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苹果蠹蛾（Cydia pomonella L.）是一种重要的世界性害虫,目前已在我国9个省（自治区、直辖市）发现,对我国苹果、梨等果树产业构成了严重威胁。目前,化学防治仍是防控苹果蠹蛾的主要措施,化学农药大量使用导致农药残留严重超标,影响果实品质及人类健康,因此研发新的生防制品具有重要意义。昆虫病原线虫具有主动寻找寄主害虫的能力,具有生物防治苹果蠹蛾越冬幼虫的应用潜能。本文从防控苹果蠹蛾的昆虫病原线虫高效品系以及影响其防控效果的因子（温度、湿度、紫外线等）进行了综述,以期为田间有效利用昆虫病原线虫防控苹果蠹蛾提供参考。 相似文献
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有害生物综合治理（IntegratedPestManagement，缩写为IPM）是由联合国粮农组织（FAO）在１９７２年正式提出的，核心内容是根据害虫种群的动态及其有关环境，协调应用各种防治方法，把害虫种群控制在低于经济为害的水平。１９７５年我国提出了“预防为主，综合防治”的植保方针，随着我国植保方针的贯彻落实，IPM技术也逐渐在我国的植保工作中普及推广。在全国农技推广中心的领导下，湖北省先后参加了FAO国家间水稻IPM项目、亚洲开发银行和欧盟棉花IPM项目的实施，初步探索了一条适合于我省实际的IPM发展之路。IPM项目新颖、独… 相似文献
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杀虫剂给人类、野生生物和牲畜带来的副作用,以及害虫抗性的产生、次要害虫的暴发等,促进了害虫综合治理(IPM)的发展。农户采用IPM,是因为他们领悟到了选用害虫不同防治策略后在经济上可得到的好处。当然,农户也经常使用杀虫剂保产,这是因为他们希望能降低风险而获得更高的纯收益。 IPM的风险是影响它应用的重要因素之一。当其害虫综合治理中某一特定的策略对 相似文献
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近年来，有害生物综合治理（IPM）的策略和方法不断发展和完善，天敌群落在农田生态系统中的地位越来越突出，事实证明，天敌是调节害虫种群密度，维持自然平衡的重要因素。我国害虫灭敌资源非常丰富，利用天敌的前景十分可观，加上60年代以来滥施化学农药带来的环境污染和害虫抗药性骤增等问题日益严重，因此，保护和利用害虫天敌，充分发挥害虫天敌的效能，成为害虫防治中最具潜力的途径之一。关于天敌作用的评价，DeBach＆Huffsker（1971），Varley＆Gradwell（1971），Hodek，Hagon＆vanEmdem（1972，vandenBosch＆Messenger（197… 相似文献
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苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella属鳞翅目卷蛾科,是全球仁果类水果种植地区最重要的果树害虫之一,也是我国重大农业入侵物种,对全球水果生产造成严重威胁。当前主要采用高效氯氟氯氰菊酯等杀虫剂对苹果蠹蛾进行防治,杀虫剂的频繁使用导致其对高效氯氟氰菊酯产生了抗性。针对苹果蠹蛾对高效氯氟氰菊酯的抗性问题,该文综述了全球苹果蠹蛾种群对高效氯氟氰菊酯的抗性现状,指出由编码细胞色素P450（cytochrome P450,P450）、羧酸酯酶（carboxylesterase,CarE）和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（glutathione S-transferase,GST）的解毒酶基因过表达导致代谢能力增强是其最普遍的抗性机制,提出合理的抗性治理策略,并对苹果蠹蛾的绿色防控进行展望。 相似文献
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由张宗炳、曹骥主编,25位专家教授分工撰写的《害虫防治:策略与方法》一书,即将由科学出版社出版。该书全面地介绍了害虫防治近年来的新进展:新策略的提出和方法的发展。在防治策略方面,介绍了害虫综合治理(IPM)、全部种群治理(TPM)和大面积种群治理(APM)三个策略,与形成这些策略的生态学基础,并着重介绍了预测预报的原理与方 相似文献
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苹果蠹蛾是世界上具有毁灭性的重要果树害虫。据报道,目前已在六大洲近40个国家分布。在我国仅分布于新疆,内地其他各省区未见报道。该虫在新疆分布普遍,为害严重,和内地毗邻的东疆哈密,苹果蠹蛾大发生。为严防苹果蠹蛾从国外或新疆传入内地,这是各级植检工作者的重任。 相似文献
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小麦重大病虫害综合防治技术体系 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
小麦是我国的主要粮食作物,病虫害是影响其稳产、高产的重要生物灾害。本文综述了自“七五”以来,我国小麦重大病虫害综合防治技术体系的主要研究进展,内容涉及综合防治的指导思想与策略、基本思路以及不同麦区病虫害综合防治技术体系基本模式,并对现有综合防治体系中存在的问题和发展前景进行了讨论。 相似文献
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苹果蠹蛾疫情防控阻截动态及思考 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
苹果蠹蛾近年来正从甘肃河西走廊向内地蔓延,形势十分严峻。甘肃省从保护本省苹果生产大局出发,自2006年以来采取一系列措施阻截苹果蠹蛾,全省设立了1300多个疫情监测点,开展了疫情普查,划定了疫区,设立了10个公路检查站,开展了防控行动,砍伐废弃果园,取得了明显的效果。但是,目前疫情控制工作仍面临一些突出的问题,如疫情人为传播严重、防控资金缺口较大、监测防控能力不足等。建议从4个方面加强今后的疫情防控工作：一是加强部省行政领导;二是加大各级对疫情防控的资金投入;三是强化疫情阻截和防控措施;四是进一步开展防控技术研究,提高检疫控制的效果。 相似文献
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自20世纪60年代以来,作为有害生物综合治理主要手段的生物防治取得了很多突破性成果,生物防治的比例逐年提高,其支配地位越来越明显。蝗虫是世界性的重大害虫,给发生地区的农牧业生产带来巨大威胁和损失。在蝗虫生物防治中,人们早期主要开展寄生性天敌和植物源药剂等在防治蝗虫中的应用,当前防治蝗虫的病原微物的研发和应用占据了越来越重要的地位,如真菌、蝗虫微孢子、杀蝗金线虫、蝗虫痘病毒、苏云金杆菌、类产碱假单胞菌、蜡状芽胞杆菌等可有效控制蝗虫的生物防治因子,这些杀蝗生物制剂在蝗虫防治中发挥了重要作用。但是与速效的化学农药相比,生物防治制剂快速致死作用较低,对种群的密度调节较慢,特别是可以完全替代化学农药的应急治蝗生物制剂品种相对较少、剂型相对较为单一、成本较高加之防治效果受环境影响较大等问题,在一定程度上制约了蝗虫生物防治技术的发展和应用。但生物防治制剂的环境友好、生态安全和对靶标不易产生抗性等优点越来越被重视,决定了生物防治制剂必然成为全球农药产业发展新趋势,推动了蝗虫生物防治朝低耗、多元化品种和绿色剂型方向发展,如可以垂直传播的蝗虫微孢子生物制剂、蝗虫信息化合物制剂、防蝗真菌制剂与经典的蝗虫天敌生物制剂和生态调控技术等协同应用,速效与长效结合,确保蝗虫的可持续控制。 相似文献
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郭予元院士带领团队研究人员通过多年协同攻关研究，解析了棉铃虫发生为害规律和自然种群生命表机制，明确了棉铃虫对多种农药抗药性动态并应用于棉田抗药性治理，揭示了黄河流域棉区棉花对不同世代棉铃虫为害的补偿生长规律和防治策略，基于不同世代棉铃虫为害阈值和防治指标创建了准确预报二代棉铃虫发生数量的一代麦田扫网法，开展棉花种质资源抗病虫性鉴定并指导选育多抗棉花系列新品种。通过整合诱杀、选择性杀虫剂、生物农药与化学农药次序使用和局部精准施药等绿色防治技术，组建区域性棉花主要病虫害综合防治技术体系，棉区棉铃虫为害得到有效控制，引领了我国农作物主要病虫害综合防治技术的发展。本文简要回顾了郭予元院士在该领域研究中做出的主要历史贡献。 相似文献
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Populations of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) have developed resistance to several classes of insecticide such as benzoylureas, juvenile hormone analogues, ecdysone agonists and pyrethroids, but the corresponding resistance mechanisms have not been extensively studied. Knockdown resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides has been associated with point mutations in the para sodium channel gene in a great variety of insect pest species. We have studied two susceptible strains (S and Sv) and two resistant strains (Rt and Rv) of C pomonella that exhibited 4- and 80-fold resistance ratios to deltamethrin, respectively. The region of the voltage-dependent sodium channel gene which includes the position where kdr and super-kdr mutations have been found in Musca domestica L was amplified. The kdr mutation, a leucine-to-phenylalanine replacement at position 1014, was found only in the Rv strain. In contrast, the super-kdr mutation, a methionine-to-threonine replacement at position 918, was not detected in any C pomonella strain. These data allowed us to develop a PCR-based diagnostic test (PASA) to monitor the frequency of the kdr mutation in natural populations of C pomonella in order to define appropriate insecticide treatments in orchards. 相似文献
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J. WAAGE 《EPPO Bulletin》1997,27(1):5-13
Developed and developing countries, for a range of reasons, have strongly endorsed an IPM approach to sustainable pest management. IPM is founded on the self-renewing contribution of natural enemies to pest suppression, or biological control. However, many pests today escape such natural control because they are exotic introductions, and for these pests the introduction of specific biological control agents is a proven and valuable technique. With growing exotic pest problems in agriculture and forestry, due both to increased trade and to the policy of the WTO, with new concern for exotic invasive species affecting biodiversity, and with a booming biocontrol industry, there is a rapid growth of interest in introduced biological control agents (including biopesticides, which are generally still not acknowledged as introductions). To meet this demand for biological control introductions, it is necessary to address issues of research, safety and the rights of governments and peoples to their genetic resources. By and large, Europe has not done this, and this is proving both an opportunity for environmental accidents and a disincentive for sustainable agriculture and conservation. 相似文献
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中国玉米茎基腐病和穗腐病研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文综述了我国在玉米茎基腐病和穗腐病病原学、致病性和寄主抗性机制与综合治理的研究进展。深入探讨了以往我国学者关于引起茎基腐病病原学的不同观点。根据2种病害的病原镰孢菌在可溶性蛋白质、血清学、同功酶和DNA等不同水平的多态性分析,镰孢菌在寄主根和茎组织内侵染过程示踪和孢子捕捉试验结果,重点讨论了2种镰孢菌病害在病原学侵染规律方面的相互关系,概述了2种病害寄主抗性生理生化机理、抗性遗传和以生物防治为核心的综合治理措施研究进展。 相似文献
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The role of bacillus-based biological control agents in integrated pest management systems: plant diseases 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
ABSTRACT Bacillus-based biological control agents (BCAs) have great potential in integrated pest management (IPM) systems; however, relatively little work has been published on integration with other IPM management tools. Unfortunately, most research has focused on BCAs as alternatives to synthetic chemical fungicides or bactericides and not as part of an integrated management system. IPM has had many definitions and this review will use the national coalition for IPM definition: "A sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health and environmental risks." This review will examine the integrated use of Bacillus-based BCAs with disease management tools, including resistant cultivars, fungicides or bactericides, or other BCAs. This integration is important because the consistency and degree of disease control by Bacillus-based BCAs is rarely equal to the control afforded by the best fungicides or bactericides. In theory, integration of several tools brings stability to disease management programs. Integration of BCAs with other disease management tools often provides broader crop adaptation and both more efficacious and consistent levels of disease control. This review will also discuss the use of Bacillus-based BCAs in fungicide resistance management. Work with Bacillus thuringiensis and insect pest management is the exception to the relative paucity of reports but will not be the focus of this review. 相似文献
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Many insects, especially nocturnal insects, exhibit positive phototaxis to artificial lights. Light traps are currently used to monitor and manage insect pest populations, and play a crucial role in physical pest control. Efficient use of light traps to attract target insect pests is an important topic in the application of integrated pest management (IPM). Phototactic responses of insects vary among species, light characteristics and the physiological status of the insects. In addition, light can cause several biological responses, including biochemical, physiological, molecular and fitness changes in insects. In this review, we discuss several hypotheses on insect phototaxis, factors affecting insect phototaxis, insect‐sensitive wavelengths, biological responses of insects to light, and countermeasures for conserving beneficial insects and increasing the effect of trapping. In addition, we provide information on the different sensitivities to wavelengths causing positive phototactic behavior in > 70 insect pest and beneficial insect species. The use of advanced light traps equipped with superior light sources, such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), will make physical pest control in IPM more efficient. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献