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1.
为了研究鳜弹状病毒(Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus, SCRV)如何调控鳜c-Myc(Sc-c-Myc)进而调控谷氨酰胺代谢的分子机制,本研究通过免疫共沉淀联合蛋白质谱寻找可能与Sc-c-Myc互作的病毒蛋白,初步分析确定为核衣壳蛋白(N蛋白);Co-IP结果显示SCRV的N蛋白与Sc-c-Myc存在相互作用。通过PCR扩增获得了带有Flag标签序列的SCRV-N基因的ORF片段,并构建了SCRV-N蛋白过表达载体pcDNA-N-Flag;将pcDNA-N-Flag质粒转染CPB细胞,荧光观察发现Sc-c-Myc与SCRV-N在细胞质内存在共定位现象;并且通过qRT-PCR和Western blotting检测转染pcDNA-N-Flag的CPB细胞中Sc-c-Myc及谷氨酰胺代谢通路关键酶(GLS1,GDH,IDH2)的表达变化,发现Sc-c-Myc、GLS1的转录水平和蛋白水平均显著上调。以上结果表明SCRV的N蛋白与Sc-c-Myc互作促进Sc-c-Myc的表达,进而调控宿主细胞谷氨酰胺代谢途径,为SCRV防控提供了新的靶点。 相似文献
2.
为获知鳜弹状病毒(Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus,SCRV)QY株在体外培养细胞中最适增殖条件,以鳜脑细胞系(Chinese perch brain cell line,CPB)为增殖体系,采用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,q RT-PCR)技术所测病毒拷贝数为判断指标,比较同步接毒和异步接毒2种接种方式以及病毒接种量、血清浓度等培养条件对病毒增殖的影响,确定SCRV-QY株在CPB细胞中的最适增殖条件。结果显示,单位体积病毒增殖量方面,异步接毒法优于同步接毒法,以感染复数(multiplicity of infection,MOI)为10将病毒接种长满单层的CPB细胞中,28°C吸附1.5 h,用含2%胎牛血清的L15培养液于28°C培养时,病毒增殖量最高,为5.59×10~(10)拷贝/mL;而从单位成本所获病毒量考虑,同步接毒法筛选出的4种增殖条件单位成本所获的病毒产量优于异步接毒法,其中当MOI=0.03、胎牛血清终浓度为6%时,同步接种对数生长中期的CPB细胞,28°C恒温培养70 h后收获病毒液,单位成本所获病毒量最高,为4.88×10~(13)个拷贝/元。综上所述,本研究以病毒增殖量和培养基成本作为考量,优化SCRV-QY株的增殖条件,可为SCRV疫苗低成本、规模化生产提供理论依据。 相似文献
3.
沉默交配型信息调节因子 2同源蛋白 3 (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 3, SIRT3)是一种去乙酰化酶, 可调节线粒体氧化代谢。为探讨鳜(Siniperca chuatsi) SIRT3 在传染性脾肾坏死病毒(infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus, ISKNV)感染中的作用, 本研究克隆分析了鳜 SIRT3 基因, 采用 qRT-PCR 和 western blotting 方法检测了病毒感染后 SIRT3 基因的表达, 并探讨了 SIRT3 对细胞代谢酶基因的表达和病毒增殖的影响。结果显示, 鳜 SIRT3 基因的开放阅读框全长 1350 bp, 编码 449 个氨基酸, 在鳜各组织均表达, 其中后肾中表达量最高, 脾脏中表达量较低; ISKNV 感染鳜脑细胞系和鱼体后, SIRT3 表达量均显著升高; 使用 SIRT3 抑制剂 3-TYP (10 μmol/L)和 siRNA 处理细胞后, 谷氨酰胺酶(glutaminase, GLS)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH)的表达量以及 ISKNV 产量均显著降低; 使用 SIRT3 激动剂 honokiol (7 μmol/L)处理细胞后, 代谢酶表达量和 ISKNV 产量均显著升高。结果表明, ISKNV 感染可通过 SIRT3 诱导宿主细胞谷氨酰胺代谢重编程, 进而促进自身增殖。 相似文献
4.
同步接毒条件下鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒在CPB细胞中的最适增殖条件 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
为了获知鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)同步接毒最适增殖条件,通过检测不同血清浓度、病毒接种量、细胞状态等培养条件下的病毒拷贝数,确定鳜脑组织细胞(CPB)同步接种ISKNV的最适体外增殖条件。结果表明,上述各因素对ISKNV的增殖量均有明显影响。其中选取处于对数生长中期的CPB细胞,胰酶消化后按照病毒感染复数(MOI)为0.2同步接种ISKNV,培养液中胎牛血清终浓度为6%时,28℃恒温培养9 d后收获,所得病毒拷贝数最多,为2.54×108拷贝/mL。将所测得病毒拷贝数折算成培养基成本进一步分析表明,按照上述相同条件进行接毒,每元人民币培养基所得病毒量也最高,为4.24×1011拷贝。综上所述,本研究基于病毒增殖量及培养基成本对病毒增殖条件进行优化,可为低成本ISKNV疫苗的生产提供理论依据。 相似文献
5.
为了研究鳜IRAK4生物学特性及其在抗病毒免疫应答中的作用,根据鳜转录组数据中筛选出的IRAK4 unigene序列设计引物,利用SMART-RACE技术克隆得到CDS全长为1389 bp的c DNA(命名为Sc IRAK),编码462个氨基酸,含有1个N端死亡结构域和1个保守的中央蛋白激酶结构域。采用荧光定量RT-PCR方法分析了Sc IRAK4在健康鳜各组织中的表达差异及病毒感染后在脾脏中的表达变化,结果显示,健康鳜中Sc IRAK4在肝脏中表达量最大,与其他组织差异显著,而在血液、脑和胃中表达量最低;传染性脾肾坏死病毒(infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus,ISKNV)感染鳜后Sc IRAK4的表达量呈现下调趋势,24 h脾脏中的表达量达到最低,为对照组的45%;而鳜弹状病毒(siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus,SCRV)感染鳜后Sc IRAK4的表达量呈现上调趋势,12 h脾脏中Sc IRAK4的表达量达到最高,为对照组的8.17倍,表明Sc IRAK4在抗ISKNV和SCRV的免疫应答中可能发挥不同的作用。本研究为进一步揭示Sc IRAK4的抗病毒免疫反应机制提供了依据。 相似文献
6.
为更好地开展鳜基因功能研究和药物筛选工作,提高基因转染效率,本研究以鳜囊胚期胚胎为材料,采用含有20%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基进行培养,建立了生长稳定的鳜胚胎细胞系MFE。在此基础上,采用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)作为标记物,在HEK293T细胞中体外包装逆转录病毒,再感染MFE细胞系。MTT法分析表明传代后细胞培养96 h内,细胞生长率变化也经历增殖、降低到达稳定期。而且MFE细胞能稳定表达GFP基因,感染效率为20%±5%,而脂质体转染效率为3%±2%。可见包装病毒感染细胞不仅能获得稳转细胞系,效率也远高于脂质体瞬时转染。荧光定量PCR分析表明,MFE细胞系能表达Irf1、Irf3和Irf7基因,Irf1基因表达量最高。MFE细胞系受到poly I:C刺激后,Irf1、Irf3和Irf7的表达量分别升高3.5,2.3和2.1倍。因此,MFE细胞通过病毒感染可以获得较高的转染效率,该细胞可作为鳜免疫相关基因功能研究的工具。 相似文献
7.
嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)是严重危害翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)养殖生产的主要病原之一,为揭示嗜水气单胞菌感染翘嘴鳜后宿主基因表达水平的变化,筛选免疫相关基因,解析翘嘴鳜应答病原细菌感染的分子机制,本研究以病原嗜水气单胞菌感染翘嘴鳜,于感染24 h后,采集感染组与对照组翘嘴鳜头肾组织,采用Illumina Hiseq 2000进行了RNA-Seq分析,原始数据拼接后组装共获得53 040个单基因(unigene)。基因差异表达分析结果显示,感染组和未感染组翘嘴鳜存在526个差异表达基因,包括254个上调基因和272个下调基因,其中,免疫相关的显著上调的差异基因主要有炎症和免疫原性细胞因子白介素、补体系统、MHCⅠ型抗原提呈、溶菌酶、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制因子、泛素蛋白连接酶等。GO富集分析发现,差异基因主要涉及免疫应答反应和炎症反应等,经KEGG富集分析显示,89个通路富集显著,免疫相关的代谢通路主要有内吞作用和吞噬体等。此外,实时荧光定量PCR验证结果表明,所选取7个差异表达免疫相关基因与RNA-seq结果具有相似的表达趋势。本研究为揭示翘嘴鳜对病原微生物感染的防御分子机制奠定了理论基础。 相似文献
8.
克隆了鳜T细胞表面受体CD4分子的cDNA序列并对其在组织/器官的表达进行了分析。鳜CD4分子的cDNA序列全长为2 356 bp,编码469个氨基酸。该CD4分子由4个免疫球蛋白样结构域(V1C1V2C2)构成的胞外区、一个跨膜区和一个包含保守的CXC基序的胞内区组成。系统进化分析表明,鳜CD4分子与同属于鲈形目的鲈CD4分子聚为一支,与鲈的相似性最高(57%),与鲤的相似性较低(34%)。序列比对分析显示,CD4分子胞外区存在多个保守性位点,如:C1结构域中的WTC基序、V2和C2结构域中的N糖基化位点等。同鸟类和哺乳类不同的是,鳜CD4分子在V1结构域中缺少由半胱氨酸(Cys)残基对形成的二硫键,而在V2结构域中存在一个额外的二硫键,这可能会改变CD4分子的空间构象,进而影响到CD4与MHC Ⅱ的结合以及后续的抗原诱导的T细胞活化等。荧光定量PCR分析表明,CD4 mRNA在鳜的胸腺中表达量最高,在脾脏中表达量最低。脂多糖腹腔注射8 h后,CD4 mRNA在鳜的胸腺、脾脏和头肾中都呈显著的上调表达(P<0.05)。 相似文献
9.
近年来,鳜弹状病毒引起的病害频发,该病毒传播快,致病性强,是引起鳜病害的主要病原之一。鳜弹状病毒基因组编码5个结构蛋白,其中糖蛋白G是病毒表面的主要抗原,为实现该抗原蛋白的大量表达,利用分子克隆技术将鳜弹状病毒糖蛋白G片段插入杆状病毒穿梭载体pFastBac1中转化至大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞后,筛选阳性克隆获得重组转移载体pFastBac-G,再将其转化至大肠杆菌DH10Bac感受态细胞,经蓝白斑与抗性筛选后获取重组杆粒rBacmid-G,随后利用脂质体转染法将重组杆粒转染Sf9昆虫细胞制备重组杆状病毒。将获取到的P3代重组病毒感染Sf9昆虫细胞进行重组蛋白的SDS-PAGE检测,成功表达后利用镍离子亲和层析柱纯化目的蛋白,随后对重组蛋白进行Western blot鉴定,结果显示在大于50 ku处有一条特异性条带,而对照组无条带,表明制备的抗原能与抗体特异性结合。结果表明,鳜弹状病毒糖蛋白G在杆状病毒表达系统成功表达。本试验结果可为鳜弹状病毒糖蛋白G疫苗的研发和大规模生产提供技术支撑。 相似文献
10.
细胞凋亡是由一系列相关基因严格调控的细胞程序性死亡,在抵御病原入侵、维持机体内环境稳态等方面有着重要意义。其中细胞色素c从线粒体释放到细胞质中是凋亡开始的关键一步。本研究利用RACE技术首次克隆获得了克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)细胞色素c基因(PcCytc),全长为897 bp,包括163 bp的5′-UTR、419 bp的3′-UTR和315 bp的开放阅读框,编码104个氨基酸。定量PCR检测结果显示,PcCytc基因在克氏原螯虾的各组织中均有表达,其中在鳃、肠道和肌肉中表达高,在胃中表达最低。WSSV感染实验显示,在病毒感染后PcCytc在肝胰腺、肠道和肌肉组织中的表达水平均出现上调,并在24 h达最高值,约是此时PBS组表达量的2.65、2.07和2.20倍,均存在极显著性差异(P<0.01)。PcCytc基因干扰后,克氏原螯虾体内WSSV病毒拷贝数显著增加(P<0.05),表明PcCytc能够抑制WSSV在克氏原螯虾体内的复制,延迟感染;同时,凋亡相关基因bcl-2、bax和caspase-3的表达均发生显著上调或下调(P<0.05)。本研究表明,PcCytc可通过调节凋亡途径抑制WSSV感染,为克氏原螯虾对WSSV感染的免疫反应提供了新的见解。 相似文献
11.
Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean 
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下载免费PDF全文 The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna. 相似文献
12.
Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
13.
In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg. 相似文献
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Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Florence Le Gac Odile Blaise Alex Fostier Pierre-Yves Le Bail Maurice Loir Brigitte Mourot Claudine Weil 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):219-232
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations. 相似文献
16.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
17.
Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
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William King V David L. Berlinsky Craig V. Sullivan 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1995,14(6):489-500
Plasma estradiol-17 (E2), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E2 and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E2 and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass. 相似文献
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Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response. 相似文献
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The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg–1 fish·h–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g–1·ml–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min–1·g–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min–1·g–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated. 相似文献