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1.
The relationship between the organic nitrogen status of Egyptian broomrape and one of its hosts, carrot, was studied by comparing amino acid profiles of leaf and root tissues of nonparasitized and broomrape-parasitized carrot plants and by analyzing amino acid profiles of broomrape at different growth stages. Total N concentrations, expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the tissues, were similar in leaves of nonparasitized and parasitized carrot plants but were lower in parasitized roots than in nonparasitized roots. In both dry and germinated broomrape seeds, N concentrations were lower than or similar to those in broomrape tubercles, shoots, or callus. Individual amino acid concentrations in hydrolysates of leaves of parasitized carrot plants tended to be similar to or greater than those in hydrolysates of nonparasitized carrot plants. Roots of parasitized plants tended to have similar or lower amino acid concentrations than roots of nonparasitized plants. Dry and germinated broomrape seeds had similar amino acid profiles, but individual amino acid concentrations were lower than in the other broomrape tissues examined. The broomrape shoot tended to have lower amino acid concentrations than the tubercle and callus. Free amino acid profiles of leaves and roots of parasitized plants paralleled those of nonparasitized plants, respectively. Individual free amino acids tended to occur at similar or lower levels in dry and germinated broomrape seeds than in the tubercle, shoot, or callus. Free amino acid composition of the broomrape tubercle was similar to that of the parasitized root. Arginine and alanine concentrations in broomrape callus were dramatically higher than those of other amino acids in this or other tissues investigated. These results indicate that changes in the composition of both free and bound amino acids in carrot are associated with broomrape parasitism.  相似文献   

2.
The parasitic plant broomrape is entirely dependent on its host for reduced carbon and nitrogen and is also susceptible to inhibition by glyphosate that is translocated to the parasite through a host. Studies were conducted to examine the effect of broomrape parasitism on amino acid concentrations of two hosts: common vetch that is tolerant of low levels of glyphosate and oilseed rape that has been genetically engineered for glyphosate resistance. The influence of glyphosate on the amino acid content of broomrape and the two hosts was also examined. Amino acid concentrations in leaves and roots of parasitized common vetch plants were generally similar to those of the corresponding tissues of nonparasitized plants. Amino acid concentrations in broomrape were lower than those of the parasitized common vetch root. For common vetch, glyphosate applied at rates that selectively inhibited broomrape growth did not alter individual amino acid concentrations in the leaves, but generally increased amino acid levels at 0.18 kg ha-1. Glyphosate application also increased the amino acid concentrations, with the exception of arginine, of broomrape growing on common vetch and did not generally influence concentrations in leaves or roots of common vetch. In oilseed rape, parasitization by broomrape generally led to higher amino acid concentrations in leaves but lower concentrations in roots of parasitized plants. Broomrape had higher amino acid concentrations than roots of the parasitized oilseed rape. Glyphosate applied at 0.25 and 0.5 kg ha-1 generally increased the amino acid concentrations in oilseed rape leaves, but the 0.75 kg ha-1 application caused the amino acid concentrations to decrease compared to those of untreated plants. In oilseed rape root the general trend was an increase in the concentration of amino acids at the two highest rates of glyphosate. Individual amino acid concentrations in broomrape attachments growing on oilseed rape were generally increased following glyphosate application of 0.25 kg ha-1. These results indicate that low rates of glyphosate alter amino acid profiles in both host and broomrape and raise questions about the regulation of amino acid metabolism in the parasite.  相似文献   

3.
为了探究水稻垄作栽培和稻-鱼-鸡共生模式的结合对水稻茎秆倒伏、穗部性状及产量的影响,本文通过设计常规水稻垄作栽培(CK)、水稻垄作养鱼(RF)、水稻垄作养鸡(RC)和水稻垄作养鸡养鱼(RFC)的田间对比试验,研究垄作稻-鱼-鸡共生模式下水稻茎秆倒伏、穗部性状和实际产量的变化。结果表明:2年中4个处理的水稻株高、株鲜重、重心高度和节间长的均值整体无显著性差异。与CK处理相比, RFC和RC处理水稻茎秆节间外径、节间壁厚、穗长和穗鲜重虽呈增加趋势,但均值整体也无显著性差异;水稻产量也保持稳定。RF处理水稻茎秆节间外径、壁厚、穗长和穗鲜重均呈降低趋势,且2019年穗鲜重达显著降低(P0.05);水稻产量2年平均降低为29.98%(P0.05),其余均值整体无显著性差异。2年中RFC和RC较CK处理水稻节间茎秆抗折力平均增加19.69%和8.10%,且2年中RFC的第4和第5节间茎秆抗折力显著增加(P0.05);而RF处理茎秆抗弯截面模量和抗折力整体均呈降低趋势,但均值整体变化不显著。RFC和RC较CK处理水稻茎秆节间最大应力均值降低为17.85%和15.08%,倒伏指数均值降低为4.35%和4.26%,但未达显著水平;RF处理茎秆节间倒伏指数平均增加11.47%,且2018年第3和2019年第2～5节间均达显著性差异(P0.05)。综上所述,垄作稻-鱼-鸡共生和垄作稻-鸡共生模式能够提高水稻穗长和穗鲜重,稳定水稻产量,增加水稻茎秆节间外径和壁厚,提高茎秆抗折力和抗弯截面模量,降低茎秆最大应力和倒伏指数,从而具有一定的壮秆效应和抗倒伏能力。  相似文献   

4.
Use of ornamental plants for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soil is a new option. A pot experiment was carried out to assess the effect of application of amendments, i.e., swine manure, salicylic acid (SA) and potassium chloride (KCl), on the growth, uptake and translocation of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) of ornamental sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown on a contaminated soil. The three amendments increased sunflower height, flower diameter, and biomass. Manure significantly decreased Cd and Zn concentrations in sunflower, and thus decreased the bioaccumulation coeffcient (BCF) of Cd and Zn. However, using of KCl markedly increased Cd concentrations in sunflower and the BCF of Cd. Additionally, both swine manure and KCl application increased Cd and Zn translocation from root to aboveground part. Swine manure and salicylic acid reduced the Cd/Zn ratios in flower of sunflower, while KCl significantly increased the Cd/Zn ratios. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the Cd/Zn ratio in the root of sunflower was affected by K/Na ratio in root and soil available potassium (K) concentration. Ornamental sunflower could be grown as an alternative plant in the Cd- and Zn-contaminated soil with KCl application to get the balance between environmental and economic interests.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

The effect of salinity on the growth and yield of tomato plants and mineral composition of tomato leaves was studied. Five tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cultivars, Pearson, Strain B, Montecarlo, Tropic, and Marikit, were grown in sand nutrient culture. The nutrient solutions applied consisted of a modified half‐strength Hoagland solution with 50 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), 3 mM potassium sulphate (K2SO4), 1.5 mM orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4), and 10 mM calcium sulphate (CaSO4). Stem height and number of leaves of tomato plants were not found to be significantly different but leaf and stem dry weight were reduced significantly in plants irrigated with saline nutrient solution in contrast with control plants. The total yield was reduced in plants that received saline treatments, but there was no significant difference in fruit number and fruit set percentage. The fruit electrical conductivity and total soluble solids were increased in plants irrigated with saline nutrient solution. Fruit pH was not found to be significantly different among salinity treatments. Mineral composition of tomato leaves were increased by addition of potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) to the saline nutrient solution. The addition of K to the solution resulted in an increase in sodium (Na) leaf content. The amounts of K and magnesium (Mg) were not significantly different among salinity treatments. Calcium content was increased when CaSO4 was added. Application of H3PO4 resulted in the highest amount of P in tomato leaves under saline conditions. The present study revealed that application of K, P, and Ca under saline conditions improved fruit electrical conductivity and total soluble solids. Sufficiency levels of the mineral nutrients K and P were obtained in tomato leaves when the appropriate nutrient was used in the saline solution.  相似文献   

6.
Plant mineral nutrient element status is an important factor influencing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth, development, metabolism, and yield. A field study was conducted to determine changes in mineral nutrient element concentrations in leaves, bracts, and floral buds of field‐grown cotton plants during development of squares (floral bud with three bracts) as affected by fruiting position within the plant canopy. During square ontogeny, the nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) concentrations of sympodial leaves and floral bracts decreased, whereas the calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) increased, and sulfur (S) concentration exhibited little change (leaves) or increased (bracts) with increasing square age. The N, P, Ca, and S concentrations in floral buds declined synchronously; K and Mg concentrations showed an increasing trend within the first 20 days, peaked at about 25‐day square age, and then sharply decreased three to five days before flowering. During square development, the effect of main‐stem node (MSN) and sympodial branch fruiting position in the plant canopy on mineral nutrient element concentrations of bracts was greater than on those of floral buds. Differences in the mineral nutrient element concentrations existed among the sympodial leaves, bracts, and floral buds. This study provides the patterns of mineral nutrient element concentrations in these plant tissues during the square development phase in relation to MSNs and branch fruiting positions in the cotton plant canopy.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of vermicompost (V) and phosphate rock (PR) on blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.) plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe (AMF). Plant growth parameters, total phenol compounds and total flavonoids were evaluated on leaves. Anthocyanin contents, soluble solids (SS), pH, titratable acidity (TA) and SS/TA ratio was evaluated in blackberries fruits. Blackberry plants were obtained from cuttings from field plants, which were distributed in soil according to a randomized complete block design with three repetitions. Treatments were vermicompost (10?g plant?1), phosphate rock (1?g plant?1), Glomus mosseae (AMF), (1?g plant?1), PR + AMF, V + PR, V +AMF, V + PR+ AMF and control without any amended. Plant height and stem diameter were measured five months after treatments, while total phenols and total flavonoids in leaves were evaluated eight months later. Anthocyanins, SS, pH, and TA were determined in blackberry fruits ten months after. Plant height was not statistically affected (p≤0.05), although total phenol compounds were higher (21.1?mg g?1 dry plant) in the V+PR+AMF treatment, whereas the V + AMF treatment produced more dry plant total flavonoids (1.4?mg g?1), compared with control plants. Blackberries produced with the vermicompost treatment had more anthocyanins (9.54?mg g?1) than control plants. Soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity were not statistically (p≤0.05) affected by any treatment.  相似文献   

8.
Breeding of turf bermudagrass (Cynodon (L.) Rich.) has made available a broad range of turf varieties with unique morphological and growth traits. Rapid establishment is necessary in order to provide the performance of a mature turf cover in the shortest time possible. The aims of the research were: (1) to determine variation of growth, morphological and biomass traits in bermudagrass accessions belonging to different phenotypic groups during establishment and (2) to relate such variations to establishment speed in order to assess whether contrasting phenotypic traits could induce different establishment patterns in bermudagrass or if a general establishment predictor can be identified for cultivars and ecotypes belonging to the same taxon. Plant material included 44 accessions of bermudagrasses that were grouped in ‘Wild’, ‘Improved’ ‘Hybrid’ and ‘Dwarf types’. Single spaced plants were transplanted in field plots in two locations in Italy (Pisa and Palermo) and allowed to establish without mowing. The following traits were determined: stolon growth rate, internode length, internode diameter and internode volume, phytomer dry weight, leaf width, colour, seed head production, above ground dry biomass, shoot density, horizontal stem density and node density. Establishment speed of accessions was also determined. Stolon growth rate was found to be the only parameter strongly correlated to establishment speed across all entries and for each of the phenotypic groups. Based on these results, stolon growth rate could be assumed as a good predictor of establishment speed for cultivars and ecotypes belonging to the Cynodon genus.  相似文献   

9.
The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of vermicompost, vermiwash, and phosphate rock on plant, total phenols, flavonoids, and anti-oxidant activity in Piper auritum Kunth leaves. P. auritum plants were obtained from cuttings and were planted according to the Box-Behnken experimental design with three repetitions at the central point. The factors and levels were vermicompost (10, 20, and 30 g plant?1), vermiwash (5, 10, and 15 mL plant?1), and phosphate rock (1, 2, and 3 g plant?1). Plant growth parameters (plant height, stem diameter, leaves number) and chlorophyll content were measured 1 month after treatment applications. Total phenols, total flavonoids, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging activity was measured after 4 months. Vermicompost, vermiwash, and phosphate rock had no statistically significant effect on plant growth. Plant height, stem diameter, leaves number, chlorophyll, innermost number, fresh weight stem, fresh weight leaves, fresh weight root, dry weight stem, dry weight leaves, and dry weight root were not different among treatments. Total phenolic compounds were statistically affected for both vermiwash and phosphoric rock (p < 0.05) and the anti-oxidant activity decreased by vermicompost addition. The application of 15 mL plant?1 vermiwash, 1 g phosphate rock, and 20 g vermicompost plant?1 increased the total phenol content.  相似文献   

10.
The effects of carbon (C) levels on growth, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and nutrient partitioning on five kenaf varieties were investigated. Kenaf plants were grown in pots containing sandy beach ridges interspersed with swales (BRIS) soil. Organic carbon at levels of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 t ha?1, were applied to the pots. The results showed that plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis rate increased with an increase in carbon levels up to 20 t ha?1but decreased with additional increase in carbon levels. The proportion of nitrogen in leaves was minimum at 0 and maximum at 20 t ha?1carbon levels. In stem and roots, proportion of nitrogen (N) decreased after 10 t ha?1carbon, while in leaves phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) increased after 20 t ha?1. Variety HC2 showed maximum N, P, and K in leaves and total nutrient content.  相似文献   

11.
A study was made of the effects of soil salinity on dry matter production, grain yield, and the uptake, distribution and redistribution of mineral nutrients in irrigated grain sorghum. Soil salinity (EC, 3.6 mS/cm) reduced seedling establishment by 77%, and dry matter and grain yields per plant by 32%; grain yield/ha was reduced by 84%. Salinity reduced grain number per head, but not individual grain size. The accumulation of dry matter and most nutrients was reduced by salinity, but the distribution and redistribution of nutrients within the plant were largely unaffected. Redistributed dry matter provided 52 and 31% of the grain dry matter for control and salt‐affected plants, respectively. Salt‐affected plants had a greater proportion of their sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and chloride (Cl) in stems and leaves than control plants at maturity. Grain had 50–90% of the nitrogen <N), phosphorus (P), S, and Mg, 20–50% of the potassium (K), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), but < 20% of the calcium (Ca), Na, Cl, and iron (Fe) contents of the whole plant. Over 65% of the N and P, and from 20 to 30% of the K, S, Mg, Cu, and Zn was redistributed from the stem and leaves to grain. There was no redistribution of Ca, Na, Cl, Fe, and Mn. Leaves were more important than the stem as a source of redistributed N, but the leaves and stem were equally important as sources of redistributed P, K, S, Mg, and Cu. Redistribution from the stem and leaves provided 80% of the K and 20–50% of the N, P, S, Mg, Zn, and Cu accumulated by grain. Concentrations of Na, and especially Cl, were high in vegetative organs of salt‐affected plants, but not in grain. It was concluded that although moderate salinity was detrimental to the establishment and yield of grain sorghum, it had little effect on patterns of distribution and extents of redistribution of mineral nutrients.  相似文献   

12.
种植密度对川中丘陵夏玉米茎秆性状及产量的影响   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7  
以玉米品种‘正红505’为材料,设置4.50万株·hm~(-2)、5.25万株·hm~(-2)、6.00万株·hm~(-2)、6.75万株·hm~(-2)、7.50万株·hm~(-2) 5个密度处理,研究种植密度对川中丘陵夏玉米茎秆性状及产量的影响。结果表明:随种植密度的增加,株高、穗位高、节间长、茎节长粗比逐渐增加,茎粗、茎粗系数、节间干重、单位茎长干物质重、茎秆压碎强度和外皮穿刺强度逐渐减小,除穗位高外,其余各性状均存在显著性差异;其中,当种植密度增加到7.50万株·hm~(-2)时,第1、3、5茎节的外皮穿刺强度分别较4.50万株·hm~(-2)显著降低27.10%、22.78%和30.80%。在本试验设置的密度范围内,玉米产量随密度的增加而先增后减,在6.00万株·hm~(-2)处获得最大值,与4.50万株·hm~(-2)相比,6.00万株·hm~(-2)显著增产12.02%。随种植密度增加,玉米穗长、穗粗、成穗率、穗粒数和千粒重显著降低,有效穗数和秃尖长显著增加。相关分析表明,茎秆压碎强度与外皮穿刺强度呈极显著正相关(r=0.93**),且茎秆压碎强度和外皮穿刺强度分别与茎粗、茎粗系数、节间粗、节间干重和单位茎长干物质重呈显著或极显著正相关,而与株高、节间长和茎节长粗比呈负相关或极显著负相关。其中,茎秆农艺性状与茎秆压碎强度的相关性更好。单株产量与茎粗、茎粗系数、节间粗、节间干重、单位茎长干物质重、茎秆压碎强度和外皮穿刺强度呈显著或极显著正相关,与节间长和茎节长粗比呈显著负相关。逐步回归分析表明,茎粗系数和单位茎长干物质重对茎秆压碎强度的影响最大。综上所述,种植密度是影响玉米茎秆性状和产量的重要因素,适当增加种植密度可以显著增加玉米群体产量,茎粗系数和单位茎长干物质重可以作为评价玉米茎秆抗倒伏能力的重要农艺指标。  相似文献   

13.
Safflower may have a certain production potential under German conditions, particularly in organic farming where the putatively low nutrient requirement is highly welcomed. However, current knowledge regarding the nutrient requirements of safflower as compared to similar oil crops is limited. It was thus the aim of this study to determine the growth and yield response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as compared to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) with respect to potassium (K) supply. Three safflower and two sunflower plants were cultivated in 5 L Mitscherlich pots. Both species responded strongly to increasing K supply with respect to plant growth and yield. Growth and yield of safflower increased up to 1 g K per pot, while the optimum for sunflower was 3.0 g K per pot. Safflower out‐yielded sunflower at low K supply, while at high K level, the opposite was observed. Supply of K affected virtually all yield components in both species, though to different degree. The number of capitula in safflower was only slightly affected, and the number of achenes per capitulum was only reduced under severe K deficiency, while single‐achene mass increased with increasing K supply. In sunflower, the number of achenes per capitulum strongly responded to the K supply, as did the single‐achene mass. Oil yield in safflower was affected by K deficiency mainly due to reduced achene yield, not oil concentration. However, oil yield in sunflower was severely affected by low K supply due to both reduced achene yield and lowered oil concentration. Multiple‐regression analyses indicate that in sunflower, the stem dry matter (DM) and the total amount of K accumulated in the aboveground biomass were most important, while in safflower the total amount of K and N accumulated had the highest impact. It is concluded that sunflower is more sensitive to inadequate K supply than safflower.  相似文献   

14.
Due to the high levels of crude protein in the achene, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the main oilseeds grown worldwide, particularly for the oil and meal production for animal feed. Despite these advantages, there are few studies on nutrient use efficiency under tropical conditions, especially nitrogen (N). The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effects of N sources and rates on sunflower achene yield (AY), yield and physiological components, and nutritional status of sunflower. The five N sources (calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), potassium nitrate (KNO3), ammonium nitrate (NO3NH4), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), and urea (CO(NH2)2)), and four N rates (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg?1) were studied. AY was reduced with the ammonia sources application from the 100 mg N kg?1. Plant height and capitulum dry weight (CDW), capitulum diameter, shoot dry weight (SDW), and chlorophyll content were significantly related with N sources and rates. Except for potassium (K), the N rates changed the N, P, Ca, Mg, and S concentration in the leaves and N concentration in achene. In the comparison of sources, on the average of N rates, urea application was more effective than the other N fertilizers in the AY.  相似文献   

15.
Growth stage effects on distribution of mineral nutrients or beneficial elements phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), chloride (Cl), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), sodium (Na), silicon (Si) and nickel (Ni), and the elements bromine (Br), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), and uranium (U) in two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars and how the distribution of these elements changed were determined during the 2006–2007 growing season in a field experiment. Barley plants were sampled from the field at shooting, heading, soft dough, hard dough and harvest stages, and mineral nutrients and other elements concentrations of spike, flag leaf, old leaf, and stem samples were determined by polarized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (PEDXRF). Distribution patterns varied considerably from element to element. At the end of the season much of the Ca, Mg, S, Si, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Sr, Ba, La, Ce, and U were located in the spikes. However, much of the P, K, Zn, Cl, Na, Br, and Rb remained in the old leaves or stem.  相似文献   

16.
采用植物化感作用与诱捕作物消除列当土壤种子库   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
研究证明化感作用需要满足如下4个方面:1)供体植物释放化感物质使得受体植物受到连续和定量的影响;2)能从供体植物中分离、鉴定得到化感物质,而且这些化感物质无论是在室内还是在田间,都能对在自然生态系统中邻近的伴生植物产生效应;3)供体植物产生和释放的化感物质在自然条件下能以足够的浓度到达邻近受体植物;4)以足够生物活性到达受体植物的化感物质能够被吸收并能够影响受体植物的生理生化过程,而且这种影响必须排除受体植物的生长发育不是由于竞争、动物侵害、病菌感染以及物理环境等非化感因素产生的影响。列当是列当科(Orobanchaceae)列当属(Orobanche)的根寄生植物,是一种寄生于其他植物根部的全寄生植物。全世界已发现100种列当属根寄生植物,在我国危害较为严重的是向日葵列当(O.cumana)和瓜列当(O.aegyptiace)。向日葵列当主要分布在陕西北部、河北、新疆、山西、内蒙古及东北三省,主要危害向日葵。瓜列当主要分布在新疆,危害瓜类、番茄、马铃薯。列当杂草的种子体积小、重量轻(3~6μg),而且每株植物可以生产大量种子。这些种子数量巨大且在土壤中可以保持生存力长达15~20年以上。成熟后的列当种子需要经过一段时间的后熟过程,完成后熟的列当种子在发芽之前需要1~2周时间在一定的温度和湿度条件下进行预培养,预培养后的列当种子还必须从寄主那里获得一个化学物质才能发芽,在自然条件下这种发芽刺激物质是由寄主或非寄主植物的幼根分泌提供的。获得该物质后,列当种子的"发芽管"可在数日内长出种皮,之后在吸器诱导物质的作用下很快形成吸器,与寄主根吸附并穿入根内后与寄主根的木质部形成联结,从寄主植物那里竞争性地夺取水分、养分及生长激素。由于列当属植物是根寄生杂草,在没有长出地面之前,它已经给作物造成严重的伤害,所以不易控制,有效的途径是尽量减少土壤中的列当种子含量。诱捕作物是指该作物的根系能够分泌列当属植物种子发芽的刺激物质,但是又不会被列当正常寄生,诱捕作物本身可以进行正常收获。由于列当属植物种子的生命只有一次,发芽后不能寄生就会死亡,这种发芽又称之为"自杀发芽",如此可以在列当找不到寄主之前死亡,从而大大降低土壤中列当的种子库。本文介绍了作者项目组从事采用化感作用与诱捕作物(小麦、玉米、棉花、大豆等)消除列当土壤种子库最新研究进展。  相似文献   

17.
To explore the possibility that saline wastewaters may be used to grow commercially acceptable floriculture crops, a study was initiated to determine the effects of salinity on two pollen-free cultivars of ornamental sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). ‘Moonbright’ and ‘Sunbeam’ were grown in greenhouse sand cultures irrigated with waters prepared to simulate wastewaters commonly present in two inland valley regions of California: 1) San Joaquin Valley (SJV) where saline-sodic drainage waters are dominated by sodium (Na+) and sulfate (SO 2? 4 ) and 2) Coachella Valley (CV) where major ions in tailwaters are Na+, chloride (Cl?), SO 2? 4 , magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), predominating in that order. Ten-day-old seedlings were subjected to five salinity treatments of each water composition, each replicated three times. Electrical conductivities (EC) of the irrigation waters were 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 dS·m?1. Flowering stems were harvested when about 75% of the ray flowers were nearly horizontal. Stem length and fresh weight, flower and stem diameter were measured. Mineral ion concentrations in upper and lower stems, upper and lower leaves were determined. Sodium was excluded from the young tissues in the upper portions of the shoot and retained in the basal stem tissue. Inasmuch as sunflower is also a strong potassium (K)-accumulator, K+/Na+ selectivity coefficients were unusually high in the younger shoot organs. Despite a five-fold increase in substrate Ca2+ in both solutions, shoot-Ca decreased as salinity increased and this cation was retained in the older leaves. A few of the lower leaves of plants irrigated with ICV waters at EC = 10 dS·m?1 and higher, exhibited necrotic margins which were undoubtedly caused by high concentrations of Cl? in the tissues. Flowering stems produced in all treatments met florist quality standards in terms of diameters for stems (0.5 to 1.5 cm) and blooms (8 to 15 cm). Across treatments, stem lengths ranged from 60 to 175 cm. Both ornamental sunflower cultivars proved to be good candidates for production of marketable flowering stems using moderately saline wastewaters.  相似文献   

18.
The present study investigated the induced drought tolerance in sunflower through foliar application of potassium (K) at critical growth stages (head formation or achene filling). Five genotypes of sunflower (G-101, SF-187, Hysun-33, Hysun-38, and 64-A-93) were tested for drought tolerance at ?0.55, ?1.36, and ?1.60 MPa osmotic potential using polyethylene glycol 6000. Hysun-33 showed the highest stress tolerance index as calculated from germination percentage, seedling height, root length, and dry matter. This genotype was further evaluated in the field under drought at head formation or achene filling stages, with or without 1% K foliar application. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Drought at head formation or achene filling stage significantly decreased biological yield, head diameter, plant height, 1000 achene weight, and achene yield as compared to unstressed control. Potassium application significantly improved all the aforementioned parameters and therefore could be a better strategy for ameliorating drought stress in sunflower.  相似文献   

19.
The number of native species growing at all altitudes on Mt. Daisen, which is the highest mountain in the Chugoku District of Japan, is seven. Since soil physical and chemical properties and climate vary due to differences of elevation and habitat, it is logical to assume that they have an adaptive strategy to cope with such changes in the environment. To understand the growth strategy in these species, in the period from July 26 to October 17, 2007, leaves of six herbaceous species (Athyrium vidalii (Fr. et Sav.) Nakai, Carex foliosissima Fr. Schm., Aruncus dioicus (Walt.) Fern., Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc., Artemisia princeps Pamp., and Plantago asiatica L.) were sampled at the different altitudes [Site A; 850?m, Site B; 1200?m, Site C; 1500?m above sea level (a.s.l.)] and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations were determined. Soil chemical properties at sampling day and air and soil temperature during sampling periods at each site were also measured. As a result, we could classify adaptive strategies to the environment for those six species into three types. Type I: mineral accumulation in leaves depends on the habitat and is affected by growing environment with the exception of soil mineral concentration (Pteridophyta, A. vidalii). Type II: mineral accumulation in leaves hardly depends on the habitat and the autonomy of mineral absorption is high, although Ca and Mg concentrations in leaves are affected by soil mineral concentrations and cumulative air temperature (Magnoliophyta, monocotyledon, C. foliosissima). Type III: mineral accumulation in leaves strongly depends on the habitat and soil N concentration, but is also affected by the growing environment, and the autonomy of mineral absorption is weak (Magnoliophyta, dicotyledon, A. dioicus, P. cuspidatum, A. princeps, and P. asiatica).  相似文献   

20.
ABSTRACT

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the effects of salinization of soil on emergence, seedling growth, and mineral accumulation of Prosopis cineraria (Linn.) Druce (Mimosaceae). A mixture of chlorides and sulfates of sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) was added to the soil and salinity was maintained at 5.1, 7.2, 9.3, 11.5, and 13.3 dS m?1. A negative relationship between seedling emergence and salt concentration was obtained. Seedlings did not emerge when soil salinity exceeded 11.5 dS m?1. Results suggested that this tree species is salt tolerant at seed germination and seedling stages. Elongation of stem and root was retarded by increasing salt stress. Young roots and stem were most tolerant to salt stress, followed by old roots and leaves. Leaf tissue exhibited maximum reduction in dry-mass production in response to increasing salt stress. However, production of young roots and death of old roots were found to be continuous and plants apparently use this process as an avoidance mechanism to remove excess ions and delay onset of ion accumulation in this tissue. Plants accumulated Na in roots and were able to regulate transfer of Na ions to leaves. Stem tissues were a barrier for translocation of Na from root to leaf. Moreover, K decreased in root tissues with increased salinization. Nitrogen (N) content significantly (P < 0.01) decreased in all tissues (leaf, stem, and root) in response to low water treatment and salinization of soil. Phosphorus (P) content significantly (P < 0.01) decreased while Ca increased in leaves as soil salinity increased. Changes in elements-accumulation patterns and the possible mechanisms for avoidance of Na toxicity in tissues and organism level are discussed.  相似文献   

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