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基于无人机成像高光谱的棉叶螨为害等级估测模型构建 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为快速、实时、准确地了解新疆棉田棉叶螨（优势种为土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani）的发生情况,利用高光谱图像中的7种植被指数,使用一般线性回归分析方法分别构建不同棉叶螨为害等级棉花冠层叶片叶绿素相对含量（用soil and plant analyzer development（SPAD）值表征）遥感估测模型和棉叶螨为害等级遥感估测模型,实现棉叶螨为害的实时监测。结果显示：不同棉叶螨为害等级对应的棉花冠层光谱反射率存在明显差异,棉叶螨为害等级与棉花冠层叶片SPAD值呈显著负相关关系。在7个不同棉叶螨为害等级对应的棉花冠层叶片SPAD遥感估测模型中,SPAD-红边归一化植被指数估测模型的估测决定系数为0.915,均方根误差为3.451,识别精确度显著高于其他模型。表明利用棉花冠层叶片SPAD遥感估测模型可快速无损地获取棉叶螨为害数据,构建的棉叶螨为害等级估测模型可用于植保人员快速准确获取棉叶螨为害情况。 相似文献
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新疆棉花病虫害演变动态及其影响因子分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《中国植保导刊》2015,(11)
总结了1991年以来新疆棉花病虫害演变动态规律,即总体发生为害加重、主要害虫时段性交替猖獗、次要害虫为害上升、苗病和黄萎病为害突出;分析了引起病虫害发生变化的影响因素,即棉花种植面积扩大为病虫害发生提供了基础条件、种植抗虫棉导致棉铃虫的为害下降、覆膜滴灌措施促病虫害早发重发、果(菜)棉混作和设施农业发展导致次要害虫为害上升及气温升高和降水增多促进病虫害发生为害等;提出了实现新疆棉花病虫害治理建议,即加强新疆棉区病虫害发生演变规律的基础性研究、大力推进新疆病虫害监测技术进步、建立新疆棉区重大病虫害持续控制体系、充实新疆棉区基层专业人员和强化技术培训。 相似文献
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利用光谱特征参数估算病害胁迫下杉木叶绿素含量 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了探索建立炭疽病胁迫下杉木叶绿素含量的高光谱估算模型,促进遥感技术在森林病虫害监测中的应用,通过获取不同发病程度的杉木冠层光谱及相应的叶绿素含量,将冠层光谱数据、一阶微分数据与相应的叶绿素含量分别进行了相关分析。采用逐步回归、主成分回归及偏最小二乘回归方法构建叶绿素含量的估算模型。叶绿素含量与原始光谱在可见光(614～698nm)和近红外区(724nm之后)达到极显著相关,且在近红外区基本趋于稳定;与一阶微分光谱在424～486nm、514～532nm、552～682nm、698～755nm和762～772nm波段全部达到极显著相关;3种建模方法均消除了参数间多重共线性的影响,模型的决定系数全部达到极显著水平,其中逐步回归模型精度最高,相对误差和均方根误差分别为10.71%和0.194。研究表明受到不同程度炭疽病胁迫的杉木冠层光谱反射差异较大,可利用高光谱信息定量估算病害胁迫下的杉木叶绿素含量,且估算精度较高。 相似文献
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通过田间接种诱发了不同等级的小麦条锈病,随着条锈病的传播,在不同的小区间形成病情梯度,利用ASD手持式地面非成像光谱仪(325～1075nm)测定不同生育期、不同病情指数的冬小麦冠层光谱反射率,并同步调查病情指数,进而对不同生育期、不同病情指数的小麦条锈病冠层光谱反射率进行相关分析。结果表明,不同病情指数的冬小麦植株在600～703、770～930nm波段的冠层光谱反射率存在显著差异,并在波段770～930nm间,病情指数(DI)与光谱反射率呈显著负相关,负相关系数达到极显著;而在600～703nm间,病情指数与光谱反射率呈显著正相关,相关系数达到极显著。构建了3个生育期病情指数与650和850nm波段处的光谱反射率的回归方程:拔节期,DI=13.03×R650nm-0.67×R850nm 10.22(R2=0.6570);灌浆期,DI=48.63×R650nm-2.41×R850nm-41.51(R2=0.8196);乳熟期,DI=24.42×R650nm-5.10×R850nm 67.77(R2=0.7336)。 相似文献
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病虫发生表征新方法--为害指数的定义与应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为害指数(PAI)是一种反映和评价农业病虫害严重性的新方法。它将常规调查的发生密度(为害率)、发生面积简化成为单一的概念性数值形式,并据此划定发生程度等级,适用于表述县级以上地区短期病虫为害状况和趋势。PAI定义:在某一时段中,害虫(病害)的密度指数与面积指数的乘积,而密度指数为病虫单位面积的发生密度(发病率)占防治指标(或历年密度均值)的倍数,面积指数为病虫发生面积(率)占历年发生面积(率)均值的倍数。 相似文献
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Reinhold Gottwald 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2016,68(1):27-32
A large-scale three-year study on apple orchards in Havelland uncovered key knowledge about the ecology and control of significant pests for 3 different varieties. Experiments included a range of different blocks and varieties and focussed on the apple blossom weevil (Anthonomus pomorum), the rose tortrix moth (Archips rosana), the reticulated tortrix moth (Adoxophyes reticulana) and the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi). The experiments were divided according to season, from budding through flowering and finally at harvest. Infestation by the apple blossom weevil depended on the timing of flowering for the variety. The “Breuhahn” variety was the most heavily infested. Later and more delayed flowering resulted in higher infestation rates. The attack by pests had a thinning effect with corresponding flower infestation rates. There was no effect on yield when flowering tendency was normal. The flower clusters and leaves of the early-harvest variety “James Grieve” was most heavily infested by the rose tortrix moth (Archips rosana). The extent of the damage from pests that attack leaves could be determined exactly using the drying method. The rose tortrix showed significant differences only in the number of leaves in infected and healthy plants. There were significant differences in leaf mass between untreated controls and fruit clusters infested by the reticulated tortrix (Adoxophyes reticulana) for all 3 varieties. The “James Grieve” variety was most heavily infested. The results of the experiments involving the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) in healthy and infested leaves and leaf number revealed preferential infestation of the “Golden Delicious” and “James Grieve” varieties. Overall, the study provided key information for the prognosis and control of key pests in apple cultivation. 相似文献
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在苹果园果树行间种植覆盖作物——白花草木樨Melilotus albus Desr.是果园土壤管理制度中的一项措施。它影响到苹果树上捕食性天敌群落的组成。种植覆盖作物后,一些天敌,如拟长毛钝绥螨Amblyseius pseudolongispinosus Xin et Lian和中华草蛉Chrysopa sinica Tjeder等在苹果树上捕食性天敌群落中的个体数量相对百分比有所增加;而另一些,如小花蝽Orius minutus(Linnaeus)、塔六点蓟马Scolothrips takahashii Priesaer和瓢虫类(Coccinellidae)等天敌有所减少;还有一些天敌,由于发生数量较少,不易与免耕法对照区进行比较。当使用广谱性化学杀虫剂进行树上喷雾时,覆盖作物对于受到化学杀虫剂干扰的苹果树上小花蝽O.minutus(Linnaeus)种群的恢复与建立有着促进作用。 相似文献
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David M. Suckling Jim T. S. Walker Peter W. Shaw Ngaire P. Markwick C. Howard Wearing 《Pest management science》1988,23(2):157-164
Two related insecticide resistance management programmes are under way in New Zealand horticulture. The first aims to limit the spread and impact of azinphos-methyl resistant lightbrown apple moth (LBAM) in an applegrowing district. In the second, the introduction of pyrethroid (SP) resistance in organophosphate-resistant (OP) Typhlodromus pyri makes it possible to undertake biological control of the European red mite that is compatible with SP and OP control of orchard pests. In the LBAM programme the resistant zone, which includes alternative host-plant reservoirs, has been delineated by detailed resistance monitoring with topical application of males caught using female sex pheromone. In that zone, chlorpyrifos, to which the azinphos-methyl resistant LBAM has low cross-resistance, is used in the short term to control resistant moths, while alternative measures (e. g. other insecticides and mating disruption) are investigated. Recognition of the importance of immigration from alternative host plant reservoirs has led to specific tactics such as the application of pyrethroids to non-crop areas. This resulted in a significant decrease of the resistant population. So far, however, SPs have not been registered in apple orchards because they kill OP-resistant predatory mites which control the European red mite, and also because of the lack of residue tolerances for SPs in some overseas markets. Following the assessment of the potential value of pyrethroids in pipfruit, DSIR started field selection for pyrethroid resistance in predatory mites, which was later expanded to include laboratory selection. The successful development of pyrethroid-resistant predators which retain organophosphate resistance is permitting the introduction of biological control of European red mite compatible with the use of these two classes of insecticides for control of other pests. In future, the lepidopterous pests on New Zealand apples may be controlled by pyrethroids, scales and other minor pests by organophosphates, and European red mite by multi-resistant predatory mites. 相似文献
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二斑叶螨是为害苹果的重要害螨。为经济有效地控制其为害,通过田间调查二斑叶螨种群动态,利用螨日（MD）和苹果的产量损失率建模,研究了苹果树上二斑叶螨的经济为害水平（EIL）。结果显示,苹果的产量损失率与二斑叶螨的螨日具有显著相关性,并据此建立了螨日与产量损失率的回归方程：Q=0．0157＋0．00016MD,R2=0．9567。在经济允许损失率为4．57％时,若以虫口密度作为经济允许为害水平的评价方法,则7月3日之前的EIL≤7．70头／叶,7月25日之前的EIL≤8．70头／叶;当以累计螨日评价时,7月3日之前累计螨日≤29．93,7月25日之前累计螨日≤122．95,在整个生长季的累计螨日需低于188．70。 相似文献
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叶螨为害苹果树的产量损失估测 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
1987—1989年研究苹果全爪螨(Panonychus ulmi)与山楂叶螨(Tetranychus viennenses)为害对苹果产量的影响。结果表明:①叶螨为害后,叶片的各项生理指标皆有反应,其中以光合作用强度最敏感;②叶螨为害对果实质量无显著影响,但不同螨量的果实体积之间存在明显差异;③平均累积雌成螨螨日(MDi)与平均减产率(Qi)之间有正相关关系,为害当年表现出果实变小单果重减轻,次年表现出花量减少,果实数下降。1987与1989年以苹果全爪螨为主,减产率分别为3.31%—11.25%与2.89%—10.75%。1988年以山楂叶螨为主,减产率为2.36%—13.48%;④上年受害树次年继续测产,看出叶螨的持续影响更为严重。以苹果全爪螨为主的持续减产率第二年达2.0%—86.2%;第三年的影响又相对减轻。以山楂叶螨为主的减产率第二年为-14.4%—69.4%。 相似文献
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The residual toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin on leaves from a treated apple orchard to a mite predator,Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), in the laboratory, declined to one-third of its original level within 3 weeks. The absence ofA. fallacis on apple trees during the pink bud stage coupled with the results of this study pave the way for the development of integrated
pest management strategies where key pre-bloom pests, such as the tarnished plant bug,Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), may be controlled with lambda-cyhalothrin with little if any toxic effects to the predator later in
the season. Two years of field testing indicated that 10 g a.i./ha of lambda-cyhalothrin applied at pink was very effective
against the tarnished plant bug. 相似文献
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苹果园混合覆盖植物对害螨和东亚小花蝽的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
苹果园种植紫花苜蓿，为捕食性天敌提供了适宜的生存环境和补充猎物，使苹果园天敌数量增加，叶螨种群下降。夏至草是苹果园杂草的优势种，该杂草可提供天敌生存所需的花粉、花蜜和猎物，使东亚小花蝽发生时间提早，发育速度加快。在６月中旬前，东亚小花蝽可在夏至草上完成２代，在紫花苜蓿上完成１代。夏至草与紫花苜蓿的比例变化影响苹果园节肢动物物种数量，当混合植被中夏至草的覆盖度大于２５％时，对覆盖植物和苹果树冠捕食性天敌种群数量最为有利。夏至草与紫花苜蓿混合（１∶４），比单一紫花苜蓿上天敌的数量增加２～３倍，苹果树冠天敌数量增加７０％，苹果叶螨种群数量降低３０％ 相似文献
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苹果全爪螨是重要的蔷薇科果树害虫之一, 具有体型小、繁殖快、世代周期短等生物学特点。该螨以若螨和成螨取食苹果叶片和嫩芽, 影响果树生长发育, 造成果实品质和产量下降, 自20世纪60年代开始其在我国果园的发生逐年加重。国内外对苹果全爪螨的防治主要采用化学杀螨剂, 由于化学杀螨剂长期不规范的使用, 致使该螨对多种类型的化学杀螨剂产生了抗药性。本文总结了苹果全爪螨的发生、为害、抗药性现状及其抗性机理, 同时结合国内外苹果全爪螨抗药性和防治相关研究, 提出该螨抗药性治理策略, 以期为其防治提供参考。 相似文献
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Data from nine trials conducted from 1990 to 1998 in apple orchards in Nova Scotia and Quebec, Canada, were used to estimate the predator-prey selectivity of miticides and their potential compatibility with biological control of mites. The European red mite Panonychus ulmi (Koch) was the dominant and more harmful phytophagous species, followed by the apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa). Two predacious mites, the phytoseiid, Typhlodromus pyri Sheuten, and the stigmaeid, Zetzellia mali (Ewing), were often found in the orchards. We used one minus the ratio of mite-days in treated plots to those in the control plots as an index of population suppression and toxicity of the miticides. Miticides were then categorized into classes similar to those employed by the International Organization for Biological Control to rate pesticide toxicity to natural enemies of insect and mite pests. Selectivity of miticides was mostly based on toxicity to P ulmi, the major pest, versus toxicity to T pyri, the major predator, with some consideration of the two lesser species, A schlechtendali and Z mali. In most cases, our findings were in accord with other studies. Abamectin and clofentezine had favourable selectivity (more toxic to the two phytophagous mites than to T pyri). The higher recommended rate of pyridaben (450 g ha(-1)) and two rates of spirodiclofen (180 and 240 g ha(-1)) were neutral (equally toxic to pests and predators). The lower rate of pyridaben (216 g ha(-1)), dicofol, formetanate hydrochloride and propargite were unfavourably selective (more toxic to T pyri). A higher than recommended rate of pyridaben (2160 g ha(-1)) applied before bloom was disruptive--P ulmi-days after treatment were actually greater than with the untreated control. P ulmi resistance to dicofol and propargite were probable complicating factors in some of the orchard trials. 相似文献