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1.
拟小食螨瓢虫对木薯朱砂叶螨的行为反应与空间分布相关性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
拟小食螨瓢虫对小薯上朱砂叶螨种群数量具有一定的控制作用.为研究利用拟小食螨瓢虫控制朱砂叶螨,在观察拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨成、若螨和卵的逐日捕食量基础上,测定拟小食螨瓢虫对不同密度朱砂叶螨+螨害木薯叶VS健康木薯叶的选择性,调查拟小食螨瓢虫和朱砂叶螨在木薯上的空间分布相关性.结果表明:①拟小食螨瓢虫羽化后第3天对朱砂叶螨成、若螨和卵的捕食量达最大值,并趋于稳定.②当朱砂叶螨若螨和成螨密度为30头/叶及40头/叶时,拟小食螨瓢虫显著地趋向朱砂叶螨+螨害木薯叶复合体;(③当朱砂叶螨若螨和成螨在木薯上的分布数量分别为41.90头和32.60头时,拟小食螨瓢虫在木薯上的分布数壁达最大;(④天敌拟小食螨瓢虫对木薯朱砂叶螨的行为选择与二者在木薯上的空间分布之间存在正相关关系.本研究结果可为探讨拟小食螨瓢虫对木薯朱砂叶螨的选择机制,以便更好地利用其控制木薯朱砂叶螨为害提供科学依据. 相似文献
2.
拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对柑桔全爪螨的捕食作用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
拟小食螨瓢虫成虫能捕食柑桔全爪螨的各虫态。在一定的猎物密度范围内,随着猎物密度的增大其捕食量逐渐增加,两者之间有密切的相关性。其个体对柑桔全爪螨幼螨、若螨、成螨和卵的日捕食量上限分别为103,79,47头和175粒;当猎物密度不变时,随其密度的增大,个体捕食量减小;当不同虫态的柑桔全爪螨同时存在时,其较喜食幼螨。 相似文献
3.
拉哥钝绥螨对荔枝瘤瘿螨的功能和数值反应 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
研究了拉哥钝绥螨捕食荔枝瘤瘿螨的功能反应和数值反应,进行了拉哥钝绥螨雌成螨捕食量与猎物荔枝瘤瘿螨密度、捕食量与拉哥钝绥螨自身密度之间、拉哥钝绥螨雌成螨产卵量与荔枝瘤瘿螨密度之间、拉哥钝绥螨发育历期与捕食量等成对便量之间的关系的试验。结果表明：在一定的猎物密度范围内,随着猎物密度的增长,拉哥钝绥螨成螨捕食量逐渐增加,两者之间有密切的相关性。在室温为25℃、相对湿度为80％～85％的实验条件下,其对荔枝瘤瘿螨成螨的日捕食量上限为37头;当猎物密度不变时,拉哥钝绥螨随着自身密度的增加,个体的捕食量减少;当猎物密度在一定范围内逐渐增大时,其平均产卵量也相应增加,而其发育历期则随捕食猎物量在一定范围内逐渐增大而相应缩短。 相似文献
4.
本文报道了香蕉红蜘蛛—皮氏叶螨(Tetranychus piercei McGregor)的一种捕食性天敌;经初步鉴定结果,认为此害螨天敌为拟小食螨瓢虫〔Stethorus(Allostethorus)parapauperculus Pang〕,是目前香蕉红蜘蛛一种重要天敌. 相似文献
5.
六斑月瓢虫成虫对几种蚜虫捕食作用的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
六斑月瓢虫是华中、华南地区栖息于蔬菜、果树等作物上的一种重要的食蚜天敌.其成虫能捕食豆蚜、玉米蚜、桃蚜、高售指管蚜和桔二叉蚜等.当5种蚜虫同时存在时,其较喜食桃蚜.在一定的猎物密度范围内,随着猎物密度的增大,其捕食量逐渐增加,两者之间存着密切的相互性.单头成虫对豆蚜、玉米蚜、桃蚜、莴苣指管蚜和桔二叉蚜的日捕食量上限分别为127、141、256、111和233头.当猎物密度不变时,随着捕食者自身密度的增加,其个体日捕食量减小,因而六斑月瓢虫成虫各个体之间在捕食蚜虫的过程中存在相互干扰效应. 相似文献
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7.
为明确巴氏新小绥螨（Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes）本研究对芒果上茶黄蓟马（Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood）的控害潜能,在室内温度(27±1)℃、RH (75±5)%的条件下,研究了不同虫态巴氏新小绥螨对茶黄蓟马的捕食效能,并通过其瞬时攻击率（a）、处理时间（Th）和捕食效能（a/Th）等参数进行综合评价。结果表明:巴氏新小绥螨对茶黄蓟马的成虫、1龄和2龄若虫均可取食,并具有一定的捕食能力。随着猎物密度的增加,捕食螨日取食量逐渐增加,其中巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨和第2若螨对茶黄蓟马1龄若虫的捕食效能最大,每日分别达10.35、12.82头,而雄成螨对茶黄蓟马2龄若虫的捕食效能最大,为每日12.48头。巴氏新小绥螨的雌成螨和雄成螨均对茶黄蓟马的2龄若虫表现出最强的瞬时攻击率,分别为1.0227和1.1208,第2若螨则对茶黄蓟马的雌成虫表现出最大攻击率,为1.5774。 相似文献
8.
朱砂叶螨为害对木薯光合特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探讨朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval)为害损失理论基础,从叶绿素含量与光合特性相关的保护酶活性2个层次探讨朱砂叶螨为害对木薯光合特性的影响,以期为深入开展木薯螨害损失机理和及时监测与防控提供理论依据.结果表明:朱砂叶螨为害显著降低木薯叶片的叶绿素含量,但对不同的光合特性保护酶活性的影响不同.木薯叶片多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性随着为害程度(每叶接螨数量)的增加和为害时间的延长呈显著上升趋势,但当每叶接45、55头朱砂叶螨时,其活性随着为害程度(每叶接螨数量)的增加和为害时间的延长先显著上升后显著下降;朱砂叶螨为害显著降低了木薯叶片抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(AsA-POD)和酯酶(α-NA EST/B-NA EST)的活性,但对木薯叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性无显著影响.上述结果为及时有效防控朱砂叶螨的发生、为害及为害损失机理的深入探讨奠定了基础. 相似文献
9.
在建立切实可行的木薯抗螨性评级标准的基础上,对国家木薯种质资源圃227份核心木薯种质进行抗朱砂叶螨的抗性评价,并探讨抗、感性稳定的8份木薯种质对朱砂叶螨生长发育与繁殖的影响。结果表明:227份被评价的核心木薯种质中对朱砂叶螨高抗的种质2份,抗性种质4份,中抗种质116份,感性种质87份,高感种质18份;抗性木薯种质对朱砂叶螨的发育与繁殖具有显著的影响,取食高抗种质C1115和缅甸种叶片后朱砂叶螨雌雄成螨均不能存活,与取食高感种质ZM9066、CM1210-10、瑞士F21和BRA900相比,取食抗性种质哥伦比亚4D和PII167后,朱砂叶螨的发育历期显著延长,平均每雌螨产卵量显著减少,后代卵的孵化率显著降低,雌、雄成螨寿命均显著缩短。本研究结果为深入开展木薯抗螨性机理、抗螨种质的挖掘及其利用研究提供了理论基础。 相似文献
10.
为验证保护酶CAT在木薯抗螨中的功能,测定分析了朱砂叶螨取食抗、感螨木薯种质后,CAT的表达量和酶活分别在木薯和朱砂叶螨中的变化情况。结果表明,一方面,朱砂叶螨取食1 d和8 d后,感螨木薯种质BRA900体内Me CAT1的表达量和CAT总酶活仅分别较为害前提高1.11倍、1.24倍和1.06倍、1.15倍,而在抗螨木薯种质C1115体内则分别较为害前提高2.75倍、2.62倍和2.36倍、2.38倍,均显著高于感螨木薯水平。另一方面,朱砂叶螨取食感螨种质BRA900 1 d和8 d后,保护酶Tc CAT的基因表达量和CAT酶活分别是为害前的1.13倍、0.98倍和1.02倍、0.99倍,而取食抗螨木薯种质C1115 1 d和8 d后分别降低至为害前的0.57倍、0.61倍和0.52倍、0.61倍,均显著低于取食感螨木薯水平。以上结果初步证实了保护酶CAT在木薯中被诱导能够缓解朱砂叶螨造成的氧化损伤,在朱砂叶螨中被抑制不利于取食为害,从而形成木薯抗螨性的功能。本研究为将CAT作为基因资源应用于抗螨木薯种质创制提供了理论基础。 相似文献
11.
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Intraguild predation (IGP) is common in nature, but its ecological role is still illusive. A number of studies have investigated a three species IGP module that consists of an intraguild predator, intraguild prey, and resource species in which the intraguild predator and the intraguild prey exploitatively compete for the resource while the intraguild predator also consumes the intraguild prey. A common prediction of models of the IGP module is that the coexistence of the species is difficult, which is considered inconsistent to the ubiquity of IGP in nature. This study revisits the IGP module and provides an alternative coexistence mechanism by focusing on a commonly used analysis method (i.e., invasion analysis) in light of individual variation in adaptive behavior. RESULTS: Invasion analysis underestimates the possibility of coexistence regardless of the presence or absence of adaptive behavior. Coexistence is possible even when invasion analysis predicts otherwise. The underestimation by invasion analysis is pronounced when the intraguild predator forages adaptively, which is even further pronounced when the expression of foraging behavior is variable among intraguild predators. CONCLUSIONS: The possibility of coexistence in the IGP module is greater than previously thought, which may have been partly due to how models were analyzed. Inconsistent conclusions may result from the same model depending on how the model is analyzed. Individual variation in adaptive behavior can be an important factor promoting the coexistence of species in IGP modules. 相似文献
12.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1):49-61
Summary Populations of insect pests sometimes increase beyond the economic threshold to become serious problems in crop production. However, their populations are usually maintained below the economic injury level by natural predator insects and parasites. Living bodies often develop a degree of immunity against pest invasion, such as macrophages in the human body. In this case, macrophages reproduce in the human body at the expense of blood and body fluid, but are suppressed below the level of illness to the human body. This is analogous to crops, which have developed defense mechanism in the biotic community against pests by means of natural enemies and provided immunity in a total system. However, natural enemies, parasites and predators, must be maintained themselves with little compensation or support from the agroecosystem. Some years ago I proposed a model “reproduction curve with two equilibrium points” to describe the fluctuation of insect populations (Takahashi, 1964). The lower equilibrium point in the model can be regarded as a latent period and the higher one as the outbreak level. This model is based on the S-shaped functional response curve of predator to prey density and is applicable in a biotic community where polyphagous predators predominate. To ensure stable populations of natural enemies in the biotic community, it is necessary to maintain their food supply in the field. The populations of monopha-gous predators, such as parasitoids, fluctuate in response to prey or host populations sometimes inducing dramatic increases in pest populations above the economic injury level. On the other hand, polyphagous predators can utilize ordinary organisms as alternate food sources and keep their population stable even when a pest population (i.e., their target food) decreases to low level. This model will be discussed with respect to the diversity of a biotic community. 相似文献
13.
转cry1Ab基因水稻对拟水狼蛛捕食作用间接影响的评价 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
室内评价了拟水狼蛛(Pirata subpiraticus)对取食转[i]cry1Ab[/i]基因水稻的稻纵卷叶螟([i]Cnaphalocrocis medinalis[/i])幼虫和褐飞虱([i]Nilaparvata lugens[/i])若虫的捕食量及功能反应。结果表明,拟水狼蛛对这2种猎物的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型圆盘方程。该蜘蛛对取食转[i]cry1Ab[/i]基因水稻的稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的捕食量和处理时间低或短于取食对照的,但差异未达显著水平,而瞬时攻击率显著低于对照。该蜘蛛对以转[i]cry1Ab[/i]基因水稻为食的褐飞虱若虫的捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间与取食对照的相比有一定的变化,但差异均不显著。综合考虑,认为转[i]cry1Ab[/i]基因水稻对拟水狼蛛捕食作用无明显的负作用。 相似文献
14.
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Although inducible defences have been studied extensively, only little is known about how the presence of parasites might interfere with these anti-predator adaptations. Both parasites and predators are important factors shaping community structure and species composition of ecosystems. Here, we simultaneously exposed Daphnia magna to predator cues (released by the tadpole shrimp, Triops, or by a fish) and spores of the yeast parasite Metschnikowia sp. to determine how life history and morphological inducible defences against these two contrasting types of predators are affected by infection. RESULTS: The parasite suppressed some Triops-induced defences: Daphnia lost the ability to produce a greater number of larger offspring, a life-history adaptation to Triops predation. In contrast, the parasite did not suppress inducible defences against fish: induction (resulting in smaller body length of the mothers as well as of their offspring) and infection acted additively on the measured traits. Thus, fish-induced defences may be less costly than inducible defences against small invertebrate predators like Triops; the latter defences could no longer be expressed when the host had already invested in fighting off the parasite. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our study suggests that as specific inducible defences differ in their costs, some might be suppressed if a target prey is additionally infected. Therefore, adding parasite pressure to predator-prey systems can help to elucidate the costs of inducible defences. 相似文献
15.
Background
Co-occurrence of distinct colour forms is a classic paradox in evolutionary ecology because both selection and drift tend to remove variation from populations. Apostatic selection, the primary hypothesis for maintenance of colour polymorphism in cryptic animals, proposes that visual predators focus on common forms of prey, resulting in higher survival of rare forms. Empirical tests of this frequency-dependent foraging hypothesis are rare, and the link between predator behaviour and maintenance of variation in prey has been difficult to confirm. Here, we show that predatory birds can act as agents of frequency-dependent selection on terrestrial salamanders. Polymorphism for presence/absence of a dorsal stripe is widespread in many salamander species and its maintenance is a long-standing mystery. 相似文献16.
水稻品种对黑肩绿盲蝽功能反应的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在室内研究了以不同水稻品种上褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)为食的黑肩绿盲蝽(Cyrtorhinus lividipennis)对褐飞虱卵的功能反应。结果表明,以TN1、IR26、IR64和丙97-34等4个品种上褐飞虱为食的黑肩绿盲蝽的功能反应均显著地强于以丙97-59上褐飞虱为食的黑肩绿盲蝽的,而在前面的4个品种间则差异不明显。统计分析表明,由丙97-59上所育出的黑肩绿盲蝽对猎物的处理时间显著或极显著地长于由其他4个品种上所育出的,而瞬时攻击率则在5个品种上所育出的黑肩绿盲蝽间差异不显著,这说明导致不同品种上育出的黑肩绿盲蝽功能反应差异的原因主要在于其对猎物处理时间上的不同。文中还就试验结果在害虫治理中的意义进行了讨论。 相似文献
17.
《Crop Protection》1988,7(4):273-278
A surveillance system for the brown planthopper (BPH) was set up in the Tanjung Karang Irrigation Scheme, Selangor, Malaysia after an extensive outbreak of the pest in 1977. The system has since grown to cover all major rice-growing schemes in Peninsular Malaysia. However, the Tanjung Karang Irrigation Scheme remained the most advanced area in terms of operating an early warning system for BPH. This paper describes how the data are collected, analysed and appropriate action taken to manage BPH. Information of the incidence of BPH and its natural enemies were obtained by field scouting, light trapping, and aerial net trapping. The data obtained would be supplemented by information on plant growth, farm practices and weather. A rice planthopper control committee existed in the Scheme to examine the surveillance data and using pragmatic threshold levels together with prey: predator ratios, decisions on management of the BPH would be issued for immediate implementation. As a result of the surveillance system operating in the Tanjung Karang Irrigation Scheme, the number of outbreaks of the BPH has decreased since 1977. In addition, the availability of early warning information has encouraged the implementation of integrated pest control programmes in the scheme. The incorporation of natural enemies in the collection of data and the recognition of predators in decision making has highlighted the importance of natural enemies in managing BPH and this in turn has discouraged indiscriminate use of insecticides. 相似文献
18.
Background
Interference competition occurs when access to resources is negatively affected by the presence of other individuals. Within a species or population, this is known as mutual interference, and it is often modelled with a scaling exponent, m, on the number of predators. Originally, mutual interference was thought to vary along a continuum from prey dependence (no interference; m = 0) to ratio dependence (m = -1), but a debate in the 1990's and early 2000's focused on whether prey or ratio dependence was the better simplification. Some have argued more recently that mutual interference is likely to be mostly intermediate (that is, between prey and ratio dependence), but this possibility has not been evaluated empirically. 相似文献19.