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1.
《土壤通报》2010,(6)
通过对兰州市蔬菜基地土壤重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr和As含量进行研究,以国家土壤环境质量二级标准评价其单因子和综合污染指数,结果表明,兰州市蔬菜基地土壤重金属在0～20 cm土层中As含量超过兰州市土壤背景值的139.85%,在20～40 cm土层土壤中Zn和As含量分别超过兰州市土壤背景值的19.21%和28.57%。从单因子污染指数看,在0～20 cm土层土壤中,城关区土壤As的单因子污染指数为2.242,达到了中度污染的程度,七里河区和皋兰县土壤As的单因子污染指数在1～2之间,属轻度污染;从综合污染指数分析,城关区土壤重金属综合污染指数为1.175,属轻度污染;整个兰州市蔬菜基地土壤重金属综合污染指数为0.497,属安全范围。 相似文献
2.
典型设施栽培土壤重金属含量变化及其风险评价 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
采用野外调查采样和室内分析相结合的方法,对典型设施栽培地山东寿光的部分土壤重金属含量进行测定,并根据温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准,选取单项污染指数法和尼梅罗综合指数法对土壤的重金属污染状况进行了环境质量评价。结果表明,重金属Cu、C r、Pb在设施栽培土壤耕层(0—20 cm)的含量达最大值,显著高于露地土壤;而设施栽培土壤中Zn和Cd的含量分别在20—40 cm和40—60 cm的土层达到最大值,其中Zn含量在0—20 cm和60—80 cm的土层显著高于露地土壤,Cd含量在0—20 cm,40—60 cm,60—80 cm和80—100 cm的土层显著高于露地土壤。从不同使用年限设施栽培土壤中重金属含量变化看出,重金属在设施栽培24~年的土壤中含量最高。对研究区设施栽培土壤重金属含量进行风险评估及分级发现,山东寿光设施土壤耕层主要受到重金属Cd的污染。 相似文献
3.
试验研究三峡库区奉节县、忠县、长寿湖和江津市柑橘园土壤重金属行为特征结果表明,0~30cm土层土壤全Cd、有效镉含量显著高于30~60cm土层,说明三峡库区柑橘园土壤已受到Cd污染;三峡库区柑橘园土壤重金属源于成土母岩,柑橘园黄壤全Cu、全Cr、全Zn和全As含量显著高于紫色土,而有效锌、有效镉、有效铜和有效铅含量显著低于紫色土。柑橘园紫色土中有效镉占全量百分比达30.39%,黄壤中有效镉占全量百分比仅为2.30%。 相似文献
4.
规模化猪场区域农田土壤重金属积累及影响评价分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了解长期灌溉猪场废水对农田土壤重金属的影响,采集了河北省京安猪场区域农田清洁区和灌溉8年猪场废水污灌区的耕层(0～20 cm)共52个土壤样品,并测定了样品的pH、养分和Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和As全量和有效态含量,根据背景资料、相关分析和主成分分析确定重金属污染来源,应用富集因子分析重金属积累程度,并应用污染指数进行重金属影响评价分析。结果表明,灌溉猪场废水对土壤主要带来Zn和Cu的富集,对Ni、Cr和As几乎没有富集效应,Pb和As的富集主要由施用化肥引起。尽管灌溉8年猪场废水后土壤的Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和As含量在安全范围内,但土壤重金属有效态含量不仅与重金属全量正相关,还与土壤pH负相关,而灌溉猪场废水会降低土壤pH,从而增加土壤重金属有效态含量。因此,长期灌溉猪场废水不但要注意土壤Zn和Cu积累,还需采取措施降低土壤Zn、Cu等重金属有效态含量以防重金属带来环境风险。 相似文献
5.
为了解长期施用猪场废水对农田土壤Cr和Ni（以下简称重金属）的影响,采集了河北省京安猪场周边农田清洁区和灌溉8年猪场废水的污灌区耕层（0～20cm）共52个土壤样品,并测定了样品中pH、养分及重金属全量和有效态含量,应用GIS结合地统计学方法对重金属进行了空间结构和分布特征分析,探讨规模化猪场周边农田土壤重金属积累的影响因子及其贡献。结果表明,Cr和Ni全量和有效态含量变异函数理论模型均符合球状模型,具有中等程度自相关。根据背景调查,重金属与pH值和土壤养分的相关性分析以及重金属变异函数分析,研究区土壤Cr和Ni主要受成土母质的影响,受污灌猪场废水影响不大。富集因子分析表明,污灌猪场废水对土壤Cr和Ni几乎没有积累。灌溉猪场废水会降低土壤pH值,提高土壤Cr和Ni有效态含量。 相似文献
6.
吉兰泰盐湖盆地土壤重金属铬、汞、砷分布的多方法评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选择西北旱区吉兰泰盐湖盆地为研究对象,以随机布点法对表土层(0～10 cm)、心土层(50 cm)、底土层(100cm)的重金属铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)以及主要化学成分进行空间采样测定,揭示Cr、Hg、As的空间分布特征,研究确定其土壤环境背景值,并以此背景值为评价基准,利用单因子污染指数、地累积指数、生态风险指数、内梅罗综合污染指数、潜在生态风险综合指数、污染负荷指数等六种常用方法对表土进行评价及对比分析。结果表明:盐湖盆地表层土壤中Cr、Hg、As总体具有相似的空间分布特征;盐湖盆地土壤Cr、Hg、As背景值分别为27.89 mg·kg~(–1)、0.039 mg·kg~(–1)、12.83 mg·kg~(–1),对比宁夏、新疆等相关地区,盆地Cr背景值较低,Hg背景值较高,As元素相近;以背景值为基准进行污染评价,盆地表层土壤重金属污染顺序依次为Hg、Cr、As,简单指数法呈现Cr、Hg、As整体处于轻微污染状态,Hg存在的生态风险较Cr、As大,类似的,综合指数法表明盆地整体上处于轻微污染状态,综合生态风险相对较大;单因子污染指数法的土壤污染等级评价结果大于综合污染指数法;三种综合指数法均与三种简单指数法对Hg的评价结果具有显著相关性,表明盐湖盆地表层土壤中Cr、Hg、As形成受到成土母质、天然水文地球化学作用和气候特征条件等综合作用的影响,局部受到人类活动的扰动。 相似文献
7.
通过野外调查与室内分析,对喀斯特林地土壤重金属全量及形态构成进行了调查,对土壤重金属污染及其生物有效性进行了评价,并探讨分析了土壤重金属与土壤pH值的相关性。结果表明:中性土壤As,Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn及Cr全量均大于酸性土壤的全量;As以酸溶态为主,Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn及Cr以残渣态为主,残渣态土壤重金属比例为中性高于酸性土壤;酸性和中性土壤重金属Pb全量、中性土壤的As和Cu全量均高于贵州土壤背景值;中性和酸性土壤重金属As,Cd和Ni全量及酸性土壤重金属Cu全量超过土壤环境质量二级标准值;酸性土壤为轻度污染,中性土壤为中度污染;重金属生物有效性表现为AsCdCrNiPbZnCu,酸性土壤As生物有效性指数最高,与中性土壤相比,酸性土壤重金属生物有效性高;Cu全量、可氧化态Pb、残渣态Cu与pH值呈极显著正相关,酸溶态Zn与pH值呈极显著负相关,酸溶态Cr与pH值呈显著负相关,残渣态As与pH值呈显著正相关。喀斯特林地土壤主要受到As,Cd,Cu,Ni这4种重金属的影响,除As外,其余3种元素属于"高背境,低活性"状态。 相似文献
8.
黑龙江省海伦市农田土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：8
海伦市是以农业为主导产业的黑龙江省县级市,为了解该市土壤重金属时空分布特征及其污染现状,对农田耕层及亚耕层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Hg和As等重金属全量进行了分析,并采用单因子污染指数法和Nemerow综合污染指数法分别对土壤的重金属污染状况进行了评价。结果表明,该地区土壤重金属含量较低,总体表现为西南和西北含量较高、西部含量高于东部的空间分布特征。以松嫩平原土壤元素背景值为标准进行评价,已出现一定程度的污染。以GB15618-1995土壤环境质量标准二级标准进行评价,综合污染指数为0.504,所有样点土壤重金属均未达到污染水平。与耕层土壤相比,亚耕层土壤Hg和Cd含量显著下降,其他元素含量及分布特征则与耕层相似。从1980年到2008年,随着时间的变化,该区域土壤重金属含量增加趋势不明显,近期土壤出现重金属污染风险较小。 相似文献
9.
新疆焉耆县耕地土壤重金属垂直分布特征与污染风险 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用内梅罗综合污染指数(NPI)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)和生态风险预警指数(IER),对新疆焉耆县耕地不同土层(0—20,20—40cm)土壤重金属污染及生态风险进行了评估。结果表明:焉耆县耕地土壤中As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb与Zn含量有一定的积累。0—20cm土层的Cd,Cr,Ni,Pb和Zn含量的平均值分别超出新疆灌耕土背景值的1.50,1.39,1.37,2.13,4.14倍。两个土层Zn均呈现重度污染,Pb呈现中度污染,Cd,Ni和Cr呈现轻度污染,Cu和As呈现轻微污染,Mn无污染。两个土层NPI平均值均呈现轻度污染态势,RI平均值均呈现轻微生态风险态势,IER平均值均呈现无警态势。研究区0—20cm和20—40cm土层土壤重金属的污染水平与生态风险等级差异不明显。0—20cm土层As,Cd,Ni,Pb和Zn主要受到人为因素的影响,Cu和Mn主要受土壤地球化学特征的影响,Cr受自然因素和人为因素共同影响。Cd是研究区0—20cm和20—40cm土层最主要的污染因子和生态风险因子,耕地土壤Cd污染风险必须关注。 相似文献
10.
武汉市土壤重金属积累特征及其污染评价 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
通过在武汉市的城区和城郊进行现场调查采样与室内分析,研究了其0-20 cm表层土壤中6种典型重金属的积累状况,并采用污染指数法对土壤污染状况进行了评价.结果显示:土壤中Hg、As、Cd、Pb、Cr和Cu 6种重金属平均含量均是城区高于城郊.参照湖北省土壤背景值来看,城区土壤中Hg、Pb和Cd积累明显,分别超过其背景值186.1%,83.2%和76.6%,主要集中在交通区,工业区和公园区这3大功能区;城郊土壤中重金属Hg、Cd、Pb和Cu积累明显,其中最明显的是林地土壤Hg,比相应背景值高266.8%,除林地土壤As超过背景值13.8%外,蔬菜地、旱地和水田这3种利用方式下土壤中的As和所有城郊土壤中Cr,其含量均在湖北省土壤背景值之下.从单因子评价结果看,武汉市土壤中6种重金属的单项污染指数都小于0.7,其中Cd污染指数最大,其次为As、Hg、Cu、Cr和Pb;综合因子评价结果显示城区各功能区和城郊不同利用方式下土壤的综合污染指数均小于0.7,处于清洁无污染状态. 相似文献
11.
《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1)
pp. 881–889 In order to understand the influences of nitrogen and silicate fertilizer application on anther length and percentage of the sterility of the rice plant, we investigated by field experiment in Hokkaido Kamikawa Agric. Exp. Stn. (Brown Lowland soil) and by air-conditioned room experiment. The results are summarized as follows. 1) Application of silicate fertilizer decreased percentage of sterility. Compared with basal application, topdressing of silicate fertilizer was more effective in increasing carbohydrate content and anther length, decreasing percentage of sterility. 2) The anther length was negatively correlated to percentage of sterility and was positively correlated to carbohydrate content in the rice plant. Similar regression curves were plotted between the field experiment and the air-conditioned room experiment. 3) Silicate content in rice plants was increased at the flag leaf stage by applying both basal and topdressing silicate fertilizer. Furthermore, silicate content was correlated to carbohydrate content. Nitrogen content was negatively correlated to carbohydrate content. 4) Protein content in polished rice was decreased by silicate fertilizer application. 相似文献
12.
Soil water-retention characteristics at measurement scales are generally different from those at application scales, and there is scale disparity between them and soil physical properties. The relationships between two water-retention parameters, the scaling parameter related to the inverse of the air-entry pressure (αvG, cm-1) and the curve shape factor related to soil pore-size distribution (n) of the van Genuchten water-retention equation, and soil texture (sand, silt, and clay contents) were examined at multiple scales. One hundred twenty-eight undisturbed soil samples were collected from a 640-m transect located in Fuxin, China. Soil water-retention curves were measured and the van Genuchten parameters were obtained by curve fitting. The relationships between the two parameters and soil texture at the observed scale and at multiple scales were evaluated using Pearson correlation and joint multifractal analyses, respectively. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that the parameter αvG was significantly correlated with sand, silt, and clay contents at the observed scale. Joint multifractal analyses, however, indicated that the parameter αvG was not correlated with silt and sand contents at multiple scales. The parameter n was positively correlated with clay content at multiple scales. Sand content was significantly correlated with the parameter n at the observed scale but not at multiple scales. Clay contents were strongly correlated to both water-retention parameters because clay content was relatively low in the soil studied, indicating that water retention was dominated by clay content in the field of this study at all scales. These suggested that multiple-scale analyses were necessary to fully grasp the spatial variability of soil water-retention characteristics. 相似文献
13.
pp. 881–889
In order to understand the influences of nitrogen and silicate fertilizer application on anther length and percentage of the sterility of the rice plant, we investigated by field experiment in Hokkaido Kamikawa Agric. Exp. Stn. (Brown Lowland soil) and by air-conditioned room experiment.
The results are summarized as follows.
1) Application of silicate fertilizer decreased percentage of sterility. Compared with basal application, topdressing of silicate fertilizer was more effective in increasing carbohydrate content and anther length, decreasing percentage of sterility.
2) The anther length was negatively correlated to percentage of sterility and was positively correlated to carbohydrate content in the rice plant. Similar regression curves were plotted between the field experiment and the air-conditioned room experiment.
3) Silicate content in rice plants was increased at the flag leaf stage by applying both basal and topdressing silicate fertilizer. Furthermore, silicate content was correlated to carbohydrate content. Nitrogen content was negatively correlated to carbohydrate content.
4) Protein content in polished rice was decreased by silicate fertilizer application. 相似文献
In order to understand the influences of nitrogen and silicate fertilizer application on anther length and percentage of the sterility of the rice plant, we investigated by field experiment in Hokkaido Kamikawa Agric. Exp. Stn. (Brown Lowland soil) and by air-conditioned room experiment.
The results are summarized as follows.
1) Application of silicate fertilizer decreased percentage of sterility. Compared with basal application, topdressing of silicate fertilizer was more effective in increasing carbohydrate content and anther length, decreasing percentage of sterility.
2) The anther length was negatively correlated to percentage of sterility and was positively correlated to carbohydrate content in the rice plant. Similar regression curves were plotted between the field experiment and the air-conditioned room experiment.
3) Silicate content in rice plants was increased at the flag leaf stage by applying both basal and topdressing silicate fertilizer. Furthermore, silicate content was correlated to carbohydrate content. Nitrogen content was negatively correlated to carbohydrate content.
4) Protein content in polished rice was decreased by silicate fertilizer application. 相似文献
14.
陇东地区主要土类土壤质地及其与水分常数相关性研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对陇东地区主要农业土壤质地及水分常数的研究表明:各主要土壤类型的质地均属壤土类,但其中的砂粒、粉粒、细粘粒含量差异明显;各类土壤中小于0.005 mm土壤颗粒的含量与土壤吸湿水含量、最大吸湿量、凋萎系数之间具有明显的直线相关性,回归系数均达极显著水平,而与土壤有效水含量无明显相关性。据此提出陇东主要农业土壤的质地改良和水分管理对策。 相似文献
15.
为了研究太原市污水灌溉对土壤有效态元素铜、锌和锰含量的影响,对太原市污水灌溉区（小店区、尖草坪区、晋源区和清徐县）150个土壤样品有效态微量元素铜、锌和锰的含量和分布进行了测定和分析。结果表明,长期污水灌溉导致该区土壤铜、锌和锰的含量均高于文献测定值。有效铜含量晋源区〉小店区〉清徐县〉尖草坪区,分级评价结果均以中等级含量为主;有效锌含量小店区〉晋源区〉清徐县〉尖草坪区,除小店区以低、中级含量为主外,其他3个污灌区均以低等级含量为主;有效锰含量晋源区〉清徐县〉尖草坪区〉小店区,其分级分布情况变异最大,除小店区以低等级含量为主外,其他研究区域有效态锰均以高等级和极高等级含量为主。整体来看,研究区整体缺锌,有效铜含量适中,有效锰含量较高。 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(12):1307-1318
Abstract Samples (208) of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) foliage and root were collected from commercial glasshouses. Simultaneously corresponding soil samples were taken. Both plant and soil samples were analysed for nitrate and bromide. The nitrate contents of foliage and root are affected by global radiation and by nitrate content of the soil. An interaction between the two factors was found; It indicated that soil nitrate content had a considerable effect in summer, but much less so in winter under poor light conditions, when the level of nitrate in the crop is high regardless of the nitrogen status of the soil. To study the effect of radiation on nitrate content of radish in summer it was found best to consider the cumulative amount of radiation during 10 days before harvest; in winter, a period of 20–30 days was more suitable. The bromide content of foliage and root (highest values being resp. 390 and 73 mg Br per kg fresh product) was correlated with the concentration of bromide in the 1:2 volume soil extract. An increase of 1 mmol NO3 per 1 soil extract lowered the Br content of fresh radish roots by 5.8 mg Br per kg. 相似文献
17.
A field experiment was conducted using a split plot randomized complete block design with three replications to study the effects of potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) application on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) growth at the New Developmental Research Farm of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University in Peshawar,Pakistan.Six levels of K (0,25,50,75,100 and 125 kg K ha-1) were main plots while four levels of P (0,45,90 and 135 kg P ha-1) were subplots.Increase in both K and P levels enhanced grain oil concentration of sunflower.Increase in P level increased grain protein concentration,while increase in K level decreased grain protein concentration.Both oil and protein yields increased significantly with increase in K and P levels.The increase in oil and protein yields of sunflower was mainly attributed to the improvement in yield components (grains per head,grain weight and head size) and the significant increase in grain yield.The highest net returns of 297 and 368 US$ ha-1 based on grain and oil yields,respectively,were obtained from a combination of 100 kg K ha-1 + 45 kg P ha-1. 相似文献
18.
[目的]通过对滨海地区盐碱土水盐动态变化规律的研究,为该地区的土壤利用以及植树造林提供科学依据。[方法]以天津大港地区刺槐林土壤为研究对象,研究不同土层的土壤水盐年份变化和盐分离子分布特征。[结果]试验地土壤全年含水量变化范围在11.9%~28.8%;含盐量变化范围在4.2%~18.4%。春(3—5月)秋(9—11月)季节土壤含水量低,含盐量高,土壤盐分含量随土层深度增加逐渐降低;夏季(6—8月),土壤含水量高,含盐量低,土壤盐分含量随土层深度的增加逐渐升高。pH值在7.37~8.39之间,土壤中K+,Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+和Cl-春季表层土壤(0—10cm)含量最高,分别为0.04,4.27,2.69,1.04和10.03g/kg。除SO2-4和HCO-3外,其他盐分离子在春季变异系数(29.99~162.98)明显大于夏秋季节(2.87~88.13)。[结论]不同土层的土壤含水量和含盐量随当地降雨量呈明显的季节性变化;试验地区土壤属于碱性土壤,随季节变化不明显;K+,Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+和Cl-与含盐量变化趋势保持一致,SO2-4和HCO-3随季节变化没有明显的规律性;春季各盐分离子在土壤中分布极为不均。 相似文献
19.
不同含盐量土壤盐分对蒸发的影响试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤地表蒸发是一个复杂的过程,它的正常进行受到诸多因素的影响,其中土壤盐分是蒸发的主要影响因素之一。以内蒙古河套灌区永联试验站含盐土壤为例,通过室内试验盐分含量分别为0.2%、0.6%、1.0%、5.0%的土壤水分、盐分的变化以及对蒸发的影响进行了分析。试验结果表明:实验进行的初始阶段土壤剖面中含水率变化是比较显著,地下水补给对土壤蒸发的影响较大,实验持续到第15天之后随着土壤含水率的稳定变化,土壤蒸发量慢慢下降,这个时间段土壤水分迁移主要被土壤盐分控制。实验开始的前一段时间土壤水分对盐分的影响不太明显,实验持续到15天之后,尤其是,土壤表层形成盐壳之后,土壤水分对含盐量的影响以及盐分对水分的相应反馈比较明显。同一个时间来看,盐分含量高的土壤水分比较低。不同盐分含量的土壤中随着含盐量的增加,土壤蒸发速率减小。通过分析可知土壤含盐量与蒸发量具有很好的相关性,盐分越高,相关性越好。 相似文献
20.
Biological invasions are one of the most significant global-scale problems caused by human activities. Earthworms function as ecosystem engineers in soil ecosystems because their feeding and burrowing activities fundamentally change the physical and biological characteristics of the soils they inhabit. As a result of this “engineering,” earthworm invasions can have significant effects on soil physical, chemical and biological properties. The species Amynthas agrestis (family Megascolecidae) was introduced to the United States from Asia, and has expanded its distribution range to include relatively undisturbed forests. Here, to clarify life history traits, we reared individuals under seven different conditions of food provision using litter, fragmented litter and soil, and also analyzed the stable isotope ratios of field-collected specimens to investigate their food resources in the field. Second, we examined whether prescribed fire can be used to manage invasive earthworms. We constructed eight experimental plots, each with 100 individuals of A. agrestis each, and burned half of the plots. The feeding experiment showed that the earthworms in units containing soil and some form of organic matter (litter and/or fragmented litter) produced many cocoons, indicating that litter and fragmented litter are important food resources for them. Stable isotope analyses also supported this result. During the experimental fires, average soil temperature at 5 cm depth increased by only 7.7 °C (average maximum of 32.2 °C). Litter mass was significantly reduced by the fires. Although numbers of A. agrestis and cocoons recovered from burned and unburned plots were not different, the viability of cocoons was significantly lower in burned plots. Fire may also reduce the survival rate of juveniles in the next year by depriving them of their preferred food resource. Most native earthworms in the United States live in the soil, while many invasive ones live in the litter layer and soil surface. Therefore, prescribed fire could be a viable tool for control of invasive earthworms without negatively impacting native earthworm populations. 相似文献