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1.
ABSTRACT

Crop production in arid regions is characterized with high temperature, drought and salinity which decrease water and nutrient use efficiency. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of wheat residue mulch in relation to N fertilizer application rates for cotton productivity under dryland condition of Uzbekistan. Main plots were control of no mulch addition and a 5 t ha?1 mulch treatment. These plots were split into 5 N rate plots of 0, 70, 140, 210 or 280 kg of N ha?1. The results showed that mulching pattern decreased soil temperature by 0.7–1.5°C as compared to conventional treatment (CT), regardless of N fertilization rates. The soil water storage increased by 41.8, 17.3, 48.0 mm in the flowering, boll formation and ripening stages of cotton, respectively under mulching treatment. Soil available N concentration and nutrients uptake by plants consistently increased with the increase of N fertilization rates with positive correlations. At flowering period, the plant height, chlorophyll content, stem diameter, and a number of fruit branches in plants were higher by 32.3%, 46.8%, 26.7% and 55.3%, respectively at 210 kg N ha?1 under mulching treatment as compared to the non-fertilized control. The highest cotton yield was obtained at 210 kg N ha?1 application under mulching treatment. The correlation difference between mulch and N application rates was higher (R2 = 0.97) than the difference in CTs and N application rates (R2 = 0.89). This study showed that mulching had a greater impact to preserve nutrients and water resources in the soil, thereby improved cotton growth and yield.  相似文献   

2.
In a field study conducted at Bangalore, India for two years (2003–2004 and 2004–2005), eight treatment combinations consisting of two variables, organic mulch (lemongrass spent material as mulch at 7.5 t ha?1 and no mulch) and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha?1) were examined to observe the effect of organic mulching on nitrogen use-efficiency, and herb and essential oil yield in a multiharvested rosemary crop. The results revealed that application of lemongrass spent material as mulch increased the herb and essential oil yields in rosemary by 16.2 and 24.2%, respectively, over the non-mulched control at first harvest. Corresponding values for the regenerated crop harvest were 18.8 and 16.8%. A significant response to N was observed with 300 kg N ha?1 in non-mulched plots compared with 200 kg N ha?1 in mulched plots. Using lemongrass spent material as mulch, nitrogen uptake by the rosemary crop increased by 15.1% over the non-mulched control. At 200 kg N ha?1, apparent recoveries by the crop were estimated to be 33.64% for the non-mulched control, and 37.79% with mulch. The quality of the rosemary essential oil, in terms of the concentrations of its major constituents, α-pinene, 1 : 8 cineole, camphor and verbenone, was not affected by the use of organic mulching and nitrogen fertilization, and these constituents were found to be of astandard acceptable in international trade.  相似文献   

3.
Field experiments were carried out during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons (June–April) of 2008–2010 at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, to study the productivity, nutrients uptake, iron (Fe) use-efficiency and economics of aerobic rice-wheat cropping system as influenced by mulching and Fe nutrition. The highest yield attributes, grain and straw yields (5.41 tonnes ha?1 and 6.56 tonnes ha?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake in rice was recorded with transplanted and puddled rice (TPR) followed by aerobic rice with Sesbania aculeata mulch. However, residual effect of aerobic rice with wheat straw mulch was more pronounced on yield attributes, grain and straw yields (4.20 and 6.70 tonnes ha?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake in succeeding wheat and remained at par with aerobic rice with Sesbania mulch. Application of iron sulfate (FeSO4) at 50 kg ha?1 + 2 foliar sprays of 2% FeSO4 was found to be the best in terms of all the yield attributes, grain and straw yield (5.09 and 6.17 tonnes ha?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake and remained at par with 3 foliar sprays of 2% FeSO4. Although residual effect of iron application failed to increase the yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P, K) except Fe. The highest system productivity, nutrient uptake, gross returns, net returns, B: C ratio and lowest cost of cultivation were recorded with aerobic rice with wheat straw and Sesbania aculeata mulch. Application of FeSO4 at 50 kg ha?1 + two foliar sprays of 2% FeSO4 was found better in respect of system productivity, nutrient uptake, gross returns, net returns, B:C ratio and cost of cultivation in aerobic rice-wheat cropping system. The Fe use efficiency values viz. partial factor productivity (kg grain kg?1 Fe), agronomic efficiency (kg grain increased kg?1 Fe applied), agrophysiological efficiency (kg grain kg?1 Fe uptake), physiological efficiency (kg biomass kg?1 Fe uptake), apparent recovery (%) utilization efficiency and harvest index (%) of applied Fe were significantly affected due to methods of rice production and various Fe nutrition treatments in aerobic rice and aerobic rice-wheat cropping system.  相似文献   

4.
A field experiment was conducted on an Alfisol (kandic paleustalf) in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria, for two seasons to assess the influence of inorganic and organic fertilizers on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), nutrient uptake and maize yield. The treatments consisted of three rates of organic fertilizer 0, 5 and 10 t ha?1 in the form of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer (20:10:10) applied at 0 and 120 kg ha?1. Maize (Zea mays) was used as the test crop. The results showed that the combined application of 10 t ha?1 poultry manure and 120 kg ha?1 NPK fertilizer enhanced the uptake of N, P and K better than other treatment combinations. Application of 10 t ha?1 poultry manure alone gave the highest grain yield, which was 67.02% higher than the control in the first season. Complementary application of 5 t ha?1 poultry manure with 120 kg ha?1 NPK 20–10-10 was recommended for grain yield.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

The experiment was conducted at Kulumsa, South East Ethiopia, using four levels of nitrogen (N) (0, 50,100 and 150?kg N ha?1) and four levels of phosphorus (P) (0, 35, 70 and 105?kg P2O5 ha?1) fertilizers arranged in 4?×?4 factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications. The available P was increased after harvest due to the application of N and P fertilizer at the rates of 100 or 150?kg N ha?1 and 70 or 105?kg P2O5 ha?1. More specifically, nutrients concentration and nutrient uptake were significantly (p?<?.01) varied among treatment combinations and nutrient use efficiency was declined by increasing N and P after optimum rates. The higher physiological efficiency of N (53.47?kg kg?1) and P (580.41?kg kg?1) and the highest apparent recovery of N (19.62%) and P (2.47%) was recorded from application of 50?kg N ha?1 and P at 70?kg P2O5 ha?1 and the highest agronomic efficiency of N (10.78?kg kg?1) and P (15.25?kg kg?1) was recorded from N at the rate of 50?kg N ha?1 and P at 35?kg P2O5 ha?1, respectively. The combination of N at 100?kg N ha?1 and P at 70?kg P2O5 ha?1 was promising combination that generated highest net benefit 488,878.5 ETB (Ethiopian birr) ha?1 with the highest marginal rate of return (36638%) and gave the highest seed yield (1858.82?kg ha?1) with yield increment of about 57.72% over the control.  相似文献   

6.
Nutrient supply through organic sources usually requires fortification for timely and optimum release of plant nutrients to achieve optimum crop performance. A pot experiment was conducted in a screen house to determine the optimum rate of cassava peel compost (CPC) fortification that supports optimum Amaranthus (Amaranthus cruentus L.) plant nutrient contents and residual soil nutrient contents. A compost of cassava peel and poultry manure was applied at 2.5; 5.0 and 7.5 t ha?1each complemented with either 25 or 50 kg nitrogen (N), using nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) 20-10-10 at 2 weeks before sowing Amaranthus. An unfertilized treatment served as control. Seeds were sown in plastic containers with a surface diameter of 24 cm filled with 5 kg soil, with a drain underneath. Seedlings were thinned to 4 plants/pot 2 weeks after planting. Plants were harvested at 5 weeks by ratooning and plant re-growth also harvested after 5 weeks. Soil pH was lower with high rates of 5.0 and 7.5 t ha?1 CPC while the organic matter content was increased with increased CPC rate. Soil N was reduced but reflected in increased plant shoot and root N, with compost application. Soil P was generally increased but was not reflected in plant contents. Soil K contents were reduced and were reflected in increased plant contents. Application of 2.5 t ha?1 CPC, fortified with either 25 or 50 kg N ha?1 gave the optimum Amaranthus shoot nutrient contents with optimum residual soil nutrient contents.  相似文献   

7.
The growth and yield performance of green maize (Zea mays), followed by a late-season vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), was assessed with two rates of three different types of organic-based fertilizers (OBFs) fortified with an inorganic nutrient source. There was also an inorganic fertilizer treatment of NPK 20–10–10 applied at 300 kg ha?1 and a no-fertilizer control treatment. Maize growth was affected by fertilizer type and rate. Organic fertilizer, applied at 5 t ha?1, 3 weeks before maize released enough nutrients to have comparable growth as inorganic fertilizer. Applying the OBF at 2.5 t ha?1 was inadequate to give comparable growth. Application of fortified OBF with total nitrogen content higher than 2.4% N at 5.0 t ha?1 gave maize grain yields comparable with NPK fertilizer. Cowpea yields following early-season maize were highest with DPW + NPK. They were significantly lower with 2.5 t ha?1 of the OBFs. Application of the IAR&T-OBF (OBF made by Institute of Agricultural Research and Training) and decomposed poultry waste (DPW) + NPK at 5.0 t ha?1 gave comparable seed yields significantly higher than OYO-OBF (OBF made by Oyo State Government of Nigeria). NPK fertilizer application supported early-season maize cultivation, but it was not adequate to support the following cowpea. OBF should have nitrogen content up to 2.4% and applied at 5.0 t ha?1 to support an early-season maize cultivation with a late-season cowpea.  相似文献   

8.
An experiment was conducted at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India during 2001–2003 to study the effect of levels of fertility and straw mulch on a rapeseed (Brassica campestris var yellow sarson)–greengram (Vigna radiata)–rice (Oryza sativa) cropping system under a rainfed upland ecosystem. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design having 14 treatment combinations of organic and inorganic nutrients along with straw mulch in three replicates. The results revealed that conjunctive use of organic and inorganic nutrients as well as paddy straw mulch resulted higher yield in both rapeseed and greengram, and the residual effects of different levels of fertilization and mulching also gave rise to higher grain yield in the succeeding rice crop. The uptake of nutrients, by the cropping system as a whole, to the tune of 204.29 and 183.00 kg ha?1 of N, 72.84 and 74.07 kg ha?1 of P and 179.95 and 175.41 kg ha?1 of K took place, with the treatment receiving 10 t ha?1 of farmyard manure (FYM) applied (to rapeseed) along with 50% recommended dose (RD) of NPK to all the crops in the sequence in two consecutive years, respectively. The same treatment resulted in a higher percentage of porosity vis-à-vis lower bulk density. Soil physico-chemical properties were superior in mulch-treated plots compared with no mulch treatment. Application of organic and inorganic nutrients along with proper moisture conservation practices can enhance the yields maintaining a good soil health.  相似文献   

9.
Phospho-compost (PC) and poultry manure (PM) were evaluated in field experiments to diversify integrated nutrient management (INM) for rain-fed cotton. Seed cotton yield in the PC (2501–2579 kg ha?1) was similar to the recommended INM (2673 kg ha?1) treatment and was significantly better than nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (100% NPK) (2130 kg ha?1) and farmers practice (FP) (1886 kg ha?1). Yield was lower in the PM (2476–2617 kg ha?1) than in the PC. Nutrient uptake was higher in all INM intervention plots due to an improvement in soil nutrient status compared with those receiving 100% NPK. Soil labile carbon values were higher in the INM treatments (333–452 mg kg?1), with a greater magnitude in the PC-amended plots (402–452 mg kg?1). Carbon management index (CMI) values were higher for the INM than treatments NPK and FP. Among INM interventions, PC plots had higher values than the PM.  相似文献   

10.
A field experiment was conducted during 2008 and 2009 at the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India, to study the effect of organic sources of nutrient on yield, nutrient uptake, fertility status of soil, and quality of stevia crop in the western Himalayan region. The experiment comprised eight different combinations of organic manure [farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost (VC), and apple pomace manure (AP)]. Total leaf dry biomass increased by 149% over the control with application of VC 1.5 t ha?1 + AP 5 t ha?1. Application of organic manures enhanced organic carbon and available nutrient status of soil more than the control. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content in stem were significantly affected by the application of organic manures over the control. Stevia plants supplied with FYM 10 t ha?1 + AP 2.5 t ha?1 recorded more total glycoside than other treatments. Stevioside yield (kg ha?1) was greater with application of FYM 10 t ha?1 + AP 2.5 t ha?1.  相似文献   

11.
Leaf color chart (LCC) guides fertilizer nitrogen (N) application to rice as per requirement of the crop on the basis of a critical leaf color. Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of silicon (Si) and LCC based N management in aerobic rice. Following LCC-based N management, from 60 to 90 kg N ha?1 and 75 to 100 kg N ha?1 with 10–40% and 25–30% less fertilizer N was used without any reduction in yield as compared to the package of practices of 100 (50 kg N ha?1 as basal + two split of 25 kg N ha?1) kg N ha?1 respectively, during both the seasons. The highest grain yield was noticed with 90 kg N ha?1 (30 kg N ha?1 as basal + LCC-3) and 100 kg N ha?1 (50 kg N ha?1 as basal + two split of 25 kg N ha?1) along with the application of calcium silicate (CaSiO3) at 2 t ha?1 as sources of Si and on par with 60 kg N ha?1 (no basal + LCC-3) and 75 kg N ha?1 (30 kg N ha?1 as basal + LCC-3), respectively, during the season in 2008 and 2009. Higher fertilizer N use efficiency was recorded with Si and need-based N management using LCC-3 rather than recommended dose of fertilizer N.  相似文献   

12.
To develop phosphorus-based agronomic application rates of phytase-diet, bisulfate-amended Delmarva poultry litter in conservation tillage systems, nutrient release dynamics of the organic fertilizer under local weather conditions were investigated. Delmarva poultry litter was placed in polyvinyl chloride columns to a depth of 5 cm and weathered in the field for 570 days. Leachate from the columns was collected and measured for concentrations of various nutrients. Cumulative release of the nutrients as a function of weathering time was modeled, and the nutrient supply capacity was determined. Poultry litter leachate contained high contents of dissolved organic carbon (15–31,500 mg L?1), nitrogen (N 5–7,070 mg L?1), phosphorus (P 5–230 mg L?1), potassium (K+ 2–7,140 mg L?1), and other nutrients. Release of most nutrients occurred principally in the first 100 days, but for P and calcium (Ca2+), it would last for years. The release kinetics of N followed a logarithm equation, while P and K demonstrated a sigmoidal logistic pattern. The nutrient supply capacity of surface-applied Delmarva poultry litter was predicted at 10.9 kg N Mg?1, 6.5 kg P Mg?1, 34.7 kg K+ Mg?1, 5.4 kg Ca2+ Mg?1, and 14.0 kg SO 4 2? Mg?1. The results suggest that Delmarva poultry litter should be applied to conservation tillage systems at 6.6 Mg ha?1 that would furnish 25 kg P ha?1 and 63 kg N ha?1 to seasonal crops. In repeated annual applications, the rate should be reduced to 5.2 Mg ha?1, with supplemental N fertilization to meet crop N requirements.  相似文献   

13.
Sorghum is cultivated on Vertisols in the Ethiopian Highlands. An experiment was conducted in the Gumara-Maksegnit watershed in 2013 and 2014 to assess the effect of rate and timing of nitrogen fertilizer application on the possibility to shorten the maturity period and to improve the productivity of sorghum. The experiment was laid out as Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Treatments were nitrogen doses between 0 and 87 kg N ha?1 as urea applied at planting, at knee-height stage or in split doses at both stages. Results showed that application of 23, 41, 64 and 87 kg ha?1 N gave a yield increase of 40, 53, 62 and 69% over the control (0 kg N ha?1), respectively. In addition, split application of 41 kg ha?1, 64 kg ha?1 and 87 kg ha?1 of nitrogen fertilizer, half at planting and half at knee height stage, gave 19%, 15% and 18% increase in sorghum grain yield over a single dose application, respectively. Applying 87 kg ha?1 nitrogen fertilizer with split application half at planting and half at knee height stage, along with 46 kg ha?1 of P2O5, gave the highest grain yield and income.  相似文献   

14.
Field experiments evaluated the effects of integrated nutrient management on symbiotic parameters, growth, nutrient accumulation, productivity and profitability of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus). Application of recommended dose of nutrients (RDN, 12.5 kg N ha?1 + 40 kg P2O5 ha?1) + 25 kg ZnSO4 ha?1 + seed inoculation with biofertilizers [Rhizobium + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) + plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)] + 1.0 g ammonium molybdate kg?1 seed recorded the highest number & dry weight of nodules, leghaemoglobin content, root & shoot dry weight, plant height, number of pods plant?1 and 100-seed weight. The next best treatment was RDN + seed inoculation with biofertilizers + 1.0 g ammonium molybdate kg?1 seed. On the basis of mean of three-year data, the treatment of RDN + 25 kg ZnSO4 ha?1 + seed inoculation with biofertilizers + 1.0 g ammonium molybdate kg?1 seed proved the best in realizing the highest grain yield (34.0%), gross returns (34.0%) and net returns (54.8% higher over control). Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the grains and straw were significantly improved where RDN was applied in combination with seed inoculation, basal application of ZnSO4 and seed treatment with 1 g ammonium molybdate than their single applications.  相似文献   

15.
Study aims to investigate the effects of vermicomposts containing oil processing wastes, dairy manure, municipal open market wastes and straw on the growth, nutrient concentrations and nutrient uptakes of corn plant. For this, there different mixtures were prepared. Vermicomposts were applied with the rates of 0, 5000, 10000, and 20000 kg ha?1 to 2 kg soil containing pots. Study was conducted in growth chamber for 2 months. Vermicompost applications increased plant growth, some plant nutrient concentrations and uptake. Also, vermicomposts showed the variation on parameters depending on their mixtures. Results showed that nutrients taken by the plant increased with the vermicompost until 10000 kg ha?1 dose. Most of the nutrient concentrations such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn) were not increased in plant tissues, whereas uptake of them by the plant showed a significant increase. In addition, residual soil nutrients increased with the increase in vermicompost levels.  相似文献   

16.
Water and temperature are critical for producing vegetable crops, especially during winter, when the availability of water is meager and temperature falls. Studies of drip irrigation and mulch were undertaken to find the effect on different growth and yield parameters in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with four main and four subplots. Irrigation levels were placed on main plots and mulches on subplots with three replicates for each. All recorded vegetative parameters were higher with drip irrigation at 1.0 pan evaporation (Epan) and black polythene mulch. Physiological parameters such as photosynthesis rate (18.01 and 17.45 μmol m?2 s?1), transpiration rate (6.19 and 5.86 mmol H2O m?2 s?1) and chlorophyll content (27.34 and 28.39; 39.22 and 41.27 SPAD, respectively at 50 and 100 days after planting) were maximal in crops with drip irrigation at 1.0 Epan and mulched with black polythene. Soil and canopy temperature were significantly higher on flood irrigation at 1.0 Epan. Soil temperature was higher with the black polythene mulch, but canopy temperature was higher with no mulch. A higher level of drip irrigation and black polythene mulch result in early picking with higher yields compared with flood irrigation and no mulch.  相似文献   

17.
The effects of integrated nitrogen management (INM) on saffron yield, corm production, nutrient concentration, crocin content, and soil health were studied in field experiments at the Dryland (Karewa) Agriculture Research Station, Budgam District of Kashmir Himalayas, India, during 2006–2010. The levels of fertilizers applied were 0, 45, and 90 kg ha?1 of nitrogen; 0, 30, and 60 t ha?1 of farm yard manure (FYM), and 0 and 5 kg ha ?1 of Azotobacter in solid form. The greatest yields of 3.64 and 3.51 kg ha?1 were observed when nitrogen was applied at 90 kg ha?1 and FYM was applied at 60 t ha?1. The increases over the controls (2.31 and 2.45 kg ha?1) were 57.57% and 43.26%, respectively. The maximum corm productions (10.26 and 13.10 t ha?1) were observed with the application of nitrogen at 90 kg ha?1 and FYM at 60 t ha?1 respectively, with the corresponding increases of 79.62% and 260.97% over their respective controls. Biofertilizer application in the form of viable strain of Azotobacter significantly increased the corm production only. The influence of INM on nutrient and crocin content of saffron and soil health was also found to be sustainable over nonapplication of organic and inorganic fertilizers.  相似文献   

18.
Preemergence (PRE) herbicides negatively impacting turfgrass root growth may compromise macro- and micronutrient accumulation in foliar tissue. Research was conducted to determine the effects of indaziflam (35 and 52.5 g ha?1), prodiamine (0.84 kg ha?1), oxadiazon (3.36 kg ha?1), and isoxaben (1.12 kg ha?1) applications in hydroponic culture on hybrid bermudagrass [C. dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy] tissue nutrient content. Prodiamine, indaziflam, and isoxaben reduced visual root mass relative to non-treated plants. Consequently, these herbicides reduced phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and potassium (K) content in turf foliar tissue. Treatment with indaziflam reduced magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) content in turf foliar tissue compared to non-treated plants. This response was not observed with prodiamine and could explain the significant foliar injury (>70%) observed with both rates of indaziflam. Data in the current study illustrate that PRE herbicide applications affect hybrid bermudagrass nutrient content. Future studies should evaluate foliar applications of Mg and Mn for either preventing or remediating leaf tissue injury following PRE herbicide application.  相似文献   

19.
Dry direct-seeded aerobic rice (DSR) is an emerging attractive alternative to traditional puddled transplanted rice (PTR) production system for reducing labour and irrigation water requirements in the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) of India. The fertilizer N requirement of DSR grown with alternate wetting and drying water management may differ from that of PTR grown under continuous flooding due to differences in N dynamics in the soil/water system and crop growth patterns. Limited studies have been conducted on optimizing N management and application schedule for enhanced N use efficiency in DSR. Therefore, field experiments were conducted over 3 years in NW India to evaluate the effects of N rate and timing of its application on crop performance and N use efficiency. Interaction effects of four N rates (0, 120, 150, and 180 kg ha?1) as urea and four schedules of N application on yield and N use efficiency were evaluated in DSR. The N schedules included N application in three equal split doses (0, 35 and 63, and 14, 35 and 63 days after sowing, DAS) and four equal split doses (0, 28, 49 and 70; 14, 28, 49 and 70 DAS). There was no significant interaction between N rate and schedules on grain yield. Significant response to fertilizer N was observed at 120 kg N ha?1 and economic optimum dose for three equal split doses and skipping N at sowing was 130 kg N ha?1. Highest mean grain yield of 6.60 t ha?1 was obtained when N was applied in three equal split doses at 14, 35 and 63 DAS which was about 8.5% higher compared with N applied in four equal split doses at 14, 28, 49 and 70 DAS. Under the best N application schedule, agronomic N use efficiency (26 kg grain kg?1), recovery efficiency (49%) and physiological efficiency (53 kg kg?1) were comparable to the values reported in Asia for PTR. Results from our study will help to achieve high yields and N use efficiency in DSR to replace resource intensive PTR.  相似文献   

20.
A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive years of 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 to study the effect of biofertilizers in conjunction with organic and inorganic sources of nutrient management on productivity, quality and soil health on field pea at ICAR RC for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre Jharnapani, Nagaland, India. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with five nutrient sources in main plots and four treatment of biofertilizers with zinc in sub plots. Results indicated that the application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) through inorganic + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through vermicompost significantly improved root nitrogen (N) content, cation exchange capacity (CEC) of roots, NA activates, seed yield (1153 and 1262 kg ha?1), straw yield (2182 and 2332 kg ha?1) in the year of 2010–2011 and 2011–2012, respectively. Nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) uptake by seed and straw, protein content, protein harvest, soil organic carbon (SOC), available N, P, K, S, Zn and economics significantly higher with 100% RDF through inorganic + 50% RDN through vermicompost during both the years. Seed inoculation with biofertilizers along with 5 kg Zn ha?1 markedly enhanced the root N content, CEC of roots, nitrogenase activities (NA), seed yield (1080 and 1193 kg ha?1), straw yield (1978 and 2128 kg ha?1), nutrients [N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S) and zinc (Zn)] uptake, soil organic carbon (SOC) (%), and available N, P, K, S, and Zn of pea in both the years, respectively. These sources also give more income and benefit cost ratio per rupees invested.  相似文献   

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