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1.
Yen-Nyuk Lo 《Forest Ecology and Management》1985,12(1):43-52
Single-node leafy cuttings from 8- and 15-month-old seedlings of the large Bornean Dipterocarp Shorea macrophylla (Illipe nut) rooted easily under continuous mist, both with and without the application of auxins. Callus production was greatest in the untreated cuttings. Rate of rooting was enhaced by 1200 ppm and 3600 ppm IBA, but the overall level of rooting after 61 days was unaffected by auxin treatment. In a second experiment, 3600 ppm IBA was found to be more effective than 3600 ppm NAA and mixtures of 1800 ppm NAA + 1800 ppm IBA. Mortality of cuttings was greatest with IBA especially at 10800 ppm. Cuttings from the second node below the apex rooted best, with rooting ability of those from nodes 3, 4 and 5 being progressively worse, and mortalities rising with distance from the apex. Cuttings from the uppermost node, which included the developing apex, had the lowest rooting ability. When continuous misting was replaced with misting for alternate hours, rooting was still good, but the absence of misting overnight resulted in much increased cutting mortality and, subsequently, in decreased rooting. It is suggested that Shorea macrophylla could be domesticated for fruit or timber production by the propagation of superior clones. 相似文献
2.
Aging of the donor tree decreased adventitious root formation in shoot cuttings of Tectona grandis Linn. f. (teak). Exogenous application of auxins, i.e., α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) has
a significant positive effect on the percentage of rooting. The maximum percent rooting was obtained with 4,000 ppm IBA as
compared to other treatment. Significant increase in root number was recorded in shoot cuttings treated with 4,000 ppm NAA.
The overall rooting response was better in the treatment with IBA rather than with NAA. Further periodic samples (0, 10, 20,
and 30 days) were taken to assess the total soluble sugar, starch, protein, and peroxidase (PER) activity in the rooting zone
of shoot cuttings of teak during adventitious root formation. Application NAA and IBA to shoot cuttings resulted in an increase
in the level of total soluble sugar, starch, protein, and PER-activity in the rooting zone. The stored carbohydrates were
utilized during adventitious root formation. Hence, total soluble sugar and starch contents of cuttings, irrespective of age
of donor plants, decreased with the passage of time in cuttings planted for rooting. Significant fluctuations were observed
in the protein content of cuttings during the time of root induction. There was an increase in the protein content with the
passage of time from the day of planting up to its 20th day, followed by a sharp decline in the protein content of cuttings
at the 30th day of planting, irrespective of the age of donor plants or the treatment of cuttings with auxins. Irrespective
of donor plant age, PER-activity in the cuttings increased from the day of their planting for rooting up to the 20th day,
and then declined at its 30th day of planting. It was interesting to note that PER-activity remained higher at all stages
in the cuttings of 2-month-old seedlings which rooted profusely as compared to the cuttings of 15- and 30-year-old donor plants
those rooted poorly. This study suggested that the exogenously applied NAA and IBA at different concentration seems to activate
sugar metabolism for release of energy, protein and PER-activity which are necessary for cellular division and differentiation
during adventitious root primordium initiation or development in the rooting zone of shoot cuttings. 相似文献
3.
Juan Majada Celia Martínez-Alonso Isabel Feito Angelo Kidelman Ismael Aranda Ricardo Alía 《New Forests》2011,41(3):399-412
Pinus pinaster Ait. is one of the main forest tree species planted in Spain, Portugal and France. Due to its high economic relevance, there
is considerable interest in developing techniques for vegetative breeding aimed at mass propagation. In this study we present
a mini-propagation protocol in order to define an efficient method to propagate families or clones of P. pinaster. We carried out three experiments using mini-cuttings of 3–5 cm in length with the aim of evaluating the effects of temperature
(4°C vs. 25°C), plant growth regulator (IBA) and shoot age on rooting ability. Percentage of rooted cuttings and morphological
root variables were recorded. The percentage of rooted cuttings per treatment ranged from 68 to 97%. Treatment with IBA significantly
influenced the rooting process at 25°C but not at 4°C. The number of apexes, length, area and volume of roots were all positively
affected by temperature treatment. Shoot age also had a positive effect on rooting capacity of cuttings, with the cuttings
from the youngest shoots (70 days after pruning) having higher rooting percentages, ranging from 84.7 to 98.3%. The use of
juvenile material, good environmental conditions and IBA all benefited the rooting of clonal material, resulting in high rooting
capacity. This study presents an innovative propagation protocol for P. pinaster that can be used as a tool in breeding programs. 相似文献
4.
Applied auxin, node position, leaf area and cutting length were examined to investigate the requirements for rooting stem cuttings of Khaya ivorensis. All these variables were shown to be important factors affecting rooting, confirming the hypothesis that successful rooting can be achieved if these primary variables are optimised.The best concentration of the auxin IBA was found to be 200 g per cutting, which hastened rooting, increased the percentage of cuttings rooted and increased the number of roots per cutting. One clone (8013) was unresponsive to auxins in terms of the percentage of cuttings rooted, but was the most responsive in terms of the numbers of roots per cutting. A greater percentage of cuttings from basal nodes were rooted than from apical nodes. Cuttings cut squarely at the base produced a radially-arranged root system, whereas an oblique cut resulted in a one-sided root system.Trimming the leaf area of cuttings to 10 cm2 gave greater rooting percentages than trimming to 100 cm2. In general, long cuttings (39 mm) rooted better than short cuttings (19 mm), however, there was an interaction between leaf area and cutting length, in which cuttings with short stems and large leaves had the lowest rooting percentage. 相似文献
5.
Vegetative propagation of Prunus africana: effects of rooting medium, auxin concentrations and leaf area 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Z. Tchoundjeu M. L. Avana R. R. B. Leakey A. J. Simons E. Assah B. Duguma J. M. Bell 《Agroforestry Systems》2002,54(3):183-192
The region of West and Central Africa is endowed with high-value fruit trees and medicinal plants, which are currently traded
locally as well as on regional and international markets. Unfortunately, they are all exploited from the wild and there has
been little or no focussed effort to domesticate and cultivate them. Prunus africana is one of these important medicinal plant under domestication. A series of nursery experiments were conducted to assess the
effects of rooting medium (sawdust, sand and a 50:50 mixture of sand and sawdust), auxin concentration (0, 50, 100, 150, and
200 μg IBA), and leaf area (0, 5, 10, 20, and 25 cm2) on rooting success of juvenile cuttings of P. africana. The percentage of cuttings rooted was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in sawdust (80%), than in sand alone (72%) or in mixture with sawdust (71%). Leaf area also significantly affected
the percentage of rooting. Leafless cuttings did not root and were all dead by week 6, but in leafy cuttings rooting ability
increased proportionally with leaf area up to 20 cm2 (79%). Larger leaf cuttings (25 cm2) rooted at the same level as those of 20 cm2. The cuttings with the largest leaves also had the greatest mean number of roots per cutting (14 roots cutting−1), while those with the smallest (5 cm2) leaf area produced the fewest roots (5 roots cutting−1). The application of auxin (IBA) promoted rooting (P < 0.05) up to an optimum application of 100–200 μg IBA per cutting, but 300 μg was supraoptimal. It can be concluded that
P. africana is amenable to vegetative propagation.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Azamal Husen 《New Forests》2008,36(1):13-27
A study was conducted on the twelve clones of shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.). These clones were obtained from India and Nepal. Single-node leafy cuttings were prepared from the vegetative multiplication
garden to examine the clonal variation, effect of IBA treatment on rooting response and associated metabolic changes during
adventitious root formation. A remarkable and significant variation was observed due to treatment of 2,000 ppm IBA in the
rooting parameters. Clonal variations were also significant for root and shoot growth while length of root was insignificant.
Among the twelve clones studied; C3 (Tulsipur, Gonda, Uttar Pradesh, India) and C4 (Laxmipur, Gonda, Uttar Pradesh, India)
clone cuttings have given the highest rooting response. Interaction (clone × IBA) was significant only for production of number
of roots per cutting. Periodic sampling for clone C3 was performed at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days to examine the contents
of total soluble sugars, starch, protein and peroxidase (PER) activity in the rooting zone of cuttings (∼0.5 cm) during adventitious
root primordium development. A significant increase in all the metabolic activities was noted due to IBA. Total soluble sugars
and starch contents of cuttings decreased with the passage of time. Protein content and PER-activity started to increase in
the early stage and reached the highest level on day 21, followed by a decline at the 35th day of sampling. These trends were
common for both IBA treated and untreated cuttings. Protein content and PER-activity remained higher in the rooting zone of
IBA treated cuttings. Overall these findings suggested that exogenous application of IBA may have activated carbohydrate metabolism
for release of energy, while protein and PER-activity were necessary for cell division and differentiation during adventitious
root primordium initiation and development in the rooting zone of cuttings. 相似文献
7.
Propagation of subtropical eucalypts is often limited by low production of rooted cuttings in winter. This study tested whether changing the temperature of Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus dunnii stock plants from 28/23°C (day/night) to 18/13°C, 23/18°C or 33/28°C affected the production of cuttings by stock plants, the concentrations of Ca and other nutrients in cuttings, and the subsequent percentages of cuttings that formed roots. Optimal temperatures for shoot production were 33/28°C and 28/23°C, with lower temperatures reducing the number of harvested cuttings. Stock plant temperature regulated production of rooted cuttings, firstly by controlling shoot production and, secondly, by affecting the ensuing rooting percentage. Shoot production was the primary factor regulating rooted cutting production by C. citriodora, but both shoot production and root production were key determinants of rooted cutting production in E. dunnii. Effects of lower stock plant temperatures on rooting were not the result of reduced Ca concentration, but consistent relationships were found between adventitious root formation and B concentration. Average rooting percentages were low (1–15% for C. citriodora and 2–22% for E. dunnii) but rooted cutting production per stock plant (e.g. 25 for C. citriodora and 52 for E. dunnii over 14 weeks at 33/28°C) was sufficient to establish clonal field tests for plantation forestry. 相似文献
8.
The main objective of our clonal propagation program is the production of high quality timber and faster tree growth. Teak
(Tectona grandis Linn. f.) is an important plantation species in the tropics but the demand of teak timber is increasing globally. Teak planting
stock is still produced from seeds of unselected elite genotypes which may lead to poor stand establishment. The number of
seeds per fruit and their germination ability are also variable and limited by several factors. Therefore an alternative method
i.e., clonal propagation is required for mass multiplication of elite trees. It is an established fact that the clonal propagation
or adventitious root formation in cuttings is markedly affected by several external and internal factors. Considering these,
an experiment was conducted on leafy soft wood shoot cuttings of 3-year-old hedged teak stock plants grown in a hedge garden
to study the effects of branch position and auxin treatment on adventitious root formation. A factorial completely randomized
design was used for experimentation. Coppice shoots were collected from basal, middle and upper positions of the hedge garden;
and mono-nodal leafy cuttings were prepared. These cuttings were treated with different concentrations of IBA and NAA; and
were cultured in a mist chamber for rooting where the relative humidity was maintained at 85 ± 2% with maximum and minimum
day-night temperature at 32 ± 1°C and 26 ± 1°C respectively. After 45 days the cuttings were removed from the rooting medium
and observations were made. It was observed that the rooting parameters viz., percent rooting and percent sprouting, mean
number of leaves, mean number of shoots and length, and mean number of roots and length per cutting were significantly influenced
by the branch position and auxin treatment. Treatment with 4000 ppm IBA increased percent rooting and percent sprouting whereas
NAA suppressed it. Treatment with 4000 ppm IBA also increased the mean number of leaves and shoots, and the length, and the
mean number of roots per cutting. The highest mean number of roots and length were observed in cuttings taken from the branch
emerging at the upper position followed by branches of middle and lower position. Cuttings of branches at a middle position
showed the highest values of percent rooting, percent sprouting, mean number of leaves and shoots and mean shoot length per
cutting. Furthermore, the interactive effect of branch position and auxin treatment on rooting and sprouting response was
also found to be significant. Overall, the findings of this investigation suggest that middle branch position in hedge plants
and 4000 ppm IBA can be made to induce maximum rooting and to produce high quality planting stock material for clonal forestry
program of teak. 相似文献
9.
This study investigates the optimal conditions for the vegetative propagation of the multipurpose leguminous shrub Colutea istria from leafy stem cuttings. The conditions examined included 1) the origin of the cutting (apical, medial or basal), 2) indole-3-butyric
acid (IBA) treatment (0, 50, 200 or 400 mg/l), 3) the relative humidity of the propagation environment (high or low), 4) wounding
base of cutting, and 5) the season in which the cutting was taken. The rooting ability of the cuttings was significantly influenced
by all these factors. Winter cuttings obtained from the middle and base of the branch showed a greater rooting capacity than
those harvested from the apical area, while autumn cuttings harvested from the middle and apical areas of the branch showed
a greater rooting capacity than those harvested from the base. Winter cuttings showed the best rooting capacity than autumn
cuttings. IBA treatment (200 mg/l), high humidity (98-100%), and wounding increased the rooting capacity of the cuttings. The sprout
of new leaves was higher in basal cuttings, while IBA and wounding also significantly enhanced the root number of rooted cuttings.
A method for vegetatively propagating C. istria plants is given. 相似文献
10.
A rapid vegetative propagation method is described for Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata [Wall. ex DC.) Ciffieri (syn. Olea
africana Mill.)]. Leafy branch cuttings were harvested from 6 to 7-month-old stecklings (= plants derived from rooted cuttings). Cuttings 2–3 mm in basal diameter were trimmed to 70–100 mm in length, with leaf areas reduced to 15–33 cm2. Indolebutyric acid (IBA) was applied at 0, 10, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 µg/cutting to each of the 70–80 replicate cuttings randomly allocated to each of the 7 treatments. Callusing and rooting occurred 3–5 and 5–7 weeks after treatment, respectively. The rooting success of cuttings treated with 20 or 40 µg IBA/cutting was 75 and 90%, respectively. Differences in rooting success, speed of rooting and root numbers between the control and the IBA treatments were significant (p < 0.01). Compared to seedlings of similar shoot height, rooted cuttings grew significantly (p < 0.01) faster and produced more biomass. It is concluded from this study that the rooting of leafy branch cuttings derived from young stockplants of wild olive is rapid, and that vegetative propagation is an effective means of regenerating this valuable, yet threatened, tree species. 相似文献
11.
Shoot anatomical features viz., number of vessel elements, width and length of vessel and fibre elements were studied in relation
to juvenility/maturity of teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.). The findings show significant differences in these features, which indicates that variation in shoot anatomy can
be used as a reliable indicator of juvenility/maturity in teak. The effect of age of donor plants and application of auxins
on adventitious root formation in single noded leafy stem cuttings of teak was also investigated. Aging of donor trees suppressed
rooting and sprouting of cuttings, but increased callus formation at the base of cuttings. Per cent rooting and per cent sprouting
in cuttings decreased as age of donor plants increased from 2-months to 15-years and up to 30-years. IBA treatment promoted
per cent rooting as well as per cent sprouting, NAA promoted only rooting and it suppressed sprouting. The effect of auxin
treatment on rooting and sprouting of teak stem cuttings varied with the age of donor plants. Auxin and its concentration,
which suppressed rooting and sprouting in cuttings of younger donor plants, actually promoted rooting when cuttings were taken
from more mature donor plants. It appears that the auxin requirement for causing and promoting rooting in teak cuttings increased
with increasing age of donor plants. The higher auxin requirement for causing and promoting rooting in cuttings of older trees
may be due to a decrease in the content on endogenous auxins or decreased sensitivity of aging tissues to rooting promoters
and /or accumulation of inhibitory substances which inhibit rooting. 相似文献
12.
Adventitious rooting in shoot cuttings of neem (Azadirachta indica) and karanj (Pongamia pinnata) was investigated in different seasons. The influence of auxins and B-vitamins (neem only) was evaluated. Maximum rhizogenesis coincided with the emergence of new sprouts i.e. February (neem) and March (karanj). Considering both rooting percentage and root biomass, IBA was the most effective auxin tested. Compared to auxin free controls, IBA (1000 ppm in neem and 800 ppm in karanj) significantly increased adventitious rooting percentage (80 to 100 % respectively), the numbers of roots and root biomass for both species. In neem, B-vitamin treatment yielded 40–50% rooting for cuttings. This was significantly greater than rooting for controls but equivalent to IAA treatments. In neem, some of the cuttings treated with 2000–3000 ppm IBA had well developed root systems without any sprouts. In karanj, all auxin treatments promoted sprouting. The level of total soluble sugars in the rooting zone of neem and karanj was higher in non-rooted than rooted cuttings. 相似文献
13.
不同生长素处理对桉树无性系插条氧化酶活性影响的比较研究 总被引：23，自引：2，他引：23
尾叶桉MLA无性系 (简称MLA)是扦插难生根无性系 ,尾叶桉U6 无性系 (简称U6 )和刚果 12号桉W5无性系 (简称W5)是相对易生根无性系。分别用吲哚乙酸 (IAA)、吲哚丁酸 (IBA)、萘乙酸 (NAA)处理MLA、U6 和W5插条后 ,各无性系插条体内的过氧化物酶 (POD)、多酚氧化酶 (PPO)、吲哚乙酸氧化酶 (IAAO)活性呈现规律性的升高。在生根过程的不同时期 ,各酶的活性差异极显著 ,表明桉树插条的不定根发生和发展与POD、PPO、IAAO活性有密切联系。而IAA、IBA、NAA对不同无性系和不同的氧化酶活性的促进效果也有显著差异。讨论了生长素促进桉树插条氧化酶活性和不定根发生与发展的机理 相似文献
14.
Effects of genotype, collection date, auxin treatment, crown position and artificial chilling on rooting and subsequent vegetative growth of Cupressus sempervirens L. softwood cuttings taken from 13-year-old plants were evaluated. Three different clones (318, 296 and 22) previously selected for resistance to cypress cortical cancer caused by Seiridium cardinale were used. In all these clones, both the IBA treated and the untreated cuttings showed seasonal periodicity of rooting. Untreated cuttings rooted best when collected in April (up to 49% for the best clone, i.e. 296) and rooted very poorly in July and October. Auxin treatments appeared unable to overcome this periodicity, as the cuttings taken in July and October did not respond to IBA stimulation. However, in January and April, IBA treatments enhanced adventitious root formation of poorly rooting clones (318 and 22), as well as of clone 296, which performed best (89%) when cuttings were treated in April with 1.5% IBA. Cuttings of each clone collected in the lower third of the crown of the donor trees showed a significantly higher rooting percentage, when compared with those from the upper third. A 4-week post-severance chilling treatment (4°C) significantly enhanced the rooting capacity of cuttings taken in January, while a longer chilling treatment (8 weeks) had a negative effect. The subsequent growth of the rooted cuttings was not affected by either the crown position of the severed cuttings, or the genotype. 相似文献
15.
16.
Tarit Kumar Baul Mohammad Mosharraf Hossain Mohammad Mezbahuddin Mohammed Mohiuddin 《林业研究》2011,22(3):409-416
In this study we investigated the rooting ability and the growth performance of juvenile single-node leafy stem cuttings of Litsea monopetala (Roxb) Pers. collected from two mature mother trees preserved in the hill forest of Chittagong district, Bangladesh. The rooting ability of cuttings was studied under 0%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatments. Significantly better rooting response (p ≤ 0.05) was observed with 0.1% IBA compared to control (0% IBA). The mean number of roots and the length of the longest root of cuttings in different treatments showed no significant difference (p≤0.05). After transfer into polythene bags from non-mist propagator, rooted cuttings treated with 0%, 0.1% and 0.2% IBA demonstrated the highest (100 ± 0.00%) survival capacity. The mean number of shoots developed in cuttings in the polythene bags in first three weeks varied significantly (p≤0.05) among the treatments. Effects of three fertilizer treatments, viz. T0 (no fertilizer), T1 (10g Urea, 20g TSP, 10g MOP dissolved in 1 L water) and T2 (10g Urea, 20g TSP, 10g MOP dissolved in 2 L water) on initial growth ofstecklings were also measured over a 90-days period. The increment of leaf area of stecklings was significantly higher (p≤0.05) under T0 compared with that under T1 and T2 while the increment of stem length, collar diameter and root biomass varied insignificantly among different fertilizer treatments. The results suggest that rooting juvenile single-node leafy stem cuttings could be an effective mean of regenerating L. monopetala. The application of 0.1% IBA concentration is recommended for rooting of juvenile leafy stem cuttings and application of fertilizer appeared unnecessary for the subsequent growth of stecklings in polythene bags. 相似文献
17.
激素处理南方红豆杉扦插生根的研究 总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5
应用吲哚乙酸、吲哚丁酸、奈乙酸三种不同的生长素对插条进行处理,探讨它们在不同扦插基质上的生根率。基质配比采用（４,４）单形重心设计,结果重心设计,结果是：三种生长素中以吲哚乙酸对扦插生根的影响最好,基质以４５％黄心土和５５％珍珠岩配比效果最好。插穗浸泡时间不同对扦插生根率也产生了显著影响。 相似文献
18.
The effectiveness of six IBA and fourNAA concentrations, four combinations of IBA and NAAconcentrations, and control were tested for theirability to enhance rooting frequency (%) ofDouglas-fir cuttings. Two IBA and one NAA treatmentswere also compared to the control for quality of rootsystem. Between 1984 and 1998, six independentstudies were conducted in mist or fog environmentswith the same 11 or 14 clones. Auxin concentrationstested ranged from 0 to 123 mM IBA and 0 to 10 mM NAA. Auxin, clone, and auxin by clone effects weresignificant in every study, although individual cloneanalyses showed only two clones to differsignificantly for auxin. All auxin treatments but the10 uM NAA treatment induced significantly greaterrooting percentage than the control, but no singleauxin, auxin concentration or combination of auxinswas clearly superior in every study. The 10 mM NAAconcentration was the only concentration tested thatreduced rooting percentage to less than the control. Both NAA and IBA appeared to have broad ranges ofroot-enhancing activity. However, within theeffective range of IBA evaluated, 24.6 mM produced thegreatest rooting percentage in four of five studiestesting IBA. NAA solutions with concentrationsbetween 2.5 and 7.4 mM NAA generally resulted insimilar rooting success. Rooting responses toincreased IBA and NAA were both nonlinear; rootingdecreased with both too little and too much auxin. Combinations of IBA and NAA in the same solution didnot increase rooting percentage above what wasachieved with one auxin. For root system quality,auxin treated cuttings in one study, had significantlybetter root systems than control, but there was nodifference in the other study in which root qualitywas estimated. 相似文献
19.
A comparison of pre-planting treatments on hardwood cuttings of four hybrid poplar clones 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Rooting and early growth of four hybrid poplar clones (Populus spp.) planted in a greenhouse were examined after applying 40 pre-rooting treatment combinations to dormant cuttings. Treatments included 2 cutting lengths (5 and 10 cm), 5 soaking times (0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 days), and 4 dips (chitosan, rooting hormone powder, liquid rooting hormone added to the soaking water, and none). Significant differences in both rooting percentages and growth were shown between clones after 7 weeks of growth. Ten cm cuttings had 29% greater rooting success, 28% more above-ground growth, and 12% lower root/shoot ratios than 5 cm cuttings. Cuttings planted without soaking had the lowest rooting success, at less than 45% on average. Commercial rooting hormones decreased the number of rooted cuttings but increased root/shoot ratios. For optimal rooting, we recommend using 10 cm cuttings, soaked for 2 days in water (4 days for the Jackii10 clone) without any additional dipping/hormone substance. 相似文献
20.
Tests were conducted to assess rootability of red alder softwood cuttings from shoots of young trees and epicormic sprouts of mature individuals. Ortets were 3 to 34 years old, and treatments with and without indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were compared. The extent of rooting and root vigor on the cuttings varied greatly among ortets and treatments. Among nonterminal cuttings, the best overall rooting success, with and without IBA, was obtained with cuttings of the youngest ortet. Average rooting of terminal and nonterminal cuttings of one clone were 100% and 64%, respectively. Although cuttings of some trees rooted well without IBA, the IBA treatment appeared to be generally beneficial. For all nonterminal cuttings of all clones, best results (80.0%/x) were obtained with a 10-sec dip in 2,000 or 4,000 ppm IBA. Vigorous planting stock was obtained from the rooted cuttings of all clones. Using epicormic sprouts from mature trees of proven performance will presumably allow propagation of superior trees and establishment of new plantations with improved stock. 相似文献