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1.
Soil erosion and participatory remediation strategy for bench terraces in northern Thailand 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study was carried out in Pang Prarachatan village, which is located in Chiang Rai province of northern Thailand. The farmers in this village construct bench terraces to reduce soil erosion and increase plant productivity. However, severe soil erosion occurs frequently on the bare bench terraces. This study investigates the impact of bench terracing on soil erosion. The use of weeds and plant residues to control soil and nutrient losses were also investigated using model slope plots and an artificial rainfall system. Finally, the knowledge gained from this study was transferred to the farmers through a workshop in the village, and their acceptance of the results was evaluated by means of a questionnaire. The severity of soil erosion is thought to vary according to the structure of the bench terrace and the ground cover conditions. Rills are the primary form of erosion on bare bench terraces. In addition, some rills develop into gullies that can run from the upper terrace down to the lower terrace. Nevertheless, rills and gullies are rarely found on weed-covered terraces. Moreover, the results of an erosion experiment using model slope plots and artificial rainfall systems showed that plots covered with weeds and plant residues had much less surface runoff and soil and nutrient losses than bare soil. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus absorbed by weeds were 4.7 and 2.3 times smaller than the nitrogen and phosphorus losses due to soil erosion, respectively. The results of the field surveys and model slope experiment were announced to the farmers through participatory workshop in August 2003. The first questionnaire, conducted just after the workshop, clearly showed that around 90% of the farmers agreed to cover their slopes with weeds and plant residues so long as it did not affect soil fertility and plant growth. However, the second questionnaire, conducted in January 2004, showed that only 29% of farmers were covering the bench terraces or non-terraced slopes in their farmlands with weeds and plant residues. Therefore, participatory activities should continue to be held regularly in order to ensure greater acceptance and practice of soil conservation on the part of the farmers. 相似文献
2.
不同治理措施在红壤坡耕地的水土保持效益 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
在云南省抚仙湖流域澄江尖山河小流域坡耕地建立了野外标准径流小区,并布设了1.2m宽等高反坡阶和2.0m宽草带两种坡耕地水土保持措施,观测次降雨的地表径流量和土壤流失量,并与原状坡耕地进行对比,分析两种措施的水土保持效益。结果表明:(1)两种措施之间的地表径流量和土壤流失量差异性均显著。修筑等高反坡阶的地表径流深为113.64mm,比原状坡耕地减少了61.9%,土壤流失量为714.7t/km2,比原状坡耕地减少了77.4%;布设草带的地表径流深为82.76mm,比原状坡耕地减少了72.2%,土壤流失量为370.1t/km2,比原状坡耕地减少了88.3%。(2)两种措施之间的减流和减沙效益差异性均显著,等高反坡阶的减流和减沙效益指数平均分别达0.57和0.97,草带的减流和减沙效益指数平均分别达0.79和0.76。(3)两种措施均大幅削减了地表径流和泥沙的氮、磷养分输出总量,发挥了较好的保肥作用。与原状坡耕地相比,等高反坡阶对总氮削减率为81.9%,对总磷削减率为44.3%;草带对总氮削减率为74.7%,对总磷削减率为83.7%。 相似文献
3.
通过在典型的红壤坡地建立标准径流小区进行试验，采用统计学方法对不同水土保持措施下地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量的变化情况进行了定量分析。研究结果表明，提高植被覆盖度和辅以必要的工程措施是南方红壤坡地水土保持的有效途径，尤其是在水平梯田裸露的梯壁上植草后，其拦蓄地表径流和控制土壤侵蚀的能力分别提高22．5，30．62倍。 相似文献
4.
百喜草覆盖和敷盖对中国南方红壤坡地径流和产沙的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Rainfall,runoff (surface runoff,interflow and groundwater runoff) and soil loss from 5 m × 15 m plots were recorded for 5 years (2001-2005) in an experiment with three treatments (cover,mulch and bare ground) on sloping red soil in southern China.Surface runoff and erosion from the Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) cover plot (A) and mulch plot (B) during the 5 years were low,despite the occurrence of potentially erosive rains.In contrast,the bare plot (C) had both the highest surface runoff coefficient and the highest sediment yield.There were significant differences in interflow and surface runoff and no significant difference in groundwater runoff among plots.The runoff coefficients and duration of interflow and groundwater runoff were in the order plot B > plot A > plot C.Effects of Bahia grass cover were excellent,indicating that the use of Bahia grass cover can be a simple and feasible practice for soil and water conservation on sloping red soil in the region. 相似文献
5.
[目的]揭示泥石流小流域降雨和土地利用对流域内坡面侵蚀的影响和作用,为泥石流的生态治理提供科学依据。[方法]以白龙江流域一级支沟——甘家沟泥石流小流域为研究区,基于该流域已建的5个径流小区(裸地、坡耕地、草地、土坎梯田、经济林地)连续5年的观测资料,利用K-均值聚类法,选择降雨量(P)、降雨历时(D)和最大30 min降雨强度(I30)3个降雨指标,将该流域46次侵蚀性降雨事件划分为3类雨型(Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型),以平均径流系数和平均土壤流失量为主要指标,定量化分析了不同降雨雨型和土地利用类型对坡面产流产沙的影响和作用。[结果]径流和土壤流失对降雨的响应存在差异,平均径流系数为Ⅰ型降雨最高,其次为Ⅲ型和Ⅱ型降雨;土壤流失量为Ⅱ型降雨>Ⅰ型降雨>Ⅲ型降雨。最大30 min降雨强度与5种土地利用类型的径流系数和土壤流失量的正相关性最高,其次为降雨量、降雨历时。5种土地利用类型的平均径流系数为裸地>经济林地>坡耕地>草地>土坎梯田,土壤流失量为裸地>坡耕地>经济林地>草地>土坎梯田。降雨和土地利用相互作用下,径流... 相似文献
6.
红壤坡地果园水土保持效益的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
试验研究红壤坡地果园水平梯田梯壁植草等 8种处理水土保持效益结果表明 ,不同处理间有显著差异 ,与全园裸露 (对照 )相比水平梯田梯壁植草水土保持效果最佳 ,其径流系数平均比对照减少 89.7% ,土壤侵蚀量控制基本达 10 0 % ,其他各处理均有不同程度防治水土流失的效果。生草栽培处理的土壤理化性质均有所改善 相似文献
7.
Despite widespread bench terracing of rainfed hillsides in upland West Java, soil loss rates remain high. This paper reports measurements of sediment yield from terrace risers and beds and from terrace units made during three consecutive rainy seasons. The results demonstrate that soil loss from the terraces occurs in two stages: rainfall‐driven transport by splash and shallow overland flow (wash) from the terrace riser and bed to a central drain is followed by a combination of onward wash transport of fine sediment and entrainment by runoff of coarser sediment deposited in the drain. A model (TEST: Terrace Erosion and Sediment Transport) was developed, describing these processes as a function of vegetation and soil surface cover and the presence of a layer of deposited sediment. The model was calibrated using some of the measured sediment yield data and subsequently tested by simulating the remaining data. The results were satisfactory and modelled fractions of sediment transported by splash, wash and flow‐driven runoff transport generally compared well with observed fractions of fine and coarse particles in eroded sediment from the various plots. 相似文献
8.
[目的]研究坡耕地等高反坡阶措施的蓄水保土和固碳减排效应,为改善云南山区红壤坡耕地土壤侵蚀状况提供科学依据。[方法]自然降雨条件下,通过松花坝迤者小流域1a的野外径流小区定位观测,对有、无等高反坡阶措施条件下的坡面产流产沙和土壤有机碳流失进行对比分析。[结果](1)泥沙作为土壤有机碳流失的重要载体,因其流失所致的流失量占总有机碳流失量的85%以上,最高达95.38%;(2)等高反坡阶具有显著的蓄水减流和保土减沙效应,其减流率在5.56%~53.91%,减沙率在18.84%~83.11%,产沙调控作用更优;(3)雨季前后,原状坡面小区土壤碳储量减少率达9.90%,明显高于等高反坡阶小区土壤碳储量的减少率3.99%;(4)通过相关分析发现,2个小区土壤有机碳的流失率与降雨量均未达到显著相关,但与降雨侵蚀力显著相关(p0.05)。径流、泥沙与2个小区有机碳的流失率均达到了显著正相关(p0.05)。[结论]等高反坡阶通过改变地表微地形,减少了坡耕地有机碳的输出。 相似文献
9.
草带措施对坡耕地产流产沙和氮磷迁移的控制作用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
植被在坡面的位置对坡面保持水土的作用是不同的。动态监测澄江抚仙湖一级支流尖山河小流域坡耕地降雨-径流过程及水土流失量,研究草带措施对云南红壤坡耕地产流产沙和氮磷迁移的削减作用。结果表明:草带调控处理下雨季降雨量、总产流次数、径流深和土壤侵蚀量较原状坡面明显减少,次降雨下,宽草带的径流控制率和土壤侵蚀控制率分别为79.19%和64.55%,窄草带的径流控制率和土壤侵蚀控制率分别为85.15%和73.77%,坡耕地土壤侵蚀量变异系数>径流深变异系数>降雨量变异系数,原状坡面变异系数间增幅差异为31.42%,宽草带调控措施作用下变异系数间增幅差异为20.37%,窄草带调控措施作用下变异系数间增幅差异为19.11%,窄草带对坡耕地径流和泥沙的调控能力更强;宽草带和窄草带2种草带作用下,径流氮磷迁移浓度差异不显著,较原状坡面相比,草带措施明显控制氮磷迁移通量,径流总氮迁移通量控制率分别为81.23%和81.68%,铵态氮迁移通量控制率为78.25%和59.50%,总磷迁移通量控制率为71.36%和82.03%;径流泥沙速效养分含量明显增加,较原状坡面相比,草带措施能明显控制径流泥沙氮磷迁移通量,且径流泥沙氮磷迁移控制率较径流氮磷迁移控制率高,径流泥沙全氮迁移通量控制率为98.43%和94.30%,碱解氮迁移通量控制率为98.43%和93.10%,全磷迁移通量控制率为96.43%和89.77%,速效磷迁移通量控制率为90.34%和57.43%。 相似文献
10.
针对2013年延安地区极端暴雨径流侵蚀条件下土壤侵蚀严重、水土资源利用效率低等问题,通过对陕北安塞县方塔村带有水沙调控措施的梯田—水窖—苹果水土流失状况进行定位监测,基于收集的降雨资料,研究该梯田内水沙调控措施在抗御暴雨条件下的防蚀作用和土壤侵蚀规律,结果表明:该梯田能够抗御暴雨的冲刷,各阶梯田土壤侵蚀都在中度侵蚀以下,平均土壤侵蚀模数仅为该区多年平均的1/7。集中性的高强度降雨对黄土高原土壤侵蚀起决定性作用,本文基于安塞水土保持试验站坡面土壤侵蚀预测预报模型,给出了适宜该区具有水沙调控措施的梯田土壤侵蚀预测预报模型,得到在I30=0.24 mm/min前提下,当年降雨量小于191.1 mm时,土壤能够维持较高的生产力;当年降雨量小于997.13 mm时,该区土壤侵蚀模数可控制在多年平均水平以内。梯田内修建的水窖、梯壁植草、地表枯枝落叶以及梯田质量等因素的综合作用在抗御暴雨侵蚀过程中起到了重要作用。 相似文献
11.
以商南县鹦鹉沟小流域为研究对象,为分析天然降雨条件下坡面产流产沙及养分流失的变化规律,根据当地不同的种植作物,在野外建立标准径流小区进行试验。结果表明:坡度对径流影响不大,但不同坡度下产沙差异显著。草地小区的径流及产沙均低于其他耕地小区,表明了草地调节地面径流以及对于土壤的保持作用。随着径流的增加,各小区产沙量均变大,对于花生、辣椒和草地小区,坡度变大时含沙量也急剧增加,玉米缓坡小区径流含沙量较大,但其产沙总量仍小于陡坡小区。雨型和坡度对小区氮磷养分影响不同,其中短时阵型暴雨下全磷、速效磷和氨态氮易流失,坡度对全氮流失的影响较大;除草地外,陡坡小区硝态氮流失浓度普遍较低,而草地小区更利于氨态氮的保持。 相似文献
12.
南方红壤区不同植被措施坡面的水土流失特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
植被是南方红壤区水土流失治理的主要措施,为了研究不同的植被措施对坡面产流产沙的影响,以及对坡面侵蚀的抑制效果,在福建省长汀县选择乔灌草、灌草、草本、农作物、乔灌、封山育林、经济林等各植被措施下的标准径流小区,通过观测各种植被措施坡面的产流产沙情况,分析比较各小区的水土流失特征。结果表明植被能较好地调控坡面地表径流和土壤侵蚀。不同植被措施下坡面产流产沙分异规律明显,相对裸地,盖度高的乔灌草、灌草、草本等措施的水土流失量最小,水土保持效果最为明显。在不同的降雨量条件下,不同植被措施的坡面水土流失情况也表现出显著的差异。因此,在未来南方红壤植被恢复与生态环境建设过程中,通过各种植被治理措施的逐步实施,对改善当地的生态环境和水土流失的防治具有重要的意义。 相似文献
13.
降雨侵蚀因子和植被类型及覆盖度对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响 总被引：13，自引：4，他引：13
为探讨降雨和植被对辽西褐土区农耕坡地土壤侵蚀的影响,2006-2010年采用坡面径流小区观测法研究了天然降雨条件下降雨侵蚀因子、植被覆盖度、植被类型对坡耕地地表径流量、土壤侵蚀量的影响。设5°和10°两个坡度水平,以甘薯和谷子为供试作物,2006-2007年对照区为天然荒草地,2008-2010年为裸坡地。结果表明,甘薯地径流量和侵蚀量与降雨量(R)、最大30 min雨强(I_(30))、R×I(平均雨强)、R×I_(30)正相关显著(P0.05);裸坡地径流量与R、R×I_(30)正相关显著(P0.05),侵蚀量与I_(30)、R×I_(30)正相关显著(P0.05),与降雨量相关不显著(P0.05)。甘薯地和裸坡地的径流量和侵蚀量与平均降雨强度正相关均不显著(P0.05)。回归分析表明,降雨量主要影响径流量,最大30 min雨强主要影响侵蚀量。中、高雨强下,侵蚀量与径流量显著正相关(P0.01)。甘薯地径流量和侵蚀量与植被覆盖度呈显著负指数关系(P0.05)。5°坡耕地,不同植被类型侵蚀量为甘薯地荒草地谷子地;10°坡耕地,荒草地侵蚀量总体最少。多元回归分析表明,对土壤侵蚀的影响为地表径流降雨侵蚀力(R×I_(30))植被覆盖度。通过连续5 a坡面径流小区观测,初步探明降雨和植被对辽西褐土区农耕坡地土壤侵蚀的影响,可为该区坡耕地土壤侵蚀的有效防治提供一定的理论依据和技术支撑。 相似文献
14.
15.
《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2017,28(5):1568-1578
In Tunisia, soil and water conservation interventions are among the most practicable strategies to prevent and mitigate rainwater losses through surface runoff and consequential erosion of fertile soils. In this study, a small and terraced agricultural catchment (Sbaihia) was used as an experimental site to analyze and parameterize the effects of bench terraces on water and sediment yield using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool. Model calibration and validation was performed, taking advantage from high‐quality daily runoff data from 1994 to 2000 and a high‐resolution bathymetric survey of the hill lake at the watershed outlet. Soil and Water Assessment Tool indicated that the local terraces, established on approximately 50% of the watershed area, reduced surface runoff by around 19% and sediment yield by around 22%, decelerating the siltation of the hill lake. Targeted model calibration delivered concise parameter set describing bench terrace impacts on runoff (Soil Conservation Service curve number method) and sediment yield (Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation) crucial for outscaling of soil and water conservation impacts and suitable watershed management. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
[目的] 揭示等高反坡阶整地措施对于坡耕地产流产沙及面源污染物输出的规律,为源头控制坡耕地水土流失和农业面源污染提供科学依据和技术支撑。[方法] 以滇中昆明市松华坝迤者流域试验区内已布设等高反坡台阶措施的坡耕地(15°和22°)径流小区样地为对象,基于2019—2021年降雨、径流及水质数据,采用对比分析的方法,研究样地内的产流、产沙、面源污染物氮素、磷素输出的特征。[结果] 相同雨型下,研究区样地布设等高反坡阶之后坡度为22°的坡耕地比坡度为15°的坡耕地有更显著的减少坡面产流产沙以及面源污染物氮、磷输出的作用。[结论] 等高反坡阶对坡耕地的产流产沙及面源污染物的输出等有显著的控制效果,布设等高反坡阶能够有效地增加坡耕地尤其是坡度较大的坡耕地的保水保土能力。 相似文献
17.
J. L. Ternan A. G. Williams A. Elmes C. Fitzjohn 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》1996,7(4):337-351
Bench-terracing and Pinus afforestation have been extensively adopted as a means of soil conservation in Spain. This paper questions the appropriateness of this technology to extensively gullied soils and sediments of the Raña formation of central Spain. Bench-terracing has markedly altered the characteristics of the surface soil horizon as compared with nearby undisturbed matorral (natural scrub) vegetation. The construction process and resultant bench-terrace morphology have imposed a new, more spatially structured pattern in soil properties giving enhanced opportunities for overland flow generation and erosion. The terracing has exposed subsurface Bt horizons on inner treads and lower risers, producing a very compact clay rich surface horizon, low in organic carbon and of poor structural stability. Despite subsoiling hydraulic conductivity is very low. Excavated soil material is ploughed sideways to partially bury the original surface horizon and form part of the next riser downslope. Downslope drainage on the terraces gives rise to soil moisture contents approaching saturation on the lower risers and treads. Consequently only small rainfall inputs are required to initiate ponding and overland flow generation on sloping treads. Rainfall simulation demonstrates the importance of antecedent soil moisture to runoff generation, and the role of vegetation and organic matter in retaining water. Erosion bridge measurements show that erosion rates on sloping treads are as high as those recorded on gully sidewalls. Gully sidewall erosion is also accelerated by runoff waters shed from terrace treads. Management of native matorral vegetation may provide a more sustainable approach to soil conservation than bench terracing with afforestation. 相似文献
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红壤丘陵区坡长对作物覆盖坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
坡长对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响随雨强的不同而变化,为解决南方红壤丘陵区坡耕地水土流失问题,该文采用野外人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了南方红壤丘陵区作物覆盖坡耕地上不同雨强下坡长对其土壤侵蚀的影响,并探讨了侵蚀增强的临界雨强和设置水土保持措施的合理坡长,结果表明:产沙量随坡长延长整体呈增大趋势,但存在一定的波动,二者的关系可用幂函数(决定系数0.84)表示。坡长延长相同长度时,产沙量不呈比例增加,但每隔4 m产沙量增量有减少的趋势,且径流侵蚀产生的泥沙中主要为粒径0.002~0.02 mm的粉粒及粒径0.002 mm的黏粒,加剧了耕地土壤粗化,因此,可每隔4 m设置水土保持措施,有效减少坡耕地水土流失。坡面径流侵蚀产沙量随着雨强的增大而增加,坡长越长,产沙量随雨强增加速度越快,二者呈幂函数关系(决定系数0.76),60 mm/h是红壤丘陵区侵蚀增强的临界雨强;雨强、坡长与产沙量均呈正相关关系,且雨强对坡耕地产沙量的影响较坡长大。对不同雨强下坡长对作物覆盖坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响研究,可以为南方红壤丘陵区坡耕地水土流失的治理提供一定的理论依据。 相似文献
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贵州省黔南区不同侵蚀性雨型条件下生物措施对坡面产流产沙的响应 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
为探讨不同降雨条件下的生物措施对坡面产流产沙特征的影响，分析了贵州省黔南自治州云雾水土保持监测站2014—2017年4年6个小区104次侵蚀性降雨下的实测产流产沙数据。结果表明：（1）侵蚀性降雨按历时、雨强和雨量可分为3类，包括A雨型（中历时、中雨强、中雨量），B雨型（长历时、小雨强、大雨量），C雨型（短历时、大雨强、小雨量）。C雨型为引起区域水土流失的主要雨型。（2）较坡耕地而言，A雨型和C雨型条件下减流量均呈水平阶整地+经果林 > 水保林 > 人工草地 > 自然恢复草地 > 经果林的趋势；减沙量均为水平阶整地+经果林 > 人工草地 > 水保林 > 自然恢复草地 > 经果林。B雨型减流量为水平阶整地+经果林 > 自然恢复草地 > 水保林 > 人工草地 > 经果林；减沙量为水平阶整地+经果林 > 自然恢复草地 > 人工草地 > 水保林 > 经果林。除自然恢复草地外B型雨条件下各措施对水土流失的调控作用不如A雨型和C雨型。不同措施对坡面产沙量的调控作用优于产流量，自然恢复草地在B型雨下具有良好的水土保持效果。（3）坡耕地水土流失最为严重，多年平均土壤侵蚀模数为365.33 t/（km2·a），水平阶整地+经果林措施水土保持效果最优，其土壤侵蚀模数为3 t/（km2·a），较坡耕地可降低土壤侵蚀率达99.2%。同时，水平阶整地+经果林措施在A、B、C雨型下较坡耕地可分别减少产流62.7%，53.0%和63.2%。（4）坡面产流同降雨一样，集中在5—8月；C雨型与产沙量集中分布在5—6月。根据研究结果，研究区每年的5—8月为水土流失高发期，尤其是5，6月，这个时段应为水土流失治理的重点时段，在治理同时要针对不同雨型条件采取不同生物治理措施，并且要对C雨型进行重点防范。 相似文献