Pedotransfer Functions for the Estimation of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity for Some Indian Sandy Soils     

P. Shwetha  K. Prasanna 《Eurasian Soil Science》2018,51(9):1042-1049

Determination of the saturated hydraulic conductivity (k_s) is needed in many studies and applications related to irrigation, drainage, water movement and solute transport in the soil. Although many advances are made for direct measurements of k_s, they are usually time consuming and costly. Some attempts have been made to indirectly predict the saturated hydraulic conductivity from the more easily or readily available basic soil properties. The objective of this study was to develop and validate Pedotransfer Functions (PTFs) for estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity using multiple non-linear regression technique. One hundred and one soil samples were collected from agricultural and forest soils at different depths, at different locations in the Pavanje River basin that lies in the southern coastal region of Karnataka, India. Saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured, by variable falling head method through Permeameter in the laboratory. Prediction accuracies were evaluated using coefficient of determination, root mean square error, mean error, geometric mean error ratio and geometric standard deviation of the error ratio between measured and predicted values. The results show that, the PTFs for the estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity could be used appropriately for the soils with loamy sand and sandy loam textures falling in this area of the coastal region of southern India.  相似文献   

Measuring near‐saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils by quasi unit‐gradient percolation—1. Theory and numerical analysis     

Subharthi Sarkar  Kai Germer  Rajib Maity  Wolfgang Durner 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2019,182(4):524-534

The saturated and near‐saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils, k_u, is a sensitive indicator of soil structure and a key parameter for solute transport and soil aeration. In this contribution, we present and numerically investigate a double‐disk method to determine k_u in the laboratory by steady‐state percolation at different suction steps. Tension infiltration of water takes place at the top of a soil column through a porous disk with a smaller diameter than the soil sample. This leaves part of the soil surface open and ensures a proper soil ventilation. Drainage takes place at the base through a porous disk with the full diameter of the soil column at exactly the same tension as applied to the top boundary. Since the infiltration area is less than the percolation area, the water flow diverges and the equality of steady flow rate and hydraulic conductivity, which characterizes the standard unit‐gradient experiment, is no longer valid. To develop a general relationship between observed steady flow rate and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, the experiment was simulated with the Richards‐equation solver HYDRUS 2D/3D, for twelve different soil classes. We found for tensions in the range 1 cm < 10 cm, an infiltration disk diameter of 4.5 cm diameter and a sample diameter of 8 cm diameter that the flux rate at any given tension was about 0.7 times the respective hydraulic conductivity, with an error of less than 10%.  相似文献   

Effect of data resolution on soil hydraulic conductivity prediction     

Cezary S&#x;awi&#x;ski  Henryk Sobczuk  Heiner Stoffregen  Ryszard Walczak  Gerd Wessolek 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2002,165(1):45-49

The aim of the paper is to compare results of the instantaneous profile method (IPM) for measurement and calculation of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity k(ψ) of soils obtained with different measurement data resolution. The application of IPM allows to realize a great number of k(ψ) measurements for the purpose of mapping soil properties on large areas. Application of shorter samples i.e. less sensors makes the method even more quick and cheap. The calculation of unsaturated soil water conductivity by the IPM method bases on measurements of time and space variability of water content and water pressure within the soil sample in a cylinder. The spatial resolution of data depends on the number of probes applied in the core. The question arises how the number of compartments within one core influences the calculation of soil hydraulic conductivity. Application of three sensors instead of five reduced the accuracy of calculation but allowes to use 5 cm long standard cores during unsaturated flow experiment.<?show $6#>  相似文献   

Field-scale spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity on a recently constructed artificial ecosystem   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Willis Gwenzi  Christoph Hinz  Ian R. Phillips 《Geoderma》2011,166(1):43-56

Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) influences water storage and movement, and is a key parameter of water and solute transport models. Systematic field evaluation of K_s and its spatial variability for recently constructed artificial ecosystems is still lacking. The objectives of the present study were; (1) to determine saturated hydraulic conductivity of an artificial ecosystem using field methods (Philip-Dunne, and Guelph permeameters), and compare their results to the constant-head laboratory method; (2) to evaluate the spatial variability of K_s using univariate and geostatistical analyses, and (3) to evaluate the ability of five pedotransfer functions to predict K_s. The results showed that K_s varied significantly (p < 0.05) among methods, probably reflecting differences in scales of measurement, flow geometry, assumptions in computation routines and inherent disturbances during sampling. Mean K_s values were very high for all methods (38.6-77.9 m day^− 1), exceeding values for natural sandy soils by several orders of magnitude. The high K_s values and low coefficients of variation (26-44%) were comparable to that of well-sorted unconsolidated marine sands. Geostatistical analysis revealed a spatial structure in surface K_s data described by a spherical model with a correlation range of 8 m. The resulting kriged map of surface K_s showed alternating bands of high and low values, consistent with surface structures created by wheel tracks of construction equipment. Vertical K_s was also spatially structured, with a short correlation range of 40 cm, presumably indicative of layering caused by post-construction mobilization and deposition of fine particles. K_s was linearly and negatively correlated with dry soil bulk density (ρ_b) (r² = 0.73), and to a lesser extent silt plus clay percentage (Si + C) (r² = 0.21). Combining both ρ_b and Si + C significantly (p < 0.05) improved the relationship and gave the best predictor of K_s (r² = 0.76). However, evaluation of five PTFs developed for natural soils showed that they all underestimated K_s by an order of magnitude, suggesting that application of water balance simulation models based on such PTFs to the present study site may constitute a bias in model outputs. Overall, the study demonstrated the influence of material handling, construction procedures and post-construction processes on the magnitude and spatial variability of K_s on a recently constructed artificial ecosystem. These unique hydraulic properties may have profound impacts on soil moisture storage, plant water relations and water balance fluxes on artificial ecosystems, particularly where such landforms are intended to restore pre-disturbance ecological and hydrological functions.  相似文献   

Mixed Tracer Injection Method to Measure Reaeration Coefficients in Small Streams     

Hwa-Seong Jin  David S. White  James B. Ramsey  George W. Kipphut 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(8):5297-5306

Reaeration coefficient (k), the rate of oxygen exchange between the atmosphere and water surface, is an important parameter for understanding water quality impairment and stream metabolism. We modified the propane injection method to measure gas exchange coefficients and evaluated its application for small streams. The tracer solution was prepared by solubilizing propane directly in a conservative solute solution, and it was injected as a constant-rate injection, a single slug, or an extended slug. Water samples were taken at four to five sampling stations along the study reach at the tracer concentration peak, and propane and conductivity were measured. The propane exchange rate (k _propane) was calculated using the regression method with the propane/conductivity ratio against solute travel time (in hours). The mixed tracer injection method was conducted in four streams, and all k _propane measurements (n?=?8) were statistically significant (p?<?0.05). The short-duration constant rate injection and extended slug injection provided k _propane estimates with higher r ² than the single slug injection. The k ₂₀ measured with propane injection ranged from 5.4 to 40.0?day^?1, and they were significantly correlated with empirically estimated k. The mixed tracer injection method with propane could potentially reduce field time, crew demands, and field equipment; thus, it would potentially lower the overall cost of gas exchange coefficient measurements and be an effective method in small, remote streams.  相似文献   

Effect of desiccation cracking on the hydraulic conductivity of a compacted clay liner     

G. H. Omidi  J. C. Thomas  Dr. K. W. Brown 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1996,89(1-2):91-103

Despite our best efforts to reduce the waste stream, there will always remain some residues which cannot be further treated and must be disposed in landfills. One critical aspect of landfill construction is the integrity of the landfill liner. Current landfill liner technology includes a composite liner which consists of a FML component and a compacted soil component. The primary characteristic for selecting a soil for use in composite liner construction is that the soil have a saturated hydraulic conductivity of 1 × 10^?7 cm s^?1 or less. In the present study the effects of desiccation cracks on the hydraulic conductivity of the compacted soil were measured. Two soils of diverse mineralogy and typical of soils used for clay liner construction were selected for use. Each was tested in its native state plus after the addition of 30% sand. Laboratory measurements were made of the volumetric shrinkage of each soil. In addition, the hydraulic conductivity was determined using 10 cm diameter fixed wall permeameters. Additional conductivity measurements were made using 60 cm diameter fixed wall double ring permeameters which had been exposed to 0, 1, and 2 periods of desiccation prior to hydraulic conductivity determinations. The data show that laboratory measurements using 10- cm diameter fixed wall permeameters underestimate the hydraulic conductivity of the same soils when packed in large diameter permeameters. It was also found that exposure to two cycles of desiccation resulted in large increases in hydraulic conductivity. The time required to reach a steady outflow volume decreased as the amount of desiccation increased. The hydraulic conductivities of soils which had been allowed to dry were greater than those which were not allowed to dry prior to measurement. The relationship between volumetric shrinkage and the increase in hydraulic conductivity after desiccation indicates that soils which exhibit less than 11% shrinkage in the laboratory, exhibit increases in K of less than a factor of 2 upon desiccation. Clay soils with greater than 11% shrinkage can potentially be amended with sand to decrease the volumetric shrinkage and their response to desiccation.  相似文献   

Effect of sodium adsorption ratio and electrolyte concentrations on the saturated hydraulic conductivity of clay–sand mixtures     

R. Aringhieri  & M. Giachetti 《European Journal of Soil Science》2001,52(3):449-458

We did flow experiments under saturated conditions on homoionic (Na⁺) kaolin–sand and illite–sand systems, containing 5, 10, and 15% clay, to validate a drainage model, and evaluate the effect of the different chemical composition of the percolating solutions on the hydraulic properties of the systems. Column drainage experiments, under a constant hydraulic head, were carried out using solutions with two sodium adsorption ratios (SAR 0 and ∞) and three electrolyte concentrations (10^?2, 10^?3, and 10^?4 m ). We calculated the saturated hydraulic conductivity, K_sat, of the systems using Darcy's law when these showed linear relationships between effluent volume and time. The drainage model was applied to characterize the flow of non‐steady‐state drainage of solutions through the porous systems. This model describes and characterizes quantitatively the drainage of solutions from soil columns that vary in intrinsic permeability, k, because of structural modifications that occur within the solid matrix of the systems. For both the systems investigated we always observed a decrease in the flow rate as electrolyte concentration decreased, or clay percentage increased. Under the same conditions the flow was faster for the kaolin system than the illite system, even though kaolin dispersed more than illite. Non‐linear relations were also observed at the smallest electrolyte concentration (10^?4 m ). In all cases, the equations proposed correlated well with the experimental data, confirming the soundness of the model. The flow rates observed in the experiments at SAR ∞ were unexpectedly greater than those observed at SAR 0, for the two systems, when leaching with solutions at 10^?3 and 10^?4 m . The values of pH and electrical conductivity of the eluates support the idea that the clay hydrolysis occurred during the saturation and, to a lesser extent, during the leaching phase of the flow.  相似文献   

莱芜市红石公园土壤结构特征及其与饱和导水率的关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘玲  刘永忠 《水土保持通报》2016,36(4):188-192

[目的]分析土壤水分运移过程,探究莱芜市红石公园土壤结构特征及其对饱和导水率的影响,为促进该区生态恢复和建设提供理论参考。[方法]采用环刀分层取样对研究区6块样地进行土壤物理结构特征测定,进行水分穿透试验,测量土壤饱和导水率。[结果]试验区土壤密度及石砾含量大小均表现为:纯草本灌木—草本乔木—草本;土壤R0.25(0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量)、含水率、总孔隙度及饱和导水率大小均表现为:乔木—草本灌木—草本纯草本;表层土壤具有更优的土壤结构及更大的饱和导水率;土壤饱和导水率与土壤密度、石砾含量呈现显著负相关关系,与土壤总孔隙度及R0.25呈现显著正相关关系。[结论]土壤总孔隙度是土壤饱和导水率的最主要影响因子,土壤R0.25含量、土壤密度及石砾含量次之。  相似文献   

HYSTERESIS OF FLUX-GRADIENT RELATIONS FOR SATURATED FLOW OF WATER THROUGH CLAY MATERIALS     

V. NOVÁK 《European Journal of Soil Science》1972,23(2):248-253

The relation between flow velocity (v) and hydraulic gradient (7) was studied for two porous materials. The volume of the sample was allowed to change during experiment. For the kaolinite, the relation between v and I is non-linear, the hydraulic conductivity k becomes dependent on time and varies for both increasing and decreasing 7. After some time, k tends to some constant value. For bentonite, k remains constant as 7 increases. However, when I starts to decrease, k decreases accordingly. Hysteresis in the relationship between v and 7 remains unchanged with time. The observed deviations from Darcy's law may be due to deformation of the voids.  相似文献   

Mualem模型中的饱和导水率修正研究          下载免费PDF全文

张昊  顾强康  张仁义 《水土保持通报》2015,35(3):168-171

[目的]提高Mualem模型计算非饱和导水率的准确性。[方法]采用理论推导结合数据统计的方法研究该模型中的饱和导水率ks修正问题。基于Brooks—Corey土壤水分特征曲线模型,建立修正导水率ko与土壤水分特征曲线之间的理论关系式;通过回归分析得到ko与土壤水分特征曲线之间的理论关系式中相关参数。[结果]利用原状黄土的非饱和渗透试验数据,对考虑修正导水率ko的Mualem模型的准确性进行了验证,得到了比较满意的结果。[结论]研究成果可用于依据土壤水分特征曲线直接确定非饱和土导水率,对非饱和导水率预测研究具有一定参考价值。  相似文献   

The Determination of Ozone in Ambient Air with Free Hanging Filters as Passive Samplers     

E. H. Adema  P. Heeres  H. Aprita Rahayuningsih  S. Rineksa 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(9):5719-5725

This paper describes the use of dry free hanging filters, as passive samplers to determine ozone in the ambient air. The filters, with a diameter of 25?mm, were impregnated with 5,5??-disodium indigo disulphonate (IDS), a reagent for ozone. From the amount of reacted indigo compound, found on the filter, and the ozone concentration in the ambient air, a pseudo rate constant k ₁, of the reaction between ozone (O₃) and IDS on the filter, is calculated. The range of measurement is between 9 and 205???g/m³ ambient ozone. The dry filter method is specific for ozone, while the Dutch standard method NEN2789, based on an aqueous solution of IDS, has to be corrected for the presence of NO _x . From wind tunnel and field experiments, k ₁ proved to vary between 0.7 and 1.5?×?10^?6?m³?s^?1 (??g O₃)^?1 at wind velocities between 1 and 3?m/s and at an exposure time of 60?min. Within these conditions, ozone concentrations have been determined with free hanging filters in four busy streets in Yogyakarta, Indonesia and at two background sites using an average value of k ₁ of 1.2?×?10^?6. Subsequently, the traffic NO emission was estimated from the difference of the O₃ concentrations at both sides of a road. For an arbitrary situation, an NO emission of 255???g/s per metre road length was calculated. The filter method is inexpensive and practical, needs no electricity, is easily assembled and can be used to perform measurements in remote areas. It is shown here that this simple measurement technique may support air quality studies, e.g., in developing countries.  相似文献   

Surface soil hydraulic properties in four soil series under different land uses and their temporal changes   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

X. Zhou  H.S. Lin  E.A. White 《CATENA》2008

The concepts of “genoform” and “phenoform” distinguish the genetically-defined soil series and the variation of soil properties resulted from different land uses and management practices. With the repeated field measurements over time, we attempted to understand the difference of soil hydraulic properties among different land uses for a given soil series, and their temporal dynamics. Four soil series (Glenelg, Hagerstown, Joanna, and Morrison) in Pennsylvania with contrasting textures, structures, and parent materials were investigated. Within each soil series, four common land uses (woodland, cropland, pasture, and urban) were examined. At each site of soil series–land use combination, field-saturated and near-saturated hydraulic conductivities, K(ψ), were measured at the soil surface using standard tension infiltrometers at water supply potentials (ψ) of − 0.12, − .06, − 0.03, − 0.02, − 0.01, and 0 m. Surface infiltration measurements were repeated at each site in May and October from 2004 to 2006. The analysis of variance indicated that the measurement time (May or October) had the greatest impact on all measured hydraulic conductivities (p < 0.001), followed by the land use (p < 0.05 for K_ψ = 0 and K_{ψ = − 0.06}) and soil series (p < 0.06 for K_{ψ = − 0.01} to K_{ψ = − 0.03}). The interactions between the time and land use and between the soil series and land use were statistically significant for K_ψ = 0 and K_{ψ = − 0.01.} When separated by the measurement time, land use showed greater impacts in October than in May, while soil series had greater impacts in May than in October. Among the four land uses, woodland showed less obvious temporal change compared to the other three land uses because of less human-induced impacts and more consistent ground cover. Other three land uses generally showed a higher hydraulic conductivity in May than in October due to the drier initial soil moisture condition and related management practices in the spring that gave rise to more significant macropore flow. The results suggested that the initial soil moisture is an important variable that drives the temporal variation of the surface soil hydraulic properties.  相似文献   

Sulfur vs. silica retention in oligotrophic lake sediments: Test of a simple residence time model     

Robert E. Stauffer 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,81(3-4):373-383

Limnologists have modeled solute retention (% of input) in lake sediments using the parameter: 100 k _s {(z:t _w +k _s}^?1, wherek _s is an empirical mass transfer coefficient or ‘sedimentation velocity’ (m yr^?1), z is lake mean depth (m), andt _w is lake hydraulic residence time (yr). This flushing or residence time model was tested against sulfate and silica concentrations in lakes of the northeastern and northcentral U.S.A., using data collected during the U.S. EPA's Eastern Lake Survey. This parameter failed to predict intra-regional variations in lake sulfate at fall turnover, but was consistently negatively correlated with silica in each of the regional lake populations. However, except in the western section of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, lake sulfate was everywhere inversely dependent on DOC [mean slope=?0.020(SE=0.03) meq mM^?1]. Sulfur retention in aquatic environments appears more closely coupled to organic carbon and trophic state, than to variations in hydraulic residence time.  相似文献   

Compaction effects on soil macropore geometry and related parameters for an arable field   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

HyeMin Kim  P.P. Motavalli 《Geoderma》2010,160(2):244-251

Soil compaction decreases soil pores are important for root growth as well as infiltration of water and nutrients. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of soil compaction on macropore parameters measured using X-ray computed tomography (CT). Macropore parameters included number of pores, number of macropores (> 1000 μm diam.), number of coarse mesopores (200 to 1000 μm diam.), porosity, macroporosity, coarse mesoporosity, area of largest pore, pore circularity, and fractal dimension of macroporosity. A field experiment was conducted on Mexico silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Vertic Epiaqualfs) with field treatments including four replicates of uniformly Compacted (C) and Non-Compacted (NC) plots arranged in a randomized complete block design. Soil cores (76.2 mm diam. by 76.2 mm long) were removed from three selected depths (0 to 10 cm, 10 to 20 cm, and 20 to 30 cm). Cores were scanned using a medical X-ray CT scanner with four scans taken in each sample at 15 mm spacing starting at 25 mm from the core surface. Images were analyzed using Image-J software. The C treatment was found to increase bulk density by 8% (1.34 to 1.45 g cm⁻³) and decrease saturated hydraulic conductivity by 69% (47.1 to 14.6 cm hr^− 1). CT-measured number of pores decreased by 71%, number of macropores by 69%, and coarse mesopores by 75% with the C treatment used in the study. Compaction was also found to significantly decrease CT-measured porosity and macroporosity by 64%. Differences between treatments for the parameters were most pronounced in the upper 10 cm; differences between treatments were not significant below 20 cm. A regression equation with CT-measured macroporosity, area of largest pore and porosity explained most of the variability in saturated hydraulic conductivity (R² = 0.79). Efforts should be made to minimize soil compaction due to its harmful effects on soil pores and subsequent challenges for plant root growth and enhanced runoff of water and nutrients.  相似文献   

Effects of conocarpus biochar on hydraulic properties of calcareous sandy soil: influence of particle size and application depth     

Alaa Ibrahim  Adel Rabie Ahmed Usman  Mohammad Ibrahim Al-Wabel  Mahmoud Nadeem  Yong Sik Ok 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2017,63(2):185-197

A laboratory column experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of 400°C biochar at application rate of 15 g kg^?1 (21.9 t ha^?1) with different particle sizes (<0.5 mm (S₁), 0.5–1 mm (S₂) and 1–2 mm (S₃)) and application depths (0–2 cm depth (D₀), 4–6 cm depth (D₅) and 8–10 cm depth (D₁₀)) on hydro-physical properties of sandy loam soil. The results indicated that applying biochar decreased the waterfront and saturated hydraulic conductivity of sandy loam soil. The cumulative evaporation was the highest and amounted to 40.9 mm in the non-treated soil, but it recorded the lowest amount of 32.2–35.5 mm in the biochar-treated soil. Applying biochar caused significant increases in the amount of conserved and retained water with the highest amount of water conserved in soil treated with S₂ biochar at D₅. Moreover, the cumulative water infiltration through the soil was significantly reduced by S₁ and S₂ biochars at D₀. The values of saturated hydraulic conductivity for biochar treatments were significantly lower than those for the control, with the lowest values for S₁ at D₀ and D₅. These results suggest positive improvement for the hydro-properties of coarse-textured soils following biochar addition, especially with finer particles of biochar.  相似文献   

Comparison of clogging induced by organic and inorganic suspended particles in a porous medium: implications for choosing physical clogging indicators     

Yang Wang  Mingxin Huo  Qi Li  Wei Fan  Jiakuan Yang  Xiaochun Cui 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(9):2980-2994

  相似文献   

Preventing Acid Mine Drainage with an Elevated Water Table: Long-Term Column Experiments and Parameter Analysis     

Mariam Ouangrawa  Michel Aubertin  John W. Molson  Bruno Bussière  Gérald J. Zagury 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2010,213(1-4):437-458

The elevated water table (EWT) technique for preventing acid mine drainage (AMD) was tested using instrumented laboratory columns containing reactive tailings from the Louvicourt and Sigma mines, Abitibi, Quebec. The tests were performed in short (0.4 m) and long (1.4–1.7 m) columns over 400–500 days and included periodic surface recharge and subsequent monitoring of the leached drainage water. In each column, the water table depth was adjusted relative to the air entry value (AEV or ψ_a) of the tailings. The influence of different water table elevations was evaluated by measuring the effluent pH, as well as the concentrations of major ions including sulphate, iron, zinc, copper and lead. Provided the water table depth below the tailings surface remained less than one half of the tailings’ AEV, the observed data showed that an EWT can be very effective in reducing acid mine drainage. The principal factors controlling drainage quality were the saturated hydraulic conductivity (k _sat) and the air entry value (ψ_a) of the tailings. A lower k _sat and a higher ψ_a in the tailings tend to increase the performance of an elevated water table by limiting drainage-induced desaturation. Mineralogical composition had relatively little effect on the hydrogeochemical evolution provided the tailings remained highly saturated (S _r?≥?90%). The results presented here indicate that an elevated water table can be an effective means for controlling the production of AMD when the design conditions are properly selected and applied.  相似文献   

Effects of agricultural practices on hydraulic properties and water movement in soils in Brittany (France)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Babacar Ndiaye  Jrme Molnat  Vincent Hallaire  Chantal Gascuel  Yannick Hamon 《Soil & Tillage Research》2007,93(2):251-263

The intensive agricultural use of soils in the Brittany region (western France) has increased the need for a better understanding of soil water dynamics. The aim of the present study is to compare quantitatively the differences produced by two agricultural practices on soil hydraulic properties (water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity) as well as the infiltration and drainage fluxes in the soils. This study was carried out on two experimental plots managed in the same way for 22 years. The two practices were continuous maize fertilized with mineral fertilizer, denoted as MX, and pasture within a ray-grass/maize rotation (3/1 year) with organic fertilization (pig slurry), denoted as PR. The study consisted of measuring soil physical properties in the laboratory and in the field, and estimating water infiltration in the soil of the two plots by recording water pressure heads after simulation of 2-h artificial rainfall with an intensity of 17 mm/h. We applied the van Genuchten model to describe the water retention and hydraulic conductivity curves (θ(h) and K(h)) for each soil horizon of the two plots. Hydrus-2D and ID softwares were used to construct a numerical model of water movement in the two soils. This model was used to quantify the infiltration rate, deep drainage and actual evaporation fluxes during the artificial rainfall experiment.The vertical influence of agricultural practices in both plots appears to be limited to the uppermost 35 cm. Deeper in the B horizon, there are only very slight differences in the hydraulic properties between the two plots. In the top soil horizons (H1–H5 and H6), the two soil properties mostly affected by practices are the hydraulic conductivity and the α parameter of the van Genuchten model. At the lowest pressure head studied here (−1.5 kPa), hydraulic conductivity in a given horizon differs by more than one order of magnitude between the two plots. The model reproduces quite satisfactorily the observed pressure heads in plot PR at all depths, in the rainy period as well as in the water redistribution period (efficiency >0.77). Results are less good for the MX plot, with efficiency ranging from 0.49 to 0.84 depending on the horizon. The different sources of simulation errors are identified and discussed. For the MX plot, the soil water movement model succeeds in reproducing the infiltration excess runoff observed in the field, allowing us to calculate that it accounts for 9% of the applied rainfall. No surface runoff or ponding appears in the PR plot during the artificial rainfall experiment. In the PR plot, the simulated deep drainage flux increases more rapidly than in the MX plot. The lower hydraulic conductivity in the top soil horizon of the MX plot compared with the PR plot appears to reduce the infiltration rate as well as the deep drainage flux. It also decreases the upward flow of water to the soil surface when the water content in the top soil layer is depleted by evaporation flux. The model simulation could be improved by a more precise representation of the soil structure, particularly the location, size and frequency of clods as well as the variability of hydraulic properties. However, we need to strike a balance between improving the quality of the simulation even further and the practical constraints and efforts involved in measuring the soil hydraulic properties.  相似文献   

Effects of Single and Mixed Ion Solutions on Hydraulic and Physical Properties of a Clay Soil     

N. I. Eltaif  M. A. Gharaibeh 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2007,181(1-4):297-302

In this work, the influence of solute concentration of two types of electrolyte solutions single-ion (Na) and mixed-ion (Na–Ca) systems on hydraulic and some physical properties of a clay soil was investigated. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (HC) declined noticeably using lower solute concentration in single ion system. The highest reduction in HC was observed at 250 mole_c m^?3 solute concentration. Application of high solute concentration of single-ion system reduced meanweight diameter (MWD) to less than half of the control treatment (0.16 mm compared with 0.33 mm). Resistance to penetrometer increased with decreasing solute concentration. In mixed-ion system the MWD was increased whereas the resistance to penetrometer was decreased. HC values ranged from 6.5?×?10^?4 to 9.0?×?10^?4 mm s^?1 in mixed ion system compared with 7.2?×?10^?4 to 13.0?×?10^?4 mm s^?1 in single-ion system. The improvement of some physical properties in mixed-ion solution treatment is attributed to the presence of calcium ion that usually acts as amendment to sodium-affected soil. Soil HC showed lower values at low solute concentrations.  相似文献   

Measuring near‐saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils by quasi unit‐gradient percolation—2. Application of the methodology     

Subharthi Sarkar  Kai Germer  Rajib Maity  Wolfgang Durner 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2019,182(4):535-540

Sarkar et al. (this issue) proposed a laboratory measurement method for obtaining the hydraulic conductivity of soil at near‐saturated moisture conditions, bridging the gap between measurements that can be obtained with the evaporation method in the medium dry region, and measurements of the saturated conductivity by traditional methods. The method is based on a tension infiltration on a limited part of the surface of a soil sample and drainage of the sample at the same tension, leading to a divergent flow field. Despite equal tensions at top and bottom of the sample (“unit gradient”), the water flux in the sample is smaller than the corresponding value of the soil hydraulic conductivity at the applied tension. From numerical analysis of the flow problem, they concluded that unsaturated conductivity can be obtained with an accuracy of 10% for all texture classes of the USDA soil texture triangle. In this paper, we test the methodology for three different soil types using an appropriate apparatus. The results match well with independent saturated conductivity measurements on the wet side, and with unsaturated conductivity measurements in the medium moisture range that were obtained with the evaporation method.  相似文献