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1.
ABSTRACT

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional disorder in citrus orchards world over. The management strategy of Zn deficiency today is still governed by the efficacy of two conventionally used methods of Zn supply to plants via soil or foliar fertilization. A field experiment with 12-yr-old ‘Nagpur’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) orchard was, therefore, carried out during 2004–07 comparing soil application versus foliar application of Zn, each at three levels viz., 100, 200, and 300 g tree?1 with constant doses of N (600 g tree?1), P (200 g tree?1), K (300 g tree?1), and Fe(60 g tree?1) on Haplustert soil type with reference to response on flowering intensity, fruit set, tree volume, fruit yield, changes in soil fertility/leaf nutrient status, fruit quality, and transformation of native soil Zn fractions. Soil application of Zn at all the three levels, produced significantly higher increase in tree volume over foliar application on equivalent rates viz., T1 (2.53 m3) vs. T4 (2.06 m3) and T2(4.30 m3) vs. T5 (2.23 m3). The yield-determining parameters like flowering and fruit set intensity (no. m?1 shoot length) were, respectively, much higher with soil applied (135.74 and 21.90) than foliar applied Zn (31.20 and 11.6). These observations set the favorable conditions required for yield response, e.g., all the three treatments involving soil application of Zn, T1 (32.1 kg tree?1), T2 (52.6 kg tree?1), and T3 (51.8 kg tree?1) were correspondingly superior over T4 (22.5 kg tree?1), T5 (34.3 kg tree?1), and T6 (42.1 kg tree?1) as foliar application treatments. All the three major fruit quality parameters (juice, acidity, and TSS) were likewise more influenced by soil application than foliar application of Zn. Improvements in soil Zn fractions (mg kg?1) viz., exchangeable Zn (0.25–0.60), complex-Zn (2.71 to 4.86), organically bound Zn (0.86 to 2.0), and Zn-bound to carbonates and acid soluble minerals (2.56–4.96) were observed in response to Zn fertilization with treatments T1–T3. On the other hand, foliar applied Zn treatments (T4–T6) produced no such changes in any of the soil Zn fractions.  相似文献   

2.
To compare the effect of methods (foliar and soil) and rate of application of zinc sulphate on zinc and phosphorus uptake, tree size, yield and fruit quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dusheri, zinc sulphate was applied as a foliar spray application (0.25, 0.50, 1.0%) and soil (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 kg tree‐1) treatments during the second week of October (during flower bud differentiation period). All the zinc sulphate treatments of soil and foliar spray were effective in increasing the leaf zinc concentrations above recommended adequate level of (>20 mg kg‐1) whereas control trees maintained low leaf zinc concentrations (13.8 to 13.3 mg kg‐1). The uptake of foliar‐applied zinc was more rapid than that of soil applied zinc. All the treatments of zinc sulphate except the foliar spray treatment of zinc sulphate (0.25%) significantly increased zinc concentrations in the fruit pulp as compared with those in the control trees. The percent increase in the stem girth of trees was highest with the soil application of zinc sulphate (0.5 kg tree1) followed by foliar application of zinc sulphate (1.0%) as compared with all other treatments. The percent increase in the tree canopy volume was highest with the foliar application of zinc sulphate (1.0%) followed by soil application of zinc sulphate (1.0 kg tree1) as compared with control and all other treatments. There was no significant (P<0.05) increase in yield, fruit size and weight, pulp or stone weight with any treatment of zinc sulphate. Total soluble solid (TSS) in the fruit was significantly higher (18.6%) with the treatment of soil application of zinc sulphate (0.5 kg tree1) as compared with all other treatments of zinc sulphate and the control. Acid and sugar content of the fruit was not significantly affected by the foliar or soil application of zinc sulphate.  相似文献   

3.
The study was carried out between 2008 and 2010 on 8-year-old pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) trees cultivar ‘Kandhari Kabuli.’ The potential efficiency of bio-organics used along with chemical fertilizers on cropping behavior, quality attributes, nutrient availability, physico-chemical, and biological properties of soil were investigated. Bioorganic nutrient sources, namely, vermicompost (VC), biofertilizers (BF), farm yard manure (FYM), and green manure (GM), along with chemical fertilizers was evaluated in 13 different treatment combinations. Conjoint treatment application of VC at 20 kg tree?1, BF at 80 g tree?1, FYM at 20 kg tree?1, GM as sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) along with 75% of the recommended dose of nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (N–P–K) chemical fertilizers significantly resulted in maximum fruit set (52.03%) and fruit yield (34.02 kg tree?1). All of the fruit quality characteristics were also improved significantly when compared to nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (N–P–K) chemical fertilizers. This superior combination also enhanced physical-chemical and biological properties of the rhizosphere soil. Microbial biomass of in terms of Pseudomonas, total culturable soil fungi, Azotobacter chroococcum, actinobacteria, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi improved 385.57, 60.26, 134.19, 168.02, and 39.87%, respectively, over control. This combination also resulted in considerable greater concentration of leaf macro-and micronutrients: N (2.63%), P (0.25%), K (1.57%), iron (Fe; 197.87 mg kg?1), copper (Cu; 14.65 mg kg?1), zinc (Zn; 59.36 mg kg?1), and manganese (Mn; 200.45 mg kg?1).  相似文献   

4.
Effects of foliar applications of some micro- and macro-nutrients on mineral nutrient content of tomato leaves and fruits were investigated in an aquaponic system in comparison with a hydroponic system. Fourteen days old tomatoes seedlings were transplanted on to growth bed of aquaponic and hydroponic systems. Foliar nutrients application began 30 days after transplantation. Eight treatments were used, untreated control and foliar application at the rate of 250 mL plant?1 with 0.5 g L?1 potassium sulfate (K2SO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 7H2O), ferrous (Fe)- ethylenediamine-N,N′-bis (EDDHA), manganese sulfate (MnSO4 H2O), boric acid (H3BO3), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), and copper sulfate (CuSO4 5H2O). Foliar application of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) increased their corresponding concentrations in the leaves of aquaponic-treated plants. On the other hand, foliar spray of K, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu caused a significant increment of applied element concentrations in the fruits of hydroponic-grown plants. These findings indicated that foliar application of some elements can effectively alleviate nutrient deficiencies in the leaves of tomatoes grown on aquaponics.  相似文献   

5.
Citrus, especially K innow (Citrus deliciosa × Citrus nobilis), fruit yield and quality in Pakistan is not competitive with that of other countries which could be mainly attributed to the lack of good nutrient management for citrus orchards. The yield losses in this fruit crop occur mainly due to heavy fruit dropping. Experiments to overcome these problems were conducted at four different sites one each in Faisalabad, Toba Tek Singh, Jhang and Sargodha districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The soil and leaf chemical analysis showed severe deficiency of Zn and our pervious results have shown that soil amendment with potassium (K) at 75 K2O kg ha?1 improved the citrus fruit yield and quality at all selected sites. In the present experiments, effect of foliar application of Zn and K alone or in combination was studied on nutrient uptake, fruit yield, fruit dropping and juice quality. The fruit trees were pretreated with a selected K level of sulfate of potash (SOP) or muriate of potash (MOP), i.e., 75 kg K2O ha?1 along with recommended nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) doses. Zinc [Zn, 1% zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) solution], K [1% potassium sulfate (K2SO4) solution] and Zn + K (solution containing 0.5% each of ZnSO4 and K2SO4) were sprayed at the onset of spring and flush of leaves or flowers, fruit formation and at color initiation on fruit. Overall, application of Zn, K or Zn + K was effective in improving the nutrient uptake, yield and quality parameters of citrus fruit at all sites. Fruit dropping was also reduced by the foliar spray of Zn, K or Zn + K but the most promising results were recorded with foliar spray containing both Zn and K.  相似文献   

6.
ABSTRACT

Three field experiments at three sites in east Zhejiang Province were conducted to determine the influence of applications of boron (B) on growth, yield, and quality of the red bayberry trees (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zuca) with a manure species of “Buqizhong” in Linhai city. Ground B application or foliar B spraying significantly improved length and incidence rates of spring and summer shoots and increased fruit set rates, which resulted in the increases in fruit yield (13.7–17.5% for ground B application or 13.2–27.3% for foliar B spraying) and in improvement of fruit quality. The optimum yields were recorded with the treatments of ground B application of 40 g tree?1 of borax or foliar B spraying of 2.0 g L?1 of borax. Spring shoot incidents for the treatment of ground application of 50 g borax tree?1 every year during the experiment (4B50) were significantly higher than that for the treatment of ground application of 50 g borax tree?1 only in the first year of the experiment (B50), but the yield difference between them was not significant at P = 0.05. The increased yield effect of ground B application could last for 3 years. Boron application of red bayberry trees can be carried out by foliar-spraying 2.0 g borax L?1 every year or ground application of 50 g borax tree?1 every 3 years. The results of this study showed that application B could significantly improve the growth and increased fruit yield and quality of the red bayberry trees not exhibiting any vegetative symptoms of B deficiency.  相似文献   

7.
ABSTRACT

We studied the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) combinations on supplement of plant nutrient for quantitative and qualitative fruit production in sapota. Thus, 17 combinations of INM practices were evaluated on fruit yield of sapota and nutrient availability in a Vertisol of Chambal region, India. The results demonstrated that almost all treatment combinations comprised of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), i.e. 1,000:500:500 g NPK plant?1 with application of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients had a significant effect on the fruit yield of sapota, soil microbial biomass, NPK content of leaf, fruit and soil over control (T1). Among different treatments, application of 2/3rd part of RDF + 50 kg FYM + 250 g Azospirillum + 250 g Azotobacter plant?1 (T11) significantly enhanced the number of fruits plant?1 (327.88), yield plant?1 (29.03 kg) and yield ha?1 (4.52 t). However, the soil microbial count of fungi (8.89 cfu g?1 soil), bacteria (11.19 cfu g?1 soil) and actinomycetes (5.60 cfu g?1 soil) at fruit harvest was higher under the 2/3 of RDF +10 kg vermicompost + 250 g Azospirillum + 250 g Azotobacter plant?1 (T15). The leaf nitrogen content (N, 2.03%) was higher in T15, while phosphorus (P, 0.28%) and potassium (K, 1.80%) content were higher in T11. It is evident that treatment T11 increased fruit yield by 32% in Sapota cv. Kalipatti compared to control. Therefore, combined application of nutrient sources proved not only beneficial for enhancing fruit yield of sapota but also sustaining soil health in Chambal region of south-eastern Rajasthan.  相似文献   

8.
Diagnosis and remediation of nutrient constraints in perennial fruit crop like citrus are the two important pillars of an effective nutrient management program. Efforts were made to develop nutrient indexing (NI) criteria based on generated leaf and soil analysis dataset for “Kinnow” mandarin (Citrus deliciosia Lour. × Citrus nobilis Tanaka) grown on illitic soils of Indogangetic plains (Entisol, Inceptisol, and Aridisol). NI through diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) using leaf analysis data showed optimum value of leaf nutrient concentration as 2.22–2.32% nitrogen (N), 0.11–0.15% phosphorus (P), 1.10–1.41% potassium (K), 2.32–2.79% calcium (Ca), 0.38–0.61% magnesium (Mg), 22.4–58.3 ppm iron (Fe), 26.3–56.2 ppm manganese (Mn), 4.2–7.2 ppm copper (Cu), and 21.3–26.9 ppm zinc (Zn) vis-à-vis a fruit yield of 32.4–56.1 kg tree?1. Using these NI criteria, Zn was observed as most deficient (64.7%) followed by Fe (61.5%), Mn (57.6%), N (96.1%), and P (38.5%) using percentage of orchards as basis. While, optimum NI (mg kg?1) using soil analysis data was determined as 114.3–121.2 potassium permanganate (KMnO4-N), 7.8–12.3 Olsen-P, 96.4–131.3 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc)-K, 189.4–248.6 NH4OAc-Ca, 72.3–89.9 NH4OAc-Mg, 5.8–11.1, DTPA-Fe, 4.3–6.9 diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-Mn, 0.45–0.69 DTPA-Cu, and 21.3–26.9 DTPA-Zn for the optimum yield of 32.4–56.1 kg tree?1. Soil analysis-based NIs displayed a good complementary with leaf analysis-based NIs evident from the diagnoses indicating Mn (52.2%) as most dominant constraint Zn (61.2%) followed by Mn (48.3%), N (41.2%), and P (35.6%). The recommended DRIS-based NIs would lay a scientific basis in formulating citrus fertilization program.  相似文献   

9.
The comparative efficacy of organic sources on cropping behavior, nutrient dynamics, physico-chemical and biological properties of soil and fruit quality under rain-fed agroecosystem on “Silver King” nectarines was investigated. Bio-organic nutrients, namely vermi-compost (VC), biofertilizer (BF), farmyard manure (FYM), compost (comp), vermiwash (VW) and cow urine (CU) were evaluated in 11 different treatment combinations. The treatment application of VC at 25 kg tree?1, BF at 40 g tree?1, FYM at 30 kg tree?1, comp at 15 kg tree?1, VW1:10 and CU1:10 significantly improved plant growth and fruit quality characteristics of nectarine trees. This superior combination also enhanced physico-chemical and biological properties of the rhizosphere soil when compared to control as conventional chemical fertilizer application nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizers. Different treatments of bio-organic sources changed pH of the soil to neutral. Available macronutrient contents of soil (viz. N, P, and K) increased by 57.8%, 27.7%, and 16.4%, respectively. Microbial biomass of soil fungi, total bacteria, actinobacteria, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improved 66.0%, 73.8%, 133.3% and 350.0%, respectively, over control. Considerably, a higher amount of leaf macronutrients, N (3.53%), P (0.23%), and K (3.2%), was also recorded over control.  相似文献   

10.
The aim of the study was to examine impact of foliar titanium (Ti) sprays on vegetative and reproductive response of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees under conditions of low soil availability of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). The experiment was conducted during 2005–2006 at a Experimental Station in Isparta region, Turkey, on mature ‘Granny Smith’ apple trees/M.9, planted at a spacing of 3.5 × 1.5 m, on fine-textured soil with neutral reaction, medium status of organic matter, high amounts of available phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg), and low availability of Fe, Mn, and Zn. The trees were sprayed with Ti-ascorbate at the green and pink bud stage, petal fall, and 3, 6, and 9 weeks after full bloom, at a rate of 3 g Ti ha?1 per spray. The efficiency of Ti sprays was compared to combined sprays of Fe, Mn, and Zn [chelated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)], applied at the same terms as Ti sprays, at rate of 36 g, 36 g and 24 g per spray, respectively. Trees unsprayed with Ti, Fe, Mn, and Zn served as the control. It was shown that summer leaf Ti concentrations of the trees untreated with Ti were high, varying from 34 to 36 mg kg?1 dry matter. Foliar Ti sprays increased leaf status of this nutrient but they had no effect on nutrition of essential macro- and microelements, tree vigor, and fruit yield. Mean apple weight, coloring, firmness, soluble solids concentration, and titratable acidity of fruit were not also influenced by Ti sprays. Foliar sprays of Fe, Mn, and Zn improved leaf status of nitrogen (N), Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn; leaves of the trees sprayed with those micronutrients were also greener, and contained more Fe2+ than those of the control plants. Combined sprays of Fe, Mn, and Zn improved tree vigor and fruit yield.  相似文献   

11.
A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of zinc (Zn) on biofortification of 10 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties in the Zn-deficient soil of Lucknow. Treatments consisted of 0 and 20 mg Zn kg?1 as a basal dose and 20 mg Zn kg?1 basal dose with two foliar sprays of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) 0.5%. Foliar sprays of Zn were applied twice at the preflowering stage and 7 days after flowering. Results from the present study revealed that poor growth of plants grown in soil without Zn applications (0 mg Zn kg?1) were improved by applications of Zn (20 mg Zn kg?1) more when Zn was applied with two foliar sprays. Application of Zn (20 mg Zn kg?1) with two foliar sprays also proved beneficial for maximizing Zn concentrations of grains and other plant parts. Wheat varieties NW 1076, K 3827, NW 2036, and UP 262 appeared highly responsive to the treatments.  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT

This study was carried out in 2001–2003 at the Experimental Orchard of the Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, Skierniewice, Poland, on mature ‘Jonagold’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees (M.26 EMLA) planted at 4 × 2.5 m spacing on a sandy loam soil with low boron (B) availability. The trees were drip fertigated with B at rates of 0.5, 1, or 1.5 g tree? 1 over 4 weeks at 3-d intervals beginning at the stage of bud break. Plants that did not receive B via drip irrigation system served as a control. Drip B fertigation effectively increased water-soluble B concentrations in the soil and the status of this microelement in leaves of current season shoots. However, the B fertigation had no effect on tree vigor. In 2 out of 3 years, the drip B fertigation improved flower B status, fruit set, and yield. The efficiency of the drip B fertigation was not influenced by B rate. In all growing seasons, the drip B fertigation increased B level and a soluble solids concentration in the fruit flesh, but had no effect on mean fruit weight, color, titratable acidity, and fruit firmness. It was concluded that on coarse-textured soils with low B availability, the drip B fertigation of mature apple trees in high-density orchards can be recommended from the stage of bud burst to petal fall at a rate of 0.5 g tree? 1.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

The aim of this work was to assess how potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) fertilization might affect the variation of leaf and fruit nutrient concentrations in carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) under low precipitation. A field study was conducted in 1997, 1998, and 1999 in a calcareous soil. Four fertilization treatments were tested: no fertilizer (C), 0.8 kg N tree?1 (N treatment), 0.83 kg K tree?1 (K treatment), and 0.80 kg N tree?1 plus 0.83 kg K tree?1 (NK treatment). During the hydrological cycle 1998/1999, only 250 mm of rain were recorded. Because of this, from 1998 to 1999 a decrease in the concentrations of mobile nutrients N, phosphorus (P), and K and an increase in calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) were observed in leaves. The application of N led to higher leaf N concentration compared with other treatments. This response allowed the establishment of a linear model that relates soil plant analysis development (SPAD) readings with leaf N concentrations (r2=0.55; P<0.05). Compared with leaves, fruits showed similar amounts of N and P; less Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn; and high concentrations of K. Fertilization did not change considerably the mineral composition of fruits, and because of large variation among trees, yield was similar for all treatments.  相似文献   

14.
A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different zinc (Zn) application methods (soil and foliar application) and concentrations (1 and 2 mg kg?1 in soil application and 1 and 3 g L?1 in foliar application) on the growth, some biochemical characteristics, and nutrient concentrations of costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita L.). Growth parameters were increased by zinc application regardless of its concentration and application method. Protein and total phenol content, antioxidant capacity, and chlorophyll index were increased by zinc supply. In contrast, proline and soluble sugars content showed a decreasing pattern with zinc application. Zinc application, either through soil or foliar application, increased the zinc content of shoots. Manganese uptake potential of plants was increased by foliar zinc application method but not by soil application of zinc. Zinc application had no significant effect on potassium content of plants.  相似文献   

15.
The application of zinc (Zn) fertilizer to lentil is an agronomic strategy that has the potential to improve yield and enhance grain Zn concentration. A pot study was conducted to determine if Zn fertilizer applied to three popular Saskatchewan lentil cultivars could increase yield and concentration of Zn in the grain. The effects of soil and foliar applied Zn forms, including ZnSO4, Zn chelated with EDTA, Zn lignosulphonate, and a control were evaluated. Forms of Zn were not found to significantly increase yield (P = 0.828) or grain Zn concentration (P = 0.708) in any of the lentil cultivars tested. Fertilization with soil applied ZnSO4 resulted in significantly (P < 0.0001) higher amounts of residual available Zn in the soil relative to other Zn treatments. Soil fertilized with ZnSO4 had 1.13 mg kg?1 diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Zn compared to 0.84 mg Zn kg?1 and 0.77 mg Zn kg?1 in the soil and foliar applied chelated Zn, respectively.  相似文献   

16.
During the cultivation period of 2005–2007, a project was carried out in the region of Eirinoupolis, prefecture of Imathia, Macedonia, northern Greece. The study investigated the application of boron (B) timing (flowering, fruit set, fruit growth) and method (soil and foliage) on the vegetative growth, fruit yield and quality, and nutritional status of the cling-stone peach variety Andross. The cultivar was grafted onto an 8-year-old rootstock GF 677. The results showed that the greatest marketable yield (135 kg tree–1) was achieved in peach trees where B was applied on soil during the flowering stage in combination with a balanced nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) basal application. Boron concentration in fruits of that treatment was increased in both cultivation years compared to most of the applied treatments. Foliar application of B at flowering, fruit set, and fruit growth, primarily in combination with foliar calcium (Ca) application, showed fruits to be less affected by cracking and Monilinia over all treatments. However, foliar application of Ca did not significantly promote leaf or fruit Ca concentration.  相似文献   

17.
The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) and zinc (Zn) fertilization on yield components and composition of Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Kabkab during two growing seasons. This study was conducted by using factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with four replications. Aqueous solution of Zn was injected to trunk at the rate of 0, 1.15, and 2.30 g L?1. N was applied at 0, 160, 345, and 460 g per palm tree. Sources of N and Zn were urea and zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4.7H2O), respectively. Each year N fertilizer was added in two equal applications, one before flowering and one at fruit setting. N was applied at 1.5 m from the palm trunk. The trees were subjected to the usual farm management, for example, artificial pollination (only one source of pollen grains was used to avoid the metaxenic effects), pruning and irrigation. Results indicated that application of N and Zn had significant effects on fruit set, fruit yield, fruit weight, bunch weight, fruit size, N and Zn leaf contents, total soluble solids (TSS), reducing sugar and total sugar. However, more increments in these parameters were obtained with N in combination with Zn. The suitable combination of the nutrients found for date palm tree under the prevailing conditions was the application of 345 g N and 2.30 g L?1 Zn for injection.  相似文献   

18.
An experiment was conducted to assess the zinc (Zn) availability to wheat in alkaline soils during Rabi 2009–2010. Wheat seedlings in pots having 2 kg alkaline sandy soil per pot were treated with 5, 10 and 15 kg Zn ha?1 as soil and with 0.5 and 1.0% zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) as foliar application. Results showed that Zn increasing levels in soil helped in phosphorus uptake up to boot stage but its conversion to grain portion lacked in Zn treated plants. Potassium (K) uptake also increased up to 6.24% in boot stage with treatment of 10 kg Zn ha?1 + 1.0% ZnSO4 foliar spray. Zinc (Zn) concentration increased in plant tissues with the increasing level of Zn application but this disturbed the phosphorus (P)-Zn interaction and, thus, both of the nutrients were found in lesser quantities in grains compared to the control. Despite of the apparent sufficient Zn level in soil (1.95 mg kg?1), improvement in growth and yield parameters with Zn application indicate that the soil was Zn deplete in terms of plant available Zn. The above findings suggest that the figure Zn sufficiency in alkaline soil (1.0 mg kg?1) should be revised in accordance to the nature and type of soils. Furthermore, foliar application of Zn up to 1.0% progressively increased yield but not significantly; and it was recommended that higher concentrations might be used to confirm foliar application of Zn as a successful strategy for increasing plant zinc levels.  相似文献   

19.
This experiment was conducted at Zahak Agricultural Research Station in the Sistan region in southeast Iran. A factorial design with three replications was used to determine the effects of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) applications on wheat yield, Zn, Fe, and Mn uptakes and concentrations in grains. Four levels of Zn [soil applications of 0, 40, and 80 kg ha?1 and foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) solution], two levels of iron sulfate (FeSO4; 0 and 1%) as foliar application, and two levels of Mn (0 and 0.5%) also as foliar application were used in this study. Results showed that the interactive effects of Zn and Mn were significant on the number of grains in each spike. The highest number of grains resulted from the application of 80 kg ZnSO4 ha?1 and foliar Mn. The interactive effects of Zn and Fe were significant on weight of 1000 grains. The highest weight of 1000 grains resulted from application of 80 kg Zn and foliar Fe. Application of 80 kg ZnSO4 ha?1 alone and 80 kg ZnSO4 ha?1 with foliar application of Mn significantly increased grain yield in 2003. The 2‐year results showed that foliar application of Zn increased Zn concentration and Fe concentration in grains 99% and 8%, respectively. Foliar application of Fe resulted in a 21% increase in Fe concentration and a 13% increase in Zn concentration in grains. The foliar application of Mn resulted in a 7% increased in Mn concentration in grains.  相似文献   

20.
ABSTRACT

The objective of the experiment was to examine the effect of postharvest sprays of boron (B) and urea on apple tree yield and fruit quality. The study was conducted during 2002–2003 at a commercial orchard in central Poland on mature ‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.26 planted on a sandy loam soil with low B status. All experimental trees received soil-applied nitrogen (N) at a rate of 50 kg ha?1 at bud break. The following spray treatments were performed: (1) postharvest B spray three to four weeks before leaf abscission at a rate of 1.2 kg ha?1; (2) postharvest urea-N spray at the same time as B spraying at a rate of 18.4 kg ha?1; and (3) combined B spray with urea at the same time and at the same rates as in the combination of treatments (1) and (2). Trees not sprayed with B and urea served as a control. The results showed that all spray treatments damaged leaves, but only postharvest urea spray and combined B spray with urea caused defoliation. Postharvest B spray with/without urea improved flower B status, fruit set, and tree yield. However, the efficiency of combined B spray with urea in improving reproductive growth was lower than that of foliar B application without the addition of urea. Postharvest sprays of B and urea had no effect o n blushing, flesh firmness, or soluble solids concentration of apple fruit. These results indicated that under B-deficiency conditions, postharvest B sprays are successful in improving reproductive growth and should be recommended without the addition of urea. It is suggested that combined B sprays with urea may be applied in the autumn to apple trees with limited soil B and N availability.  相似文献   

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