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以肉豆蔻酸(十四酸)和异丙醇为原料,经酯化反应合成肉豆蔻酸异丙酯.选择催化剂,考察不同物料配比、催化剂用量、不同反应温度、时间等因素对产物中酯含量影响,确定了适宜的工艺条件:肉豆蔻酸与异丙醇的摩尔比为1∶5,催化剂用量4%(以肉豆蔻酸的质量计),反应温度(84±1)℃,反应时间6 h,产物中酯含量81.5%.同时测定了产品的主要性能指标,与文献值基本相符. 相似文献
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采用普通热溶剂法和微波加热法将SalenMnCl成功负载于NaY分子筛的超笼中,通过FT-IR、XRD、TG和比表面分析方法对催化剂进行了表征。以此负载型催化剂催化低浓度过氧乙酸氧化α-蒎烯制备α-环氧蒎烷,比较了2种方法制备的催化剂性能,然后用响应曲面法探索最佳反应条件,并在该条件下研究负载型催化剂循环使用情况。结果表明,2种方法制备的分子筛负载型SalenMnCl催化剂均可催化α-蒎烯环氧化反应,且催化效果微波法优于普通热溶剂法。微波法制备的SalenMnCl/Y-MW催化剂催化反应的最优条件为:过氧乙酸与α-蒎烯物质的量之比值为1.43,反应温度为10℃,反应时间为3.75 h,在此条件下产物产率达91.60%。同时,该负载型催化剂重复使用5次,产物产率仍达76%以上,其具有较好的稳定性,可循环利用。 相似文献
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萜烯酚醛树脂新的合成工艺。通过实验室试验,确定了较为理想的lewis酸催化剂体系,并确定了较佳的工艺条件。以水为介质,催化剂用量为1.5～1.8%,使酚、醛、萜烯的摩尔比为1∶0.7～0.8∶1.3～1.6之间,在95～210℃下进行缩合、烃化反应,反应时间330～360分钟,反应结束后蒸馏出少量未反应组份,可得到淡黄至黄色树脂,固体树脂得率≥90%,(按理论产量计算),树脂的软化点≥80℃。 相似文献
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以核桃壳粉(WSPs)为载体,采用还原沉淀法制备了WSPs负载的铜催化剂(WSPs-Cu),采用红外(FT-IR)、热重分析(TGA)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电镜结合X射线能谱(SEM/EDS)等对WSPs-Cu进行表征,结果表明:成功制备出Cu较均匀分布在WSPs表面的WSPs-Cu催化剂,WSPs-Cu的含铜量为3.386%,同时WSPs-Cu在100～200℃范围内具有较好的热稳定性。以WSPs-Cu为异相催化剂,催化苯甲酰氯及其衍生物与苯乙炔之间的偶联反应,制备出炔酮类化合物,结果表明:在无溶剂的条件下,以三乙胺为缚酸剂,微波辐射以及40℃下反应30 min,WSPs-Cu催化合成了5种炔酮化合物(产率61%～90%)。WSPs-Cu循环使用5次后仍保留较高活性,催化合成产物的产率为79%。将模型反应由微量放大到常量,投料量为80 mmol时,WSPs-Cu催化合成炔酮的产率可达到82%。 相似文献
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固体超强酸SO2-4 /TiO2在α-蒎烯合成紫苏葶中的应用研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
筛选出了用α -蒎烯三步法合成制紫苏葶的一种新型催化剂SO2-4/TiO2型固体超强酸,得到催化剂制备的最适工艺条件为:硫酸浓度0.5mol/L、催化剂焙烧温度300℃、焙烧时间3h.用上述条件制备的催化剂催化桃金娘烯醛异构化制紫苏醛,得到最适工艺条件为:反应温度400℃、反应压力28kPa、空气流速12h-1.桃金娘烯醛的最高转化率达87.45%,紫苏醛的收率达41.29%,三步反应总转化率为33.49%.用IR、程序升温脱附(TPD)和BET比表面积对催化剂进行了表征,并将催化剂特性与它们的催化性能相关联.实验结果表明:SO2-4/TiO2固体超强酸催化剂表面形成螯合配位;该催化剂的活性随其比表面积和总酸量的增加而增大. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献