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1.
For 16 years a bucket-type trap known as the Sensus fruit fly trap has been used to monitor three fruit fly pest species Ceratitis capitata, Ceratitis rosa and Ceratitis cosyra in South African fruit industries. The relative efficiencies of lures sold for monitoring fruit flies with the Sensus trap in South Africa were determined in field experiments where laboratory-reared C. capitata, C. rosa and C. cosyra were released in a mango orchard within a few metres of Sensus traps containing either Capilure (trimedlure or tert-butyl 4 (or 5) -chloro-2-methylcyclohexane carboxylate), Ceratitislure (protein hydrolysate plus β-caryophyllene) or Questlure (protein hydrolysate plus plant extracts). When using 12-day-old flies, Capilure caught 3 times more C. capitata males than C. rosa males and this difference was more extreme when 3-day-old flies were released. Ceratitislure caught significantly more 12-day-old C. cosyra males than 12-day-old C. capitata males, but the difference was reversed when 3-day-old flies were compared. Questlure showed the least differences between species and age but recovered the lowest proportion of released species. Further comparisons were conducted in an orchard with wild flies using other known attractants in larger yellow Probodelt bucket traps. Capilure caught more male C. capitata than BioLure Fruit Fly 3-component, but BioLure 2-component (trimethylamine and ammonium acetate) was more effective than Questlure for C. capitata females. The 3-component lure was also more effective than both Capilure and Questlure for male and female C. rosa, respectively. Ceratitislure was the most effective lure for male C. cosyra flies and BioLure 3-component was more effective than Ceratitislure and Questlure for female C. cosyra flies. The intervention threshold of 4 flies/trap/week previously used in citrus with Capilure for C. rosa was lowered to 2 C. rosa/trap/week when using the Sensus trap due to the lower sensitivity of this trap-lure combination found for C. rosa in this study. The 3-component lure, or the 2-component combination of trimethylamine and ammonium acetate in a ratio of 1:8 in the Sensus trap capsule, would be more effective for both sexes of all three Ceratitis species than the Questlure that is currently being used.  相似文献   

2.
Attractants and pheromones are commonly used in integrated pest management programs in crop systems. However, pheromone dispensers employed in monitoring traps and lure and kill devices are not usually well studied and attractants are released at uncontrolled rates leading to low treatment efficacies and misleading monitoring estimations. Fruit flies are pests of economic importance and monitoring is essential in order to program insecticidal treatments. Moreover, lure and kill techniques are being increasingly used, but the cost of these techniques depends on the number of required traps and, therefore, on the efficacy of the attractants. Ceratitis capitata and Bactrocera oleae are the two main fruit flies in Mediterranean countries, and the effect of different doses of trimedlure and spiroacetal on fly attraction has been studied. Results showed that a release rate over 1.28 mg/day of spiroacetal reduces B. oleae attraction and emission values over 2.4 mg of trimedlure per day did not increase C. capitata catches. Under the environmental conditions of our study, an optimum release rate for pheromone attraction in B. oleae was determined. Emission values over this optimum level reduced B. oleae attraction. However, when a parapheromone was used with C. capitata, a fruit fly of the same family, the optimum emission value was not found and higher quantities of parapheromone attracted the same number of flies. The saturation effect of high concentrations of pheromone and parapheromone is discussed.  相似文献   

3.
The Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most harmful pests of mango causing direct damage by oviposition on the fruit pulp. Mango for export is subjected to hydrothermal treatment as a quarantine method for the control of this pest, but exposure to heat for long periods of time reduces considerably the quality and shelf-life of treated fruit. The aim of this work was to study morphological changes of third-instar larvae and adults of A. ludens after in vitro exposure to high temperature at sublethal times. A heating block system was used to expose larvae at 46.1°C for 19.6 and 12.9 min, producing 94.6 and 70% mortality, respectively. Treated larvae were processed for optical microscopy. A fraction of surviving treated larvae was separated into containers with artificial diet to allow development into adults. Adult sexual organs were dissected and processed for transmission electron microscopy analysis. Results showed that 94.6% of the treated larvae died at 46.1°C for 19.6 min and none of the surviving larvae eclosed to adulthood, as they developed as malformed puparia. For the in vitro treatment at 46.1°C during 12.9 min, 70% of the treated larvae died and only 3.75% reached the adult stage, but ultrastructural damage in the male testes and in the female ovaries was observed. Additionally, 11.1% of the adult flies from the in vitro treatment also showed wing malformation and were incapable of flying. The analysis showed that surviving flies were unable to reproduce.  相似文献   

4.
酚抽法已经逐渐成为植物蛋白质组研究中通用的蛋白质提取方法,但在各种改进酚抽法中,应用到的沉淀试剂各不相同,致使蛋白沉淀得率、纯度和沉淀时间也各异,本研究以热带植物橡胶树叶片、胶乳和海马齿叶片为研究材料,在过饱和硫酸铵甲醇溶液、醋酸氨甲醇溶液和丙酮溶液沉淀剂下对比蛋白提取的效果,通过单向电泳检测、胶图质量分析、质谱鉴定、蛋白沉淀时间和得率比较,发现3种沉淀剂提取的蛋白样品1-DE图谱显示的蛋白条带数量均较多,但醋酸铵沉淀法提取蛋白图谱有条纹不清晰现象。得出结论：丙酮沉淀法对橡胶树叶片和胶乳蛋白质的提取率较高,硫酸铵沉淀法对海马齿叶片蛋白质提取率较高。过饱和硫酸铵甲醇溶液和丙酮沉淀剂提取的蛋白质质量较高,所得蛋白图谱背景清晰,质谱鉴定蛋白质信息量大。研究结果可优化提取高质量植物蛋白质的方法,并有望为顽拗类植物蛋白质组学研究提供参考。  相似文献   

5.
Experiments were conducted to determine ifDrosophila melanogaster Meig. was differentially attracted to decaying potato tissue infected withErwinia carotovora var.carotovora as compared toE. C. var.atroseptica because these insects transmit each bacterium at a different rate in nature. The results of olfactometer tests demonstrated that potato tissue infected with the two varieties of the organism do not differ in their attractiveness toD. melanogaster; also, that attraction of these flies to healthy potato tissue was not significantly different than the attraction to infected tissue.  相似文献   

6.
Control of western cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis indifferens Curran) using thiamethoxam in sucrose bait (sucrose only) and spinosad bait (GF-120, spinosad in a mix of sugar, protein, ammonium acetate, and other ingredients) in cherry orchards with external fly pressure and the residual activity of these baits were studied in Washington state and Utah, U.S.A., in 2010 and 2011. Thiamethoxam baits applied weekly controlled larval infestations better than spinosad bait applied weekly in one of four trials and did not differ from spinosad bait applied weekly in the remaining trials. Thiamethoxam baits applied every two weeks controlled larval infestations better than spinosad bait applied every two weeks in two of three trials, and did not differ statistically from spinosad bait applied weekly. Thiamethoxam bait that was aged on sweet cherry leaves in the field for 0, 7, 14, and 21 days killed flies more rapidly than spinosad bait that was aged for the same periods and reduced oviposition more than spinosad bait in the laboratory. Thiamethoxam bait retained activity up to 21 days of aging whereas spinosad bait lost activity after 14 or 21 days of aging. Results suggest that when there is external fly pressure, the potentiality of thiamethoxam bait to kill mature R. indifferens more rapidly than spinosad bait may not always translate to better fly control. However, when sprays are applied every two weeks, the longer residual activity of thiamethoxam than spinosad bait does appear to translate to better fly control. This study presents thiamethoxam with sucrose as a new option for an effective bait spray against R. indifferens.  相似文献   

7.
套种不同牧草的果园土壤对铵的吸附特性研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
以套种不同牧草的果园土壤为研究对象,通过室内等温吸附实验,分析比较了各个处理对氨态氮的吸附特性,并将结果用不同的数学模型拟合进行分析.结果表明:当土壤的氨浓度超过一临界值时,其对氨离子的吸附量会出现明显上升,而在此临界值以下则变化不明显；套种不同牧草可不同程度地提高土壤的铵吸附能力,具体表现为圆叶决明＞百喜草＞平托花生＞宽叶雀稗＞CK(自然生日本草)；各处理土壤铵等温吸附与多项式拟合效果最佳,与Freundlich、Temkin方程拟合达显著水平,Langmuir方程的拟合结果较差.  相似文献   

8.
Protein-based food attractants are used in Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae) management for monitoring populations, estimating the time of bait sprays and for Mass Trapping. McPhail traps loaded with two trophical attractant solutions (two formulations of hydrolysed proteins equal to 55% and 75% w/w) at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8% concentrations were tested for their attractiveness, which was indicated by the captures of flies in McPhail traps during two periods in successive summers. The results indicated that lower concentrations than the 2% concentration recommended for both tested proteins (highest captures of 31.4 olive fruit flies/trap/week were recorded at 1% for protein equal to 55% and 28.5 at 0.5% for protein equal to 75%) were also attractive to olive fruit flies, whereas 8% was the least attractive concentration for both attractants (18.7 and 9.9 olive fruit fly/trap/week respectively). In addition, the 2% attractant concentration for both proteins was evaluated for attractiveness over time compared with ammonium sulphate; three-day-old solution of the protein equal to 75% was significantly more attractive to flies (at least twice) than 7-, 10-, 14-, 17-, 20- or 24-day-old solutions while the 7-day-old solution of the protein equal to 55% did not display differences compared with other solution ages. The attractiveness of ammonium sulphate weakened as time passed (below 5 olive fruit flies/trap/week). On the other hand, olive stems sprayed with the tested proteins under field conditions attracted approximately 0.6–1.0 adults per day, as indicated by captures in yellow sticky panels, with the highest number of flies recorded on the first day (0.9–1.4 adults). Finally, changes of pH values of these trophical attractants after dilution to the water are also reported.  相似文献   

9.
Three experiments were carried out in 1983-85 to compare split dressings of ammonium nitrate and urea with a single injection of aqueous ammonia for seasonal and total annual dry matter (DM) production. Total annual fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied was 360 kg ha1 for a six-cut management. The solid fertilizers were applied in spring at different dates for the first cut and then after cuts 1 —4in the pattern 90,90,60,60,60 kg N ha1. A winter injection of aqueous ammonia in the first year was replaced thereafter by early and late spring injections, the latter at 300 kg N ha1 with 60 kg N ha 1 as ammonium nitrate. Injection was to a depth of 100 mm at 30 cm spacing using a commercial applicator. The experiments were carried out on farms in a low rainfall area; the soils were sandy loams. Urea gave 3% less total DM production than ammonium nitrate (0middot;32±0middot;153 t ha-1) and produced on average 7% less DM in the spring, and 12% less in dry conditions in early autumn of 1984. Lower production was associated with reduced uptake of N, which occurred at most cuts. From these experiments it is concluded that urea can be a suitable alternative to ammonium nitrate, and when used in spring must be about 20% cheaper per kg N. The performance of aqueous ammonia was variable. In the dry summer of 1984, when applied in early April with 60 kg N ha-1 as ammonium nitrate it equalled the ammonium nitrate treatment in both spring and total production and was better (P< 0 ?05) in early autumn. In the same year, an early March injection was inferior (P < 0 05) in total DM production to ammonium nitrate. This early injection was also lower, but not significantly (P>005) in 1985, mainly because of lower spring production. A delayed, mid-April injection, plus ammonium nitrate, in 1985, gave even less spring growth and lower total production. A January injection, in 1983, showed poor persistency and is not recommended for sandy loam soils.  相似文献   

10.
The chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis (Hood) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a new invasive pest in the USA, is an economically important pest of certain vegetable, ornamental and fruit crops in southern and eastern Asia, Oceania and parts of Africa. These crops cannot be protected from the pest without resorting to the use of chemical insecticides. In order to forestall or delay the development of insecticide resistance in S. dorsalis, we continued our focus on the discovery of insecticides with different modes of action for rotational use. In this study we evaluated candidate insecticides to control S. dorsalis on ‘Jalapeno’ pepper, Capsicum annuum L.; these materials belong to different IRAC mode of action classes as follows: (i) 4A – neonicotinoids, i.e., imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran, (ii) 5 – spinosyns, i.e., spinosad and spinetoram, (iii) 3A – pyrethroids, i.e., β-cyfluthrin, esfenvalerate, ζ-cypermethrin and λ-cyhalothrin and (iv) 8D – borax mixed together with orange oil and detergents in the TriCon® formulation. In addition we evaluated the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Botanigard®) alone and in combination with the borax formulation at ½ of their usual rates of application. Each of the 3 neonicotinoid insecticides when applied either as a single foliar spray or as a soil drench significantly suppressed both adults and larvae for at least 10 days; indeed imidacloprid did so for 15 days. Dinotefuran was more effective as a foliar spray than as a soil drench. Spinosyns applied as a single foliar spray, significantly suppressed both adults and larvae through 15 days after treatment (DAT). None of the 4 pyrethroids provided significant suppression of either adults or larvae. The borax formulation suppressed adults and larvae through 10 DAT. B. bassiana significantly suppressed only the larvae at 5 DAT and not at 10 DAT. This study brings the number of insecticides known to be effective against S. dorsalis to 10 and these belong to 7 different modes of action classes. The use of such insecticides in rotation belonging to different classes will help delay the development of insecticide resistance in S. dorsalis.  相似文献   

11.
Background odors produced by plants in the environment can interfere with the response of insects to a point-releasing attractant, especially when their compositions overlap. In this study, a series of binary choice tests was conducted in a wind tunnel to investigate whether background odors emitted from cherry, blueberry, blackberry, or raspberry fruits would affect the level of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) attraction to its symbiotic yeast, Hanseniaspora uvarum (Niehaus) (Saccharomycetales: Saccharomycetaceae). Whether an increase in the intensity of background odors would affect the attractiveness of H. uvarum to D. suzukii was also investigated, either by increasing the number of cherry or raspberry fruit per cup or by increasing the number of fruit cups surrounding the cup baited with the yeast. In wind tunnel assays, background fruit odors interfering with D. suzukii attraction to the yeast varied among fruit types. Raspberry odor inhibited the attractiveness of H. uvarum to the fly the most, followed by blackberry odor, whereas cherry and blueberry odors had no significant impact on the attraction. An increase in the intensity of odors by adding more cherry or raspberry fruit per cup did not increase the impact of fruit odor on the attraction; however, adding more raspberry cups around H. uvarum linearly decreased its attractiveness, suggesting that background host fruit abundance and likely increase in host odor may influence D. suzukii attraction to yeast odor depending on host species.  相似文献   

12.
The objective of this study was to determine molecular weight subunit distributions of soy protein isolate (SPI) by SDS-PAGE and gel size exclusion chromatography, and further to investigate the differences of thixotropy, viscosity, in vitro digestibility and immunoreactivity of SPI for infant formula produced in Chinese domestic companies and world famous SPI manufacturers such as Dupont and Fuji. The molecular subunit distributions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and gel size exclusion chromatography, indicating that Solae and Fuji were hydrolyzed by proteolytic enzymes. The thixotropy of Fuji and Solae significantly reduced around by 95 %, compared with those of Mantianxue and Dupont Zhengzhou. The allergen contents of Fuji and Solae strikingly decreased by 60 and 84 % respectively, in contrast to that of Mantianxue. The in vitro protein digestibility of Solae at the end of pepsin and trypsin digestion markedly increased by 11.7 and 11.3 %, respectively, in comparison to those of Mantianxue. Suitable enzymatic hydrolyzed SPIs showed lower thixotropy, viscosity, immunoreactivity and higher in vitro protein digestibility than those from the other SPIs. The lower thixotropy indicates low difficulty or shear stress in swallowing for infants. The lower immunoreactivity will improve the safety of SPI for cow milk allergic babies.  相似文献   

13.
Three species of fruit flies cause serious damage to cucurbit crops on Reunion Island: Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) (Coquillett 1899), Dacus ciliatus (Loew 1901), and Dacus demmerezi (Bezzi 1917). To control them, a program of agroecological management of cucurbit flies has been implemented based on the application of Synéis-appât, especially spot sprays on corn borders. However, the high rainfall on Reunion Island limits the long-term efficiency of the bait; in addition, this method cannot be used for large chayote trellises, because corn borders cannot be planted around them. The aim of this study was to design a bait station adapted to prevailing conditions on Reunion Island. An ‘umbrella trap’ tested in Taiwan was used as a reference to compare its efficacy with our local bait station. Experiments were conducted in field cages on B. cucurbitae to test different characteristics of bait stations and to construct one using local materials. Results were validated in the field. The attractiveness of the bait station was related mainly to the color of the external surface, yellow being the most attractive color. The efficacy of the bait station with respect to fly mortality was found to be linked to the accessibility of the bait, and direct application of Synéis-appât on the bait station was found to be the most efficient. In the field, B. cucurbitae were more attracted to the local bait station than to the umbrella trap, while the two other fly species displayed equal attraction to both trap types. Our local bait station is a useful alternative to spot sprays of Synéis-appât and is now included in a local pest management program and is well accepted by farmers.  相似文献   

14.
N-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC), a cationic quaternary ammonium salt polymer exhibiting good solubility in water, is widely used because of its low toxicity and good biocompatibility. Herein, through ion exchange reaction, we prepared N-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chitosan derivatives bearing amino acid Schiff bases with good biological activities. The accuracy of the structures was verified by FT-IR and 1H NMR. The antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, and scavenging ability of DPPH radical and superoxide radical of HACC derivatives were significantly improved compared with that of HACC. In particular, HACGM (HACC-potassium 2-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino)acetate) and HACGB (HACC-potassium 2-((5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)acetate) showed good inhibitory effect on bacteria and fungi, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Botrytis cinerea, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. The inhibition rate of HACGB on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli could reach 100% at the concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, and the inhibition rate of HACGM and HACGB on Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense could also reach 100% at the concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Improving antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of HACC could provide ideas and experiences for the development and utilization of chitosan derivatives.  相似文献   

15.
A small-scale mashing (SSM) procedure requiring only 300 mg of samples was investigated as a possible method of predicting ethanol yield of sorghum grain. The initial SSM procedure, which was conducted similarly to the mashing step in a traditional fermentation test, hydrolyzed just 38.5–47.2% of total sorghum starch to glucose. The initial procedure was simplified to contain only one liquefaction step, which did not influence subsequent saccharification. Thereafter, parameters such as temperature, pH, enzyme dosage, and saccharification time were optimized. Results showed that 91.2–97.5% of the total starch in 18 sorghum hybrids had been hydrolyzed to glucose using the following conditions: liquefaction at 86 °C for 90 min, 20 μL of α-amylase per 30 g of sample; pH adjustment by adding 50 μL of 2 M acetate buffer at pH 4.2 to each microtube; saccharification at 68 °C for 90 min, 200 μL of amyloglucosidase per 30 g of sample. There were strong linear correlations between completely hydrolyzed starch (CHS) from SSM and ethanol yields from both traditional (R2 = 0.86) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF, R2 = 0.93) procedures. CHS was a better indicator for predicting ethanol yield in fermentation than total starch.  相似文献   

16.
Fruit flies associated with mango trees were monitored in two orchards in Benin using traps baited with methyl eugenol, terpinyl acetate and Torula during 2005–2006. Population fluctuations were analysed with respect to environmental factors including air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall in relation to different mango cultivars. Mangoes were sampled every two weeks during the two crop years, to assess the damage caused by these quarantine pests on ten main cultivars. Three native species of Ceratitis and a recently described new exotic species, Bactrocera invadens made up the complex of economically significant fruit flies associated with the mango tree in Borgou. Ceratitis species occurred during the dry season and the main species, Ceratitis cosyra, reached a peak at the end of the dry season. B. invadens populations were scarce during the dry season, but increased steadily from the end of April to reach a peak at the end of June during the rainy season. Regression analyses indicated that minimum–maximum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall were the major climatic factors influencing fly populations. Daily rainfall was the factor showing the strongest positive correlation with B. invadens populations. Host plant was another essential factor influencing the population fluctuations. Trapping and rearing data indicated that Ceratitis quinaria and Ceratitis silvestrii, were abundant only in the dry season, causing damage only to early cultivars. C. cosyra, also common during the dry season, attacked both early cultivars or mid season cultivars. A consistent population increase of B. invadens in the early rainy season caused considerable damage to mid season and late cultivars. The seasonal increase of the B. invadens population coincided with the fruiting period of the main mango cultivars in this Northern Guinean savannah, but mango availability influenced the population of this new invasive species only when the rains had arrived. Mean damage on mangoes for the two seasons and two studied orchards increased from 17% in early April to 73% at mid June.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
A new concept for controlling parasitic weeds is described. By decomposing germination stimulants prior to action no germination of seeds can take place anymore. Ethanol fractions of the strigolactone (SL) analogues viz., the standard synthetic analogues GR 24 and Nijmegen-1, and analogues derived from tetralone and coumarine, were added to an aqueous buffer with a pH ranging from 6 to 8 and the half lifes (t1/2) of the hydrolysis were measured. Nijmegen-1 hydrolysed faster than GR 24 and the analogue from tetralone was the most stable one at all pH's. It was found that the aqueous solutions of either borax or thiourea rapidly decompose typical SL analogues, including GR 24 and Nijmegen-1, within an hour. The hydrolysis of SLs by borax was monitored with UV spectroscopy and for thiourea gas chromatography was used. This decomposition of SLs by either borax or thiourea in natural conditions would deprive the seeds of the parasitic weeds of the essential germination stimulants and as a consequence not allow them to germinate. Hence, conditions for an effective weed control are fulfilled.  相似文献   

19.
本研究通过水培的方式,探究不同形态氮素以及不同形态氮素和新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉（IMI）处理对甘蔗生长、根系伤流强度和根系形态的影响。研究结果显示：与缺氮（CK）相比,添加铵态氮（A）、硝态氮（N）或铵态硝态氮（AN）能够显著提高甘蔗植株的株高和茎径（P<0.05）,其中株高增高了大约3倍,茎径增粗2~3倍,与硝态氮相比,铵态氮能促进甘蔗茎径变粗、鲜重增加以及侧根和不定根的形成;硝态氮为氮源可促进甘蔗根系的纵向生长;铵态氮和硝态氮共存时甘蔗根系总长、根表面积、根系体积以及伤流液强度大于单一氮源处理。添加吡虫啉促进了缺氮条件下甘蔗的生长;与对应的氮素处理组相比,吡虫啉和氮素共处理组甘蔗的鲜重均增加,其中A+IMI处理比A处理增加17.69%,N+IMI处理比N处理增加46.19%,AN+IMI处理比AN处理增加29.43%,在硝态氮存在时差异达到显著水平（P<0.05）;此外,吡虫啉和硝态氮共存显著提高了甘蔗根系总长、根表面积和伤流液强度（P<0.05）。结果表明铵态氮和吡虫啉共施对甘蔗整体的生长最为有利,吡虫啉和硝态氮共施可促进甘蔗鲜重增加以及根系的生长。本研究为甘蔗氮肥施用以及吡虫啉和氮肥在甘蔗中的共施提供重要的理论依据,同时,为“药肥一体化”技术在甘蔗上的应用提供借鉴。  相似文献   

20.
《Crop Protection》1988,7(1):3-8
The effect of barban at 0·35 kg a.i./ha alone or in mixture with eight surfactants at 0·5% (v/v), and two organic salts at 0·5% (v/w) on wild oat (Avena fatua L.) fresh weight was investigated in the glasshouse. Barban with Atplus 411F and with Renex-36 reduced wild-oat fresh weight by 68–77% and 69–86%, respectively, compared with the untreated control, whereas barban alone reduced fresh weight by 36–48%. Barban with added ammonium sulphate also reduced fresh weight by 71%. The three-way mixture (barban+surfactant+ammonium sulphate) did not further reduce fresh weight. Mixtures of Atplus 411F and Renex-36 added in different proportions to barban reduced fresh weight by amounts similar to individual combinations of each surfactant and barban. The increased activity of barban when applied with Renex-36 counteracted the antagonistic effect of 2,4-D isopropyl ester or MCPA iso-octyl ester on wild-oat fresh-weight reduction, compared with barban plus 2,4-D or MCPA without surfactant. Simulated rainfall did not decrease wild-oat fresh-weight reduction with the barban/Renex-36 mixture. Under field conditions, barban plus Atplus 411F and ammonium sulphate gave better wild-oat control than barban alone and increased wheat-grain yield. This treatment also did not reduce wheat tolerance. More [14C]-barban was absorbed by wild oat when [14C]-barban was mixed with Atplus 411F or Renex-36 than when applied alone. The increased adsorption may provide some explanations for the improved wild-oat control with barban/adjuvant mixture.  相似文献   

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