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1.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of boron (B) by foliar spraying for the yield of beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops. An experiment for each crop was done in a greenhouse at the São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal campus, in Brazil. The experiments evaluated the B concentrations of 0, 0.085, 0.170, 0.255, and 0.340 g L?1; applied in the 20, 35, and 50 days after the transplant (DAT) of beet cv. ‘Tall Top Early Wonder’, and in the 20, 40, and 60 DAT for the tomato cv. ‘Raisa N’. The plants were cultivated in pots with washed sand with 5 dm3 for the beet crop and 10 dm3 for the tomato crop. The beet and tomato crops were harvested 58 and 154 DAT, respectively. The leaves and fruits numbers; the foliar area; the dry matter of leaves, bark and roots; the fresh and dry matter of the fruits and the tuberous root; the dry matter of the total plant and the B foliar content were evaluated. The total dry matter of beet and tomato the plant were influenced by the concentration of the foliar B spray. The highest yield of the tuberous root and the total plant dry matter of beet occurred with B foliar concentration of 0.065 g L?1 and it was associated with the B foliar content of 26 mg kg?1. The highest yield of fruit and total plant dry matter of tomato occurred with the B foliar spraying of 0.340 g L?1 and it was associated with the B foliar content of 72 mg kg?1.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

Growth, mineral nutrition, leaf chlorophyll and water relationships were studied in cherry plants (cv. ‘Bigarreau Burlat’[BB] and ‘Tragana Edessis’[TE]) grafted on ‘Mazzard’ rootstock and grown in modified Hoagland solutions containing 0, 25 or 50 mmol L?1 NaCl, over a period of 55 days. Elongation of the main shoot of the plants treated with 25 or 50 mmol L?1 NaCl was significantly reduced by approximately 29–36%, irrespective of the cultivar. However, both NaCl treatments caused a greater reduction in the dry weight of leaves and scion's stems in BB than in TE plants. Therefore, BB was more sensitive to salinity stress than TE. The reduction of leaf chlorophyll concentration was significant only when BB and TE plants were grown under 50 mmol L?1 NaCl. Osmotic adjustment permitted the maintenance of leaf turgor in TE plants and induced an increase in leaf turgor of BB plants treated with 25 or 50 mmol L?1 NaCl compared with 0 mmol L?1 NaCl. Concerning the nutrient composition of various plant parts, Na concentrations in all plant parts of both cultivars were generally much lower than those of Cl. For both cultivars, leaf Cl concentrations were much higher than the concentrations in stems and roots, especially in the treatments containing NaCl. Finally, the distribution of Na within BB and TE plants treated with NaCl was relatively uniform.  相似文献   

3.
ABSTRACT

Influences of nickel (Ni) concentrations in the nutrient solution on yield, quality, and nitrogen (N) metabolism of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus cv ‘RS189’ and ‘Vikima’) were evaluated when plants were grown either with urea or nitrate as the sole N source. The cucumber plants were treated with two N sources, urea and nitrate as sodium nitrate (NaNO3) at 200 mg L?1, and three concentrations of Ni as nickel sulfate (NiSO4·6H2O; 0, 0.5, and 1 mg L?1). Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with six replicates. The highest concentration of Ni in the leaves (1.2 mg kg?1 Dwt) was observed in the urea-fed plants at 1 mg L?1 Ni concentration. Additions of Ni up to 0.5 mg L?1 had no effect on the fruit Ni concentration in the both urea and nitrate-fed plants. Yield significantly (p < 0.05) increased with the Ni supplements from 0 to 0.5 mg L?1 (10 and 15% in ‘RS189’ and ‘Vikima’, respectively), but decreased when 1 mg L?1 Ni applied to the solutions in urea-fed plants. Nitrate-fed plants had a higher percentage of total soluble solids compare to those urea-fed plants. Nitrate concentrations of the fruits in urea-fed plants in both cultivars were reduced by approximately 50% compared to those nitrate-fed plants. The reduction of nitrate concentration in the fruits became more pronounced as the Ni concentration increased in the solution. The rate of photosynthesis (Pn) increased with the increase of the Ni concentration in the solution with urea-fed plants. Both N concentration and nitrate reductase (NR) activity of young leaves were higher in urea-fed plants at 0.5 mg l?1 Ni concentration. Ni supplements enhanced the growth and yield of urea-fed plants by increasing Pn, N concentration and NR activity. It can be concluded that Ni supplements (0.5 mg l?1) improve yield, quality, and NR activity in urea-fed cucumber plants.  相似文献   

4.
Five poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.), ‘Freedom Red’, ‘Angelika Red’, ‘Nutcracker Red’, ‘Maren’, and ‘Red Splendor’ received the following treatments of a commercial fertilizer based on nitrogen (N) concentrations of: 75 mg L‐1 to anthesis; 75 mg L‐1 first 4 weeks then 125 mg L‐1 to anthesis; 125 mg L‐1 first 4 weeks then 200 mg L‐1 to anthesis; and 200 mg L‐1 to anthesis. Plants were fertigated to appearance of leachate from the bottom of the pot. Treatment concentrations greater than 125/200 and 200 mg.L‐1 significantly increased plant width of ‘Red Splendor’, height of ‘Nutcracker Red’ and dry weight of ‘Angelika Red’, ‘Nutcracker Red’, and ‘Maren’. Tissue concentrations of N, phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) increased as fertilizer treatment concentration increased for some cultivars. Significant differences between elemental concentrations of poinsettia cultivars occurred, specifically ‘Nutcracker Red’. Although tissue nutrient concentrations were at or below the critical level, general observations of each cultivar indicated that all plants were of commercial quality and almost indistinguishable between treatments. Poinsettia stem strength was not significantly affected by any fertilizer treatment used in this study.  相似文献   

5.
A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replicates was conducted to evaluate effects of sixteen different mixtures of organic nitrogen sources and antibiotics which were supplemented to an Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 4 mg L?1 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 0.4 mg L?1 benzyl-aminopurine (BAP), 30 g L?1 sucrose, 8 g L?1 Agar-agar on fresh weight and dry weight (assessed after three days of drying at 70°C) of calli and in vitro callogenesis from scutellum of four indigenous Iranian Indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, including ‘Hashemi’, ‘Gerdeh’, ‘Hasani’, and ‘Gharib’. It was found that proline at 2.8 g L?1 is the most effective source of organic nitrogen in enhancing growth, whereas asparagine at 0.75 g L?1 inhibited the calli growth. Hygromycin at 50 mg L?1, with slight differences between the cultivars, could effectively stunt the growth of untransformed calli. Mixture of cefotaxime (250 mg L?1) and vancomycin (250 mg L?1) did not have any significant effects on calli growth, although this treatment was slightly phytotoxic.  相似文献   

6.
ABSTRACT

To examine the effects of uniconazole (UCZ) on the distribution and transport of photosynthate in sweetpotatoes, three spraying levels of UCZ, 0 (control), 50 and 100 mg L?1, were exposed to an experimental field cultivated with Jishu26 (‘J26?) and Xushu32 (‘X32?) varieties. Compared to control, the distribution of carbon-13 (13C) was significantly higher in the tuberous roots of both varieties treated with UCZ. In addition, UCZ treatments promoted a desirable top-to-base sucrose gradient and significant greater declines in the top-to-bottom amino acid and potassium ion (K+) gradients along the stem. Higher tuberous root yields were found in the UCZ-treated ‘J26? and ‘X32?. In comparison to 50 mg L?1 UCZ, ‘J26? treated with 100 mg L?1 UCZ exhibited significantly higher distribution ratio of 13C in tuberous root, and reductions in the top-to-bottom amino acid and K+ gradients along the stems at 105 and 150 days after planting. Furthermore, 100 mg L?1 of UCZ application exhibited a significantly higher tuberous root yield. For ‘X32?, the two concentrations of UCZ demonstrated no significant differences in these parameters. A reasonable distribution structure of photosynthates that responsible for high yields is associated with the desirable sucrose, ammonia nitrogen (N) or K+ gradient along the stems caused by UCZ application.  相似文献   

7.
Cadmium (Cd) is a common impurity in phosphate fertilizers and application of phosphate fertilizer may contribute to soil Cd accumulation. Changes in Cd burdens to agricultural soils and the potential for plant Cd accumulation resulting from fertilizer input were investigated in this study. A field experiment was conducted on Haplaquept to investigate the influence of calcium superphosphate on extractable and total soil Cd and on growth and Cd uptake of different Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis) cultivars. Four cultivars of Komatsuna were grown on the soil and harvested after 60 days. The superphosphate application increased total soil Cd from 2.51 to 2.75?mg?kg?1, 0.1?mol?L?1 hydrochloric acid (HCl) extractable Cd from 1.48 to 1.55?mg?kg?1, 0.01?mol?L?1 HCl extractable Cd from 0.043 to 0.046?mg?kg?1 and water extractable Cd from 0.0057 to 0.0077?mg?kg?1. Cd input reached 5.68?g?ha–1 at a rate of 240?kg?ha–1 superphosphate fertilizer application. Superphosphate affected dry-matter yield of leaves to different degrees in each cultivar. ‘Nakamachi’ produced the highest yield in 2008 and ‘Hamami No. 2’ in 2009. Compared with the control (no phosphate fertilizer), application of superphosphate at a rate of 240?kg?ha–1 increased the Cd concentration in dry leaves by 0.14?mg?kg?1 in ‘Maruha’, 1.03?mg?kg?1 in ‘Nakamachi’, 0.63?mg?kg?1 in ‘SC8-007’ in 2008, and by 0.19?mg?kg?1 in Maruha’, 0.17?mg?kg?1 in ‘Hamami No. 2’, while it decreased by 0.27?mg?kg?1 in ‘Nakamachi’ in 2009. Field experiments in two years demonstrated that applications of different levels of calcium superphosphate did not influence Cd concentration in soil and Komatsuna significantly. However, there was a significant difference in Cd concentration of fresh and dry Komatsuna leaves among four cultivars in 2008 and 2009. The highest Cd concentration was found in the ‘Nakamachi’ cultivar (2.14?mg?kg?1 in 2008 and 1.91?mg?kg?1 in 2009). The lowest Cd concentration was observed in the ‘Maruha’ cultivar (1.51?mg?kg?1?dry weight (DW)) in 2008 and in the ‘Hamami No. 2’ cultivar (1.56?mg?kg?1?DW) in 2009. A decreasing trend in Cd concentration was found in ‘Nakamachi’, followed by ‘SC8-007’, ‘Hamami No. 2’ and ‘Maruha’ successively. It is necessary to consider a low-uptake cultivar for growing in a Cd polluted soil. In these two years’ results, ‘Maruha’ cultivar was the lowest Cd uptake cultivar compared to the others.  相似文献   

8.
ABSTRACT

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) has one of the highest United States per capita consumption rates among leafy vegetable crops, and also ranks second for lutein and β-carotene carotenoid concentration. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) concentration on elemental and pigment accumulation in spinach. Two spinach cultivars (‘Melody’ and ‘Springer F1’) were greenhouse grown in nutrient solution culture under N treatments of 13, 26, 52, and 105 mg L? 1. Leaf tissue biomass increased from 45.6 to 273.2 g plant? 1 and from 127.0 to 438.6 g plant? 1 as N increased from 13 to 105 mg L? 1 for ‘Springer F1’ and ‘Melody’, respectively. Leaf tissue N, phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) responded to N treatments. Lutein accumulations, expressed on a fresh weight basis, responded quadratically to increasing N treatments for ‘Springer F1’. Maximum lutein values were 110 and 76 μ g g? 1 on a fresh weight basis, and maximum β-carotene values were 85 and 57 μ g g? 1 on a fresh weight basis for ‘Springer F1’ and ‘Melody’, respectively. Interestingly, N levels had a significant effect on carotenoid accumulation in both ‘Springer F1’ and ‘Melody’ when the pigments were expressed on a dry weight basis. Leaf tissue lutein increased from 0.59 to 1.06 mg g? 1 and from 0.59 to 0.90 mg g? 1 on a dry weight basis with increasing N treatments for ‘Springer F1’ and ‘Melody’, respectively. Reporting lutein and β-carotene on both a fresh and dry weight basis may be the most accurate way to express the carotenoid values of spinach.  相似文献   

9.
Strawberry is listed as the most salt sensitive fruit crop in comprehensive salt tolerance data bases. Recently, concerns have arisen regarding declining quality of irrigation waters available to coastal strawberry growers in southern and central California. Over time, the waters have become more saline, with increasing sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl?). Due to the apparent extreme Cl? sensitivity of strawberry, the rising Cl? levels in the irrigation waters are of particular importance. In order to establish the specific ion causing yield reduction in strawberry, cultivars ‘Ventana’ and ‘Camarosa’ were grown in twenty-four outdoor sand tanks at the ARS-USDA U. S. Salinity Laboratory in Riverside, CA and irrigated with waters containing a complete nutrient solution plus Cl? salts of calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), Na+, and potassium (K+). Six salinity treatments were imposed with electric conductivities (EC) = 0.835, 1.05, 1.28, 1.48, 1.71, and 2.24 dS m?1, and were replicated four times. Fresh and dry weights of ‘Camarosa’ shoots and roots were significantly higher than those of ‘Ventana’ at all salinity levels. Marketable yield of ‘Camarosa’ fruit decreased from 770 to 360 g/plant as salinity increased and was lower at all salinity levels than the yield from the less vigorous ‘Ventana’ plants. ‘Ventana’ berry yield decreased from 925 to 705 g/plant as salinity increased from 0.835 to 2.24 dS m?1. Relative yield of ‘Camarosa’ decreased 43% for each unit increase in salinity once irrigation water salinity exceeded 0.80 dS m?1. Relative ‘Ventana’ yield was unaffected by irrigation water salinity up to 1.71 dS m?1, and thereafter, for each additional unit increase in salinity, yield was reduced 61%. Both cultivars appeared to possess an exclusion mechanism whereby Na+ was sequestered in the roots, and Na+ transport to blade, petiole and fruit tissues was limited. Chloride content of the plant organs increased as salinity increased to 2.24 dS m?1 and substrate Cl increased from 0.1 to13 mmolcL?1. Chloride was highest in the roots, followed by the leaves, petioles and fruit. Based on plant ion relations and relative fruit yield, we determined that, over the range of salinity levels studied, specific ion toxicity exists with respect to Cl?, rather than to Na+ ions, and, further, that the salt tolerance threshold is lower for ‘Camarosa’ than for ‘Ventana’.  相似文献   

10.
The aim of this study was to determine how phosphorus (P) concentration affects growth, concentration and distribution of nutrients in Leucospermum cordifolium ‘Flame Spike’ (Proteaceae). The trials were performed at the School of Agriculture (ETSIA) of the University of La Laguna (28° 28′ 43′′ N, 16° 19′ 7′′ W) with 64 plants (1-year-old) grown for 12 months in silica sand, fed with nutrient solutions containing different levels of Pi (5, 10, 15 and 20 mg L?1). At 6, 9, and 12 months, whole plants were taken from each experimental unit and divided into root, stem (main, first, second, and third growth) and leaves (adult, first, second, and third growth), which were measured, weighed, and analyzed. The data enabled a nutritional diagnosis, including the limiting P concentrations and nutrient interactions. P concentrations above 5 mg L?1 caused a reduction in growth, which in the third samples was significant (P < 0.05). Plants treated with 15 and 20 mg L?1 P attained similar dry weights (P > 0.05). Some young leaves showed a certain degree of chlorosis, probably due to iron (Fe) deficiency. Fully developed young leaves (YFEL) were suitable for nutritional diagnosis of P, and the P concentration of the nutrient solution affected the foliar manganese (Mn) concentration. This latter factor was related to the zinc (Zn) concentration in the roots.  相似文献   

11.
Methods to quantify plant available silicon (Si) from Si-based slags for use as fertilizers are not well defined. Although it is possible to estimate total Si from a potential Si fertilizer source; this approach does not represent how much Si is available for uptake by the plant. In this study, Si was extracted from ten sources [Wollastonite W10; calcium silicate slag from the US; calcium silicate from Canada; magnesium silicate; Excellerator; silican gel; 00-00-12 + Si (liquid source) and three types of potassium silicate with different concentrations in the liquid form, K53; K120 and AgSilTM25] using each of the following seven methods: hydrochloric acid (HCl) plus hydrofluoric acid (HF) extraction, leaching column; sodium carbonate (Na2CO3–10 g L?1) + ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3–16 g L?1); citric acid (50 g dm?3 or 5%); hydrochloric acid (0.5 N); neutral ammonium citrate (NAC); and resin (Amberlite IRC-50, pK 6.1). All the Si-containing products were added to pots at rates equal to 600 kg ha?1 of Si based on the total Si extracted. Poa trivialis cv. ‘Darkhorse’ was grown for 24 days with these sources to determine Si plant uptake. Based on the correlation coefficients, the best extractor for available Si in solid fertilizer was determined to be Na2CO3 + NH4NO3, while for liquid fertilizers, the total Si (HCl + HF) was found to be the best. Consequently, regulatory agencies now have two extractors for estimating the plant available Si from fertilizers depending on the physical property of the material (solid or liquid).  相似文献   

12.
To determine the effect of boron (B) deficiency on biomass, reproductive yield, metabolism, and alterations in seed reserves of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv. ‘13.G‐256,’ plants were grown in refined sand until maturity at deficient (0.033 mg L?1) and adequate (0.33 mg L?1) B, supplied as boric acid (H3BO3). Boron‐deficient plants exhibited visible deficiency symptoms in addition to reduced number of pods and seeds, resulting in lowered biomass and economic yield. Boron deficiency lowered the concentration of B in leaves and seeds, photosynthetic pigments (leaves), Hill reaction activity, starch (in leaves and seeds), and proteins and protein N (in seeds), whereas phenols, sugars (in leaves and seeds), and nonprotein N (in seeds) were elevated. Specific activity of peroxidase (POX) increased in leaves and pod wall and decreased in seeds, while activity of acid phosphate and ribonuclease were stimulated in leaves, seeds, and pod wall in B‐deficient chickpea.  相似文献   

13.
Plants are key sources to obtain drugs and related medical compounds. In the species Catharanthus roseus L.G. Don, ordinarily known as vinca, contains significant amounts of the alkaloid ajmalicine, which is used as an anti-hypertension drug. The aim of this research was to verify the effect of macro-nutrient deficiencies and boron over ajmalicine bioproduction in vinca roots. The experiment was performed in random blocks with eight treatments: complete, nitrogen deficient (-N), phosphorus deficient (-P), potassium deficient (-K), calcium deficient (-Ca), magnesium deficient (- Mg), sulfur deficient (-S) and boron deficient (-B), with four replicates. Seedlings were initially watered once a day with a complete solution and after 55 days after germination the treatments were started. Plants were collected 135 days after germination and evaluated in relation to root's dry matter, concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B and ajmalicine. Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and B within the root's dry matter of the vinca plants in deficient treatments were respectively of 62, 61, 93, 52, 70, 61 and 44% lower when compared with complete treatment. Potassium deficiency resulted in ajmalicine increment of 19% within roots, while deficiencies in N, P, Mg and S reduced ajmalicine concentration in 55, 33, 22 and 26% respectively when compared with complete treatment. Deficiencies in Ca and B had no significant effect in ajmalicine concentration within the plant roots. Within plants with the complete treatment, nutrient contents of ajmalicine from the roots’ dry matter were respectively of 18,5 g kg?1 N, 1,46 g kg?1 P, 13,5 g kg?1 K, 4,47 g kg?1 Ca, 1,43 g kg?1 Mg, 1,53 g kg?1 S, 61 mg kg?1 B and 1,28 mg g?1 of vitexin.  相似文献   

14.
In a two-year (1999–2000) field experiment four Swiss spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (cvs. ‘Albis’, ‘Toronit’ and ‘Pizol’ and an experimental line ‘L94491’) were compared for genotypic differences in the root parameters that determine uptake potential and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE):root surface area (RSA) and its components, root length density (RLD) and the diameter of the roots. The genotypes were grown under no (N0) and under ample fertilizer nitrogen (N) [ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3); N1; 250 kg N ha?1] supply. Root samples were taken from all the genotypes at anthesis from the subsoil (30–60 cm). Genotypic effects on RLD and RSA were evident only in 2000 and large amounts of N fertilizer usually diminished root growth. Adequate soil moisture in 1999 may have favored the establishment of the root system of all the genotypes before anthesis. Parameters of NUE for each genotype were also determined at anthesis and at physiological maturity. ‘Albis’ the least efficient cv. in recovering fertilizer N (ranged from 36.5 to 61.1%) with the lowest N uptake efficiency (0.47 to 0.79 kg kg?1) had the lowest RLD and RSA in both seasons. Among genotypes ‘Toronit’, a high-yielding cv., efficient in recovering fertilizer N, exhibited the higher NUE (22.4 to 29.3 kg kg?1) and tended to have the highest values of RLD and RSA. Nitrogen fertilization also led to an increase in the proportion of roots with diameters less than 300 μm and decreased the proportion of roots with diameters of 300 to 700 μm. These trends were more pronounced for cv. ‘Pizol’ in 1999 and for cv. ‘Toronit’ in 1999 and 2000. By anthesis in a humid temperate climate, there are no marked differences in the subsoil root growth of the examined genotypes. Some peculiarities on the root growth characteristics of the cultivars ‘Albis’ and ‘Toronit’ may partially explain their different NUE performance.  相似文献   

15.
Two indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, viz. ‘Swarna’ and ‘Kalinga III’ were compared for their response to iron (Fe) stress. The cultivars were raised with four Fe levels viz. 0.05, 1, 5, 10 mg L?1 in hydroponic culture. Plant growth, soluble protein, chlorophyll content and phytoferritin of leaves increased significantly with increase in Fe concentration up to 5 mg L?1, but decreased at 10 mg L?1. In contrast, lipid peroxidation, decreased up to 5 mg L?1 then increased at 10 mg L?1. However, at 10 mg L?1 of Fe these parameters were more adversely affected in ‘Swarna’ than ‘Kalinga III’. The later also accumulated relatively more Fe, zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) from the growing medium. Zinc concentrations of the tissue, on the other hand, exhibited the opposite trend. Iron stress may, thus lead to secondary metallic ion stresses and under such situations cultivars like ‘Kalinga III’ will perform better than ‘Swarna’.  相似文献   

16.
Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Web.) were demonstrated to be potential indicator plants for heavy metal contaminated sites. Chicory, grown with 0.5–50 μM cadmium (Cd) in nutrient solution, accumulated 10–300 μM Cd g?1 in shoots and 10–890 μg Cd μg?1 in roots and rhizomes. With dandelion, 20–410 μg Cd μg?1 was found in shoots and 20–1360 μg Cd μg?1 in roots and rhizomes. An inverse correlation existed between chlorophyll and Cd concentrations in shoots of both species. Accumulation of Cd from nutrient solution was similar with the counter-anions SO4 2?, Cl1? and NO3 ? in chicory. In chicory grown in Cd-amended (11.2 kg Cd ha?1 applied five years previously) soils, Cd concentrations were substantially higher than in controls in all plant parts following the order: leaf > caudex > stem > root and rhizome. The above trend was the opposite of that observed in solution culture, where Cd accumulation was higher in roots and rhizomes than in shoots. Higher cadmium accumulation was found from a Cd-treated sand (Grossarenic Paleudult) than from a loamy sand (Typic Kandiudult) soil type. Chicory and dandelion are proposed indicator plants of cadmium contamination, and both have the potential to be an international standard heavy phytomonitor species of heavy metal contaminantion.  相似文献   

17.
Interactive effects of silicon (Si) and high boron (B) on growth and yield of tomato (Lycopercison esculentum cv. ‘191 F1’) plants were studied. Treatments were: 1) control (B1), normal nutrient solution including 0.5 mg L?1 B (boron), 2) B1 +Si treatment: 0.5 mg L?1 boron plus 2 mM Si, 3) B2 treatment: 3.5 mg L?1 B, 4) B2 +Si treatment: 3.5 mg L?1 B plus 2 mM Si, 5) B3 treatment: 6.5 mg L?1 B, and 6) B3 +Si: 6.5 mg L?1 B plus 2 mM Si. High B reduced dry matter, fruit yield and chlorophyll (Chl) in tomato plants compared to the control treatment, but increased the proline accumulation. Supplementary Si overcame the deleterious effects of high B on plant dry matter, fruit yield and chlorophyll concentrations. High B treatments increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (POD; EC. 1.11.1.7) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO; EC 1.10.3.1). However, supplementary Si in the nutrient solution containing high B reduced SOD and PPO activities in leaves, but POD activity remained unchanged. These data suggest that excess B-induced oxidative stress and alterations in the antioxidant enzymes. Boron (B) concentrations increased in leaves and roots in the elevated B treatment as compared to the control treatment. Concentrations of calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) were significantly lower in the leaves of plants grown at high B than those in the control plants. Supplementing the nutrient solution containing high B with 2 mM Si increased both nutrients in the leaves. These results indicate that supplementary Si can mitigate the adverse effects of high B on fruit yield and whole plant biomass in tomato plants.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

Potherb mustard (Brassica rapa var. nipposinica) and tomato plants (scion, ‘CF Momotaro haruka’; rootstock, ‘Dokutar K’; Solanum lycopersicum) were cultured in hydroponic medium containing cesium-137 (137Cs) at three different concentrations (0.03, 0.13 and 1.03 Bq L?1), and uptake of 137C into the plants was determined. When the 137Cs radioactivity concentration in the medium was 1.03 Bq L?1, the 137Cs radioactivity concentrations in the edible portions of the plants were 4.80 Bq kg?1 fresh weight for the potherb mustard plants and 3.60 Bq kg?1 fresh weight for the tomato plants. In both species, the 137Cs radioactivity concentration in the edible portions decreased with decreasing 137Cs radioactivity concentration in the culture medium. When the 137Cs radioactivity concentration in the medium was 0.03 Bq L?1, a concentration observed in many streams and in tap water in Fukushima Prefecture after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, the 137Cs radioactivity concentrations in the edible portions of the plants were 0.50 and 0.15 Bq kg?1 fresh weight for potherb mustard and tomato plants, respectively. These values are less than the Japanese allowable limit for radiocesium in food. For both species, the transfer factors for 137Cs uptake from the culture media to the edible portions and the average transfer rates over the cultivation period were calculated.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

The ‘FHIA-18’ hybrid banana is an alternative for producers as it is resistant to Black Sigatoka and Panama disease. However, few studies report the nutritional requirement of this hybrid, especially phosphorus. It is known that the efficiency of phosphorus use can be improved, reducing the need for application, depending on the genotype cultivated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the yield and mineral nutrition of ‘FHIA-18’ hybrid banana on phosphate fertilization. A banana orchard with the cultivar ‘FHIA-18’ was conducted on a Typical Red Latosol. Then, triple superphosphate fertilizer was applied on plants at 0, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60?kg ha?1?year?1, over three productive seasons. At the time of flowering the macro and micronutrient contents of the leaves were evaluated. Subsequently, the nutrient contents of the fruits were evaluated. For this, fruit pulp samples from the third and fourth hands were collected. In addition, yield was estimated considering cluster mass and plant density. The following dose 36?kg ha?1 of P2O5 year?1 increased the content of phosphorus in the leaf, despite that banana hybrid cultivar FHIA 18 demanded 50% of the recommended fertilizer to achieve its maximum yield (29.4 t ha?1?year?1). Phosphate fertilization promoted significant changes in P, Ca, Cu, and Zn contents of leaves and fruits. Therefore, it is concluded that the mineral nutrition of banana ‘FHIA-18’ is affected by phosphate fertilization, as well as requiring less P than recommended to achieve higher yield.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

The effect of additional iron (Fe) on arsenic (As) induced chlorosis in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Minorimugi) was investigated. The treatments were: (1) 0?μmol?L?1 As?+?10?μmol?L?1 Fe3+ (control), (2) 33.5?μmol?L?1 As?+?10?μmol?L?1 Fe3+ (As-treated) and (3) 33.5?μmol?L?1 As?+?50?μmol?L?1 Fe3+ (additional-Fe3+) for 14?days. Arsenic and Fe3+ were added as sodium-meta arsenite (NaAsO2) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-Fe3+, respectively. Chlorosis in fully developed young leaves was observed in the As-treated plants. The chlorophyll index and the Fe concentration decreased in shoots of the As-treated plants compared with the control plants. Arsenic reduced the concentration of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc and copper. The additional-Fe3+ treatment increased the chlorophyll index in plants compared with the As-treated plants. Among the elements, Fe concentration and accumulation specifically increased in the shoots of additional-Fe3+ plants compared with As-treated plants, indicating that As-induced chlorosis was Fe-chlorosis. Arsenic and Fe were mostly concentrated in the roots of the As-treated plants. Despite inducing chlorosis in the As-treated plants, phytosiderophores (PS) accumulation in the roots and release from the roots did not increase, rather PS accumulation decreased, indicating that As toxicity hindered PS production in the roots. The PS accumulation in the roots was further reduced in the additional-Fe3+ treatment.  相似文献   

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