seedling spacing and poplar clone.The mean soil MBC was significantly lower in topsoil than in the lower horizon, while MBN showed the opposite pattern.Significantly positive correlations were observed among soil cellulase, protease and catalase activities(p0.01), whereas soil invertase activity was negatively and significantly correlated with cellulase, protease and catalase activities(p0.01).Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities were not correlated except for a significantly negative correlation between soil MBC and catalase activities.Variations in soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass in different poplar plantations suggest that genotype and planting spacing should be considered when modeling soil nutrient dynamics and managing for long-term site productivity. 相似文献
9.
Shoot biomass production was estimated in two Estonian short rotation forest (SRF) plantations during the first rotation cycle (1994–1997). The plantations were established with six clones of Salix viminalis and one clone of Salix dasyclados in 1993. The plantation, located on well-composed organic soil, was characterised by higher productivity (6.2 t DM ha−1 per year) compared with the plantation on poor mineral soil (5.2 t DM ha−1 per year). Fertilisation of the latter plantation increased its productivity to 11.0 t DM ha−1 per year, which is the value close to a predicted maximum for Swedish climatic conditions. In fertilised plots, clone 81090 of S. dasyclados was characterised by the highest productivity among all clones, but also by high stool mortality. Clones 78021 and 78183 of S. viminalis had the most stable and relatively high productivity and can therefore be recommended as promising planting material for SRF in Estonia.
When estimating production, the use of proper allometric relations between shoot dry weight and diameter is of crucial importance. Additional measurements on 1-year-old shoots in 1998 showed that besides shoot age also clone and fertilisation are significant factors influencing allometric relations. The dry weight of fertilised shoots was about 10% lower than that of non-fertilised shoots of the same height and diameter. Older shoots were heavier than younger shoots with a similar diameter. 相似文献
10.
在全国杉木中心产区的闽北林区,选择不同栽植代数、不同立地及不同发育阶段杉木人工林,进行多代连栽对不同发育阶段杉木人工林生长力影响的系统研究,结果表明:多代连栽对不同发育阶段杉木人工林生产力有较大影响。随栽植代数增加,不同发育阶段杉木林平均木生物量、林分生物量及林分净生产力均呈逐代下降趋势,表现为1代>2代>3代,其中2代16地位指数不同发育阶段杉木林林分生物量比1代下降1 45%～11 68%;3代杉木比1代下降17 44%～60 53%,比2代下降16 23%～55 31%,多代连栽导致了杉木人工林生产力的明显衰退。 相似文献
11.
A simple model that describes growth in terms of physical and physiological processes is needed to predict growth rates and hence the productivity of trees at particular sites. The linear relationship expected between absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (phi(pa), MJ m(-2)) and dry mass production (G(t)); i.e., G(t) = epsilonphi(pa), where epsilon is the radiation utilization coefficient, was fitted to three years' data from five Western Australian Eucalyptus globulus Labill. plantations for which monthly growth measurements, leaf area indices, weather data and soil water measurements were available. Reductions in growth efficiency relative to absorbed photosynthetically active radiation were associated with high vapor pressure deficits (D, kPa) so the relationship between monthly aboveground biomass increments and D was used to calculate utilizable phi(pa). Plotting cumulative aboveground growth against utilizable phi(pa) gave strong linear relationships with slope epsilon. Values of epsilon ranged from 0.93 to 2.23 g dry mass MJ(-1) phi(pa). The variation could not be explained either in terms of soil water content in the root zones, because all plantations appeared to have access to groundwater, or in terms of soil chemistry. A value of epsilon approximately 2.2 is considered near the maximum likely to be applicable to Eucalyptus plantations. An interesting peripheral finding was a strong relationship between allometric ratios and soil phosphorus; this, if confirmed elsewhere, will be of considerable value in converting biomass increments to wood production. There was also a strong negative relationship between the average ratio of leaf/total aboveground biomass and soil nitrogen content. 相似文献
12.
13.
《Southern Forests》2013,75(4):169-183
An overview of southern African research that has investigated the impact of management practices that can potentially affect the long-term site productivity of plantations is presented, with an emphasis of these impacts on soil productivity and with the implications for multiple-rotation site productivity. Activities that are most likely to cause long-term changes in soil productivity are identified as those causing high site disturbance during the inter-rotation period, notably ground-based mechanised operations and harvest residue management (including complete biomass removal) and, under some conditions, fertilisation. The impacts of these practices on soil and stand productivity are discussed from a southern African perspective. Knowledge gaps are identified and it is suggested that the immediate research priority is to identify meaningful indicators that are sensitive to change and that can be linked to stand production. Other key research focus areas are proposed and the need for a permanent long-term monitoring network is highlighted. 相似文献
14.
The removal or maintenance of harvest residues in eucalypt plantations may influence site quality and productivity. Removal of slash from the site may facilitate further management operations and provide a valuable energy resource, but effects on site productivity and sustainability for a rotation time span were not yet assessed under Mediterranean conditions. Therefore, a study was carried out to assess the effects of slash (harvest residues plus forest floor litter) management and soil preparation options on stand productivity and understory vegetation dynamics, hypothesizing that those options influence tree growth, forest floor dynamics and understory biomass and diversity. An experiment was installed in West Central Portugal, consisting on: removal of slash without soil preparation (R); broadcast of harvest residues on the soil surface without soil disturbance (S); as in S, but concentrating the woody debris between tree rows (W); incorporation of slash into the soil by harrowing (I); removal of slash followed by harrowing (RH); and as in I followed by ripping (IS). The experiment was monitored for a rotation time span (140 months). Maintenance of slash followed by deep soil disturbance led to the highest wood production, but differences between treatments were not significant (p > 0.05). Forest floor load and understory biomass were also similar between treatments. Ground vegetation played an important role on nutrient cycling in early rotation stages, such effect being irrespective on slash management options. Incorporation of slash into the soil followed by ripping is probably the best option to match production and environmental sustainability of eucalypt plantations in Mediterranean conditions. 相似文献
15.
Tatjana Kuznetsova Aljona LukjanovaMalle Mandre Krista Lõhmus 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,262(2):56-64
The growth, aboveground biomass production and nutrient accumulation in black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantations during 7 years after planting were investigated on reclaimed oil shale mining areas in Northeast Estonia with the aim to assess the suitability of the studied species for the reclamation of post-mining areas. The present study revealed changes in soil properties with increasing stand age. Soil pH and P concentration decreased and soil N concentration increased with stand age. The largest height and diameter of trees, aboveground biomass and current annual production occurred in the black alder stands. In the 7-year-old stands the aboveground biomass of black alder (2100 trees ha−1) was 2563 kg ha−1, in silver birch (1017 trees ha−1) and Scots pine (3042 trees ha−1) stands respective figures were 161 and 1899 kg ha−1. The largest amounts of N, P, K accumulated in the aboveground part were in black alder stands. In the 7th year, the amount of N accumulated in the aboveground biomass of black alder stand was 36.1 kg ha−1, the amounts of P and K were 3.0 and 8.8 kg ha−1, respectively. The larger amounts of nutrients in black alder plantations are related to the larger biomass of stands. The studied species used N and P with different efficiency for the production of a unit of biomass. Black alder and silver birch needed more N and P for biomass production, and Scots pine used nutrients most efficiently. The present study showed that during 7 years after planting, the survival and productivity of black alder were high. Therefore black alder is a promising tree species for the reclamation of oil shale post-mining areas. 相似文献
16.
On alluvial sandy loams in the western Llanos of Venezuela, biomass and inventories of macronutrients were determined for ten teak plantations (0.5–9 years old) and a mature forest stand which preceded them. Mean tree and stratified random sampling methods of estimating biomass are compared with regression estimates.Aboveground biomass of the mature forest averages 398 t ha?1. The average yearly productivity of biomass per ha of the teak plantations is greater on sites with soils having higher clay contents; It was measured as 23 t (9-year-old plantation), 16 t (7 years), 10–14 t (6 years) and 7–14 t (4 years).The original ecosystem stores per ha for these sites range between 8380 and 8840 kg N (total), 4550 and 4890 kg P, 2290 and 2540 kg K, 6720 and 6850 kg Ca and 960 and 1760 kg Mg.In the mature forest most N, P and Mg is stored in the soil, whereas 70% of the K and 40–50% of the Ca is stored in the vegetation. The ecosystem K stores of the teak plantations are an average of 40% lower than in the original forest. This difference is interpreted as being due to leaching loss caused by replacement of the original forest.Using data from the literature and from this study, a nutrient budget has been calculated for the first rotation period of teak. It is predicted that substantial amounts of Ca will be removed from the site by the teak harvest. These exports may not be replenished by atmospheric inputs and soil mineral weathering, especially on the highly productive sites. 相似文献
17.
Biomass production,nutrient cycling and distribution in age-sequence Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolate) plantations in subtropical China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《林业研究》2016,(2)
Biomass production and nutrient(N, P, K, Ca and Mg) accumulation, distribution and cycling were quantified in young, mature and over-mature(10-, 22-, and34-year old) Chinese fir [Cunninghamia lanceolate(Lamb.) Hook] plantations in southern China. Total stand biomass of young, mature and over-mature stands was 38,104 and 138 t ha-1respectively. Biomass production increased significantly with age. Stem wood represented the highest percentage of stand biomass, accounting for 41,55 and 63 % in the young, mature and over-mature plantations respectively. Nutrients concentration was highest in live needles and branches, and lowest in stem wood. The plantations accumulated more N, followed by K, Ca, Mg,and P. Nutrient return amount, nutrient utilization efficiency, nutrient turnover time, the ratio of nutrient returnand uptake increased with stand age, which implies that young Chinese fir deplete soil nutrients to maintain growth,and efficiently utilize nutrients to decrease dependence on soil nutrients as they age. Harvesting young Chinese fir plantations would therefore lead to high nutrient loss, but prolonging the rotation length could improve soil recovery,and help sustain productivity in the long-term. Improved nutrient return through litterfall as stands get older may also be beneficial to nutrient pool recovery. 相似文献
18.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(2-3):109-121
Summary Eucalypt plantations in India are an important source of fiber for paper making and fuel for local villagers. Large areas of land have supported eucalypt plantations for several rotations, and productivity has generally been declining through successive rotations. In 1997, we initiated a project to examine site management options as a way to improve the productivity of these sites. We established a large experimental infrastructure at each of four sites in Kerala, consisting of up to five separate fully randomized block experiments at each site, examining interrotation management options (organic matter manipulation, N and P fertilizer input, legume cover cropping, weed control). Two of the sites were typical lowland plantations with Eucalytus tereticornis, and the other two sites were typical upland plantations with Eucalytus grandis. Following treatments, we monitored plantation productivity and impacts on soil and nutrient cycling for one full rotation (6.5 years). We found it is possible to increase the volume growth of E. grandis by up to 48%, and E. tereticornis by up to 268% through a combination of optimum site practices (mostly weed control and nutrient addition), but productivity responses are dependent on site-specific factors. Key outcomes of this research are presented, with special reference to application in the broader context of tropical eucalypt plantations. 相似文献
19.
Forest plantations are extensively established in eastern Australia for production of timber products and more recently, potentially for sequestration of carbon. Intensive management of these plantations involves clearing of existing vegetation, often using fire, ripping and/or mounding of the soil and weed control, followed by planting, use of fertilizers, and subsequent tending. The plantations are managed on a 10–30-year rotation and often have high growth rates and accumulation of carbon. However, after establishment, there are reduced inputs of carbon into the soil from prior vegetation or rapidly growing weeds, together with accelerated decomposition of soil organic matter as a result of disturbance, and this leads to a net loss of soil organic carbon. In some systems this loss of soil organic carbon is not balanced by carbon biomass sequestration until 5–10 years after establishment and on some sites, a reduction in soil organic carbon may remain until the end of the rotation. The patterns of accumulation and loss of carbon vary according to location, soil type and plantation management system. The effects of intensive forest establishment on soil organic carbon were evaluated in a number of studies in eastern Australia using time sequence and chronosequence studies and comparisons of plantation soils with those from adjacent undisturbed sites. There was a general pattern of reduced carbon in surface soil immediately after plantation establishment and with time this extended deeper into the soil profile. The actual quantities varied greatly depending on the soil type. The decline was primarily a result of losses of labile carbon and was greater when the previous land use had essentially been native vegetation or highly improved pastures as opposed to regrowth woodland, or native pasture, or degraded land. In the absence of further disturbance, soil organic carbon can accumulate to pre-establishment levels but many short rotation plantations are terminated prior to this being attained. The potential upper level of accumulation of soil carbon can be increased by alteration of the soil nutritional status using fertilizer application. 相似文献