共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
《Scientia Horticulturae》2002,95(3):193-201
Two-year-old branches of Pyrus communis L. were classified into groups according to the proleptic (from dormant buds) branching habit, indirectly quantifying the degree of apical control. In winter 1998 upright and flat, 2-year-old branches were randomly sampled from trees of seven pear cultivars, i.e., Forelle (on Quince A and BP1 rootstocks), Abaté Fetel, Flamingo, Packham’s Triumph, Golden Russet Bosc, Rosemarie and Beurre D’Anjou on BP1 rootstock. For each branch the length and position of the 1-year-old shoots on the 2-year-old axis was determined. Laterals were classified according to length (<1, 1–5, 5–20 and >20 cm) and position (distal to proximal quadrants on the 2-year-old axis); 16 classes in total. The number of shoots per length class per cm quadrant length for each cultivar was subjected to a cluster analysis, then a canonical and a stepwise discriminant analysis. The cultivars were grouped into four groups from group 1 (‘Flamingo’), which resembles a spurred growth habit with strong apical control, to group 4 (‘Packham’s Triumph’ and ‘Golden Russet Bosc’), which resembles a spreading growth habit and weak apical control. Groups 2 and 3 were intermediate. The gravimorphic influences on the branching habit were investigated. 相似文献
2.
Michael G. Mullins 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(3):237-247
A distinctive seasonal pattern in the outgrowth of shoots was observed in upright maiden apple trees. Until midsummer, extension shoot growth was confined to the apical region of the trunk. After midsummer, vigorous shoots grew from the basal region of the trunk, and the production of these shoots coincided with a decline in growth rates of shoots in the apical region. A similar pattern of shoot growth was evident in trees grown in horizontal and inverted positions but was modified by the effects of gravity, viz. growth curvatures, effects on the symmetry of shoot production about the axis, and changes in the vigour of shoots in the apical and basal regions of the trunk. Growing trees in horizontal and inverted positions caused a reduction in terminal extension growth, but did not reduce the total amount of shoot growth compared with vertically-grown trees. Changing the orientation of the trunk caused differences in the pattern of axillary flower bud formation, but had no detectable effect on the total numbers of flower buds initiated. 相似文献
3.
The interaction between shoot proliferation and regulative action of light quality was investigated in terms of cluster growth and development. In the commercial laboratory, the shoot multiplication procedure is normally conducted by growing clusters of shoots during several sub-cultures. Thus in this work the regulative action of light quality was evaluated by analysing the shoot cluster proliferation rate, the evolution of axillary bud differentiation, the axillary shoot development on both initial explant stem (order 1 axis) and three representative lateral branches (order 2 axes), growing from the lateral buds located at the bottom of the initial explant. Experiments showed that light qualities regulate bud differentiation and interact with apical dominance, leading to strong control of axillary bud outgrowth, and, finally, resulting in a differentiated architectural formation of clusters and type of branching. 相似文献
4.
Badii Gaaliche Mohamed Ghrab Mehdi Ben Mimoun 《International Journal of Fruit Science》2017,17(1):63-71
The fig tree (Ficus carica L.) is widely cultivated in the Mediterranean region under warm climates. Fig yield is governed by the previous crop load and is strongly dependent on shoot length. Special cultural practices are required to stimulate new vegetative growth that will ensure regular and high productivity. The present study focused on the use of the rest breaking agent hydrogen cyanamide (HC) as Dormex to enhance vegetative growth, which influences the yield. A field trial was held in northern Tunisia (36° 49′ N; 9° 48′ E) on mature fig trees cv. Zidi. In reference to untreated trees as control, two hydrogen cyanamide treatments at 1% and 1.5% HC were considered. Bud break rate, vegetative growth, starch content of shoots, yield, and fruit characteristics were assessed. Results indicated that 1.5% HC significantly increased shoot length, fruit number per shoot, and yield. It advanced bud break by 10 days and fruit ripening by 7 days compared to the control. However, leaf number, leaf area, and starch content seem to be unaffected by hydrogen cyanamide treatments. Regarding fruit quality, a 1.5% HC dose significantly increased dry matter content, while fruit diameter and total soluble solids remain unaffected. In conclusion, hydrogen cyanamide could be used under warm conditions to improve vegetative growth of fig trees cv. Zidi and consequently fig productivity. Application of 1.5% HC 40 days before bud break was the most effective in increasing shoot length and yield. 相似文献
5.
E. Costes D Fournier J. C. Salles 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(5):510-519
SummaryThe effect of crop load on the growth dynamics of individual shoots was analysed in apricot trees in the third growing season, comparing their development at two initial locations along the bearing branch. Growth dynamics were observed throughout the growing season, from April to August, and took into account both primary growth (i.e..number of expanded leaves) and secondary growth (i.e. basal diameter increment). Crop load influenced primary growth rhythmicity and more precisely growth resumption within the growing season. The length of the growing period and the number of expanded leaves were more signi®cantly reduced on shoots originated from a proximal position along the branch than in a distal position. Thus, crop load enhanced the acrotonic distribution of branching. The allometric relationship between the basal diameter and the number of expanded leaves per shoot was not dependent upon shoot type, location or crop load treatment. Arguments are provided supporting the hypothesis that cambial growth occurring soon after the expansion of the preformed leaves is responsible for cessation of primary growth. This competition was shown to be independent of crop load and to involve only vegetative organs. These results indicate that the sink demand of the secondary growth and the resulting competition with the primary growth should be taken into account in the carbon economy of fruit trees, and that the competition between organs is not equally distributed between the organs of a given type but depends on their relative location. 相似文献
6.
SummaryThe phenology of wild stands of strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum Sabine) was studied at 100, 480 and 720.m over 2 years in ReÂunion Island. The shoots bore flower buds at the basal nodes, and vegetative buds at the apical nodes. Trees produced vegetative growth from September to December, flowers from November to January and fruit from February to June. Shoot growth was earlier at 100 and 720.m the first year, but were synchronized in the second year. Flowering and fruiting were also earlier at 100.m. The intervals between shoot emergence and flowering, and flowering and fruit maturity were strongly related to temperature, with base temperatures of 5.58C and 2.68C, and heat units requirements of 675 and 2,5528C.d, respectively. The number of shoots, flowers and fruit per branch varied across sites and years, unrelated to temperature. However, production was significantly higher at 720.m. Production was much lower after a hurricane. Flowering (y) was related to shoot production per branch (x) (log(y)=111.33.log(x); r2.=.0.78), whereas the fruit set rate was highly variable between trees (26±100%). The number of fruits per branch (1±6) was possibly related to poor shoot growth or fruit set, but unrelated to the timing of the phenological events. It is expected that commercial orchards would be more productive than feral stands. 相似文献
7.
In horizontal apple stems extension shoots were usually produced only from buds on the upper side of the stem, while buds on the lower side remained dormant or grew into spurs, and the same tendency was shown in inclined stems bent so that the “upper” and “under” sides became reversed.On horizontal stems lateral shoots showed a gradient of vigour, the longest shoots being produced by proximal buds. Xylem of horizontal branches was epitrophic. These responses appear to be due to effects of gravity on the distribution of endogenous growth regulating factors within stems. In trees grown horizontally and rotated, shoots and spurs grew from all sides of the stem and xylem developed concentrically.In studies of lateral shoots of partly disbudded horizontal stems, including cincturing treatments, it was found that the vigour of basal lateral shoots was a function of bud position in relation to the apex rather than in relation to the roots.A model for lateral shoot growth in horizontal branches is proposed, in which shoot vigour is related to the position of buds along a postulated inhibitory gradient. 相似文献
8.
垂枝桃枝条发育形态和内源激素的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以垂枝桃(Prunus persica var. pendula) 为试材, 分析了垂枝桃枝条发育过程中生物学形态和 内源激素含量的变化。直枝型枝条基角和延伸角极为接近, 平均值分别为52.5°和52.0°; 而垂枝型枝条基 角和延伸角则分别为51.7°和92.9°。说明这两种类型芽萌发后的生长方向一致, 直枝型枝条在生长过程中能维持原生长方向, 但垂枝型在生长过程中发生向下弯曲。根的基角与枝条的延伸角有相关性, 直枝类型和垂枝类型根的基角分别平均为78.3°和42.5°。倒置生长的垂枝桃枝条仍然表现为向重力生长, 说明枝条下垂是受重力诱导的。直枝桃枝条中木质素含量高于垂枝桃, 在枝条背上下两侧差异尤大。对内源植物激素含量的测定表明, 直枝型枝条中的赤霉素含量由基部至梢部递增, 在垂枝桃枝条背上侧赤霉素含量高于下侧, 与木质素分布状况一致, 赤霉素分布的不均衡是导致次生木质部发育不均衡的重要原因。垂枝桃梢端赤霉素含量较直枝桃更高, 导致枝条先端生长快于次生木质部发育, 使枝条无法支撑自身重量而下垂。外源GA3处理的垂枝桃枝条中IAA /GA3比例与CTK/GA3比例均显著增高, 促进了垂枝桃枝条中部细胞分裂与木质部分化, 使其表现直立生长。 相似文献
9.
Kumar Singh Sanjay Kumar Singh Sanjay Roshan Sharma Ram 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(6):483-490
SummaryMango (Mangifera indica L.) trees grown at high density show a decline in flowering and fruiting after good fruiting years as a result of various factors. Annual pruning can restore production and productivity in such trees. Chlorophyll, total sugars (TS), total phenolics (TP), and proline contents as well as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities, were measured in the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 seasons in shoot buds with a few leaves in three mango cultivars (‘Amrapali’, ‘Mallika’, and ‘Dashehari’). Trees were grown at high density in an orchard and the aforesaid parameters were measured 1 month after different degrees of pruning (Stage I) and after subsequent fruit bud differentiation (FBD; Stage II). Severely-pruned mango trees had the highest contents of chlorophyll a, while chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents were found to be highest in moderately-pruned trees. Lightly-pruned trees had the highest contents of reducing sugars (RS), whereas TS contents were highest in severely-pruned trees. The contents of RS and TS increased in shoot buds during the FBD stage. A moderate intensity of pruning significantly increased TP contents, while the lowest TP contents were recorded in non-pruned trees. ‘Off’-year shoots had higher TP contents than ‘on’-year shoots. Irrespective of pruning intensity, shoot buds of ‘Mallika’ trees had the highest PPO activities, with lower levels in ‘Amrapali’ and ‘Dashehari’ shoot buds. PPO activities were reduced at the FBD stage in ‘on’-year shoots. Severely-pruned trees had the highest PPO activities, while the lowest PPO activities were recorded in lightly-pruned trees. Shoot bud proline contents were found to be highest in non-pruned trees, and decreased with increasing pruning intensity. Thus moderate pruning can be adopted in high density orchards to obtain sustainable production with improved maintenance of canopy architecture. 相似文献
10.
不同时期涂抹KT-30乳液对苹果幼树发枝的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以2 a生矮化中间砧"红富士"苹果幼树为试材,从萌芽前到7月份,对中心干延长枝剪口以下30～60 cm缺枝部位涂抹100 mg/kg KT-30乳液,研究不同时期涂抹KT-30乳液对促进苹果幼树芽体萌发及定位发枝的影响。结果表明:4月上旬、4月下旬、5、6与7月中心干延长枝剪口以下30～60 cm部位对照萌芽率分别平均为43.7%、6.07%、0%、0%与10.75%。涂抹KT-30乳液后,第7～10天芽体萌发,从萌芽前4月5日到生长季7月5日,各处理芽的平均萌芽率均大于80%,其中5月25日处理后萌芽率最高,为100%,与其它处理时期的差异极显著。4与7月处理的芽体成枝力低,多抽生为短枝,其中7月25日处理后成枝力最低,为0%,极显著小于其它处理时期的,并且抽生枝条成熟度较差。5月25日与6月10日处理的芽体成枝力高,分别为66.0%与57.6%,超长枝长度平均为66.7与91.1cm,枝条生长健壮,成熟度好。随处理时期的延后,枝干比呈现减小趋势,4、5、6与7月分别平均为0.43、0.40、0.38与0.28。 相似文献
11.
This study was conducted to determine effect of different treatments on branching of one-year-old ‘Fuji’, ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Red Delicious, Red Chief’ trees which grafted on M9 rootstock. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas BA-8) strain, 6?Benzyl Adenin (BA) and pinching were used to promote branching. The BA (300?ppm) and BA-8 (109CFU/ml) were applied to first twenty centimeters of the top part of trees. The BA, BA-8 and Pinching was applied to trees at 75?cm in length. According to our results, BA-8 and pinching increased number of branches compared to control and BA treatments for all cultivars. BA-8 increased number of branches in ‘Fuji’, ‘Red Delicious, Red Chief’ and ‘Granny Smith’ from 2.71, 1.70 to 4.25 branches/tree, respectively while pinching increased 1,95 branches/tree in ‘Red Delicious, Red Chief’ and 4,01 branches/tree. The highest branch’s angle was obtained from BA-8 bacteria in ‘Fuji’ (64.46°), and ‘Red Delicious, Red Chief’ (52.08°) and ‘Granny Smith’ (56.91°). BA-8 bacteria treatment was found alternative practice instead of pinching in terms of branching performance. 相似文献
12.
Janice M. Leskovar D. J. Cantliffe N. F. Stoffellat 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(6):711-716
SummaryThe main objective of this work was to investigate shoot and root morphology of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) (cvs Early Calwonder, Keystone Resistant Giant, Jupiter, Shamrock and Gator Belle) grown in sand culture at three N-levels, 56,84 and 112 mg l?1. Shoot, root, and root components were evaluated 40, 50 and 60 days after seeding. Tap, basal and lateral root accounted for 1%, 40% and 53%, respectively, of the total root dry weight. Shoot: root ratios did not differ between cultivars. Basal root length, basal root number and first-order lateral root number increased with increasing N. Cultivars with either long lateral roots or basal roots had short basal roots or lateral roots respectively, although only small differences were observed in other root and shoot characteristics. In this greenhouse environment, shoot/root ratio was constant. Nitrogen stimulated root and shoot growth, and this effect was significantly different for the root components. 相似文献
13.
G. C. Head 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(2):169-180
Measurement of the white root, visible through glass panels, from young apple and plum trees showed that production of new white root was reduced during periods of intense shoot growth. On the apple trees maximum quantities of white root occurred in May, at about the time of full bloom, and again in August or September after shoot growth had ceased. In contrast, on some of the plum trees with only a few weak shoots, maximum white root was recorded in June and only small amounts of new white root were present during the remainder of the year. The effect of branch pruning was to stimulate more intense shoot growth: the more intense the shoot growth the greater and more prolonged was the reduction in new white root production in mid-summer. The interpretation of these results in terms of the physiological relationship between root and shoot is discussed. 相似文献
14.
T. G. Thorp D. Aspinall Margaret Sedgley 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(5):645-651
Floral bud development, early fruit set, bud size, leaf nitrogen and shoot starch content were recorded in spring, summer and autumn shoots of ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.). Floral initiation occurred in late autumn, but only in buds on terminal shoots (the last-formed shoot module on a terminal or axillary growth axis). In branching systems with three growth flushes, more flowers were produced and more fruit set on autumn and summer, than on spring flush terminal shoots. Floral development and leaf nitrogen accumulation occurred later in autumn than in summer shoots, but leaf numbers, dry and fresh weights, starch content of wood, mean floral status at anthesis and anthesis date were similar. The results suggest that nitrogen and starch were present in excess during floral development, and that shoot age did not influence the ability of a shoot to flower and set fruit, provided the shoot had sufficient vigour to produce new shoot growth in spring. 相似文献
15.
A.P. Preston 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(1):17-22
The results from two trials with Cox’s Orange Pippin concerned with the development of primary branches are reported. The first trial, with newly planted one-year-old trees, compared the use of feathers as primary branches with trees where these were removed and new shoots selected as branches. Where feathers were retained the trees had larger girths, more shoots, greater total shoot growth, and the final tree weights were heavier. The crotch angles of all three primary branches were wider where feathers were utilized. On feathered trees there was no advantage in leaving the central leader uncut for the first year. The second trial, in the nursery, showed that by removal of incipient feathers up to 70 cm. from the ground, more and longer feathers were secured in the region where primary branches are required. Trunk renewal, involving the drastic cutting back of the maiden tree to within 5 cm. of the bud union, did not increase the number and length of feathers the following year in this trial. 相似文献
16.
《Scientia Horticulturae》2001,87(1-2):53-63
The possible relationship of branching habit to cytokinin content of apple shoots (Malus×domestica Borkh.) was investigated. One-year old apple shoots are acrotonic (distal branching), more strongly so in Granny Smith than in Braeburn. In the first trial, long, 1-year old Granny Smith and Braeburn apple shoots were sprayed on 29 August 1995 to break rest with dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) oil (5%). The cytokinin contents of the xylem sap, the combined bark and buds, and the wood were determined in distal and proximal shoot halves over the next 6 weeks. Budburst (terminal and lateral buds) was first visible (green tip) in both cultivars on 20 September 1995. A greater increase in cytokinin content of distal xylem sap, coupled with elevated cytokinin in the distal wood, reflect the overall acrotony of both cultivars. The strong acrotony of Granny Smith is reflected in the higher cytokinin concentration in distal portion 1 week before the proximal portion of the shoot. The differential distribution of cytokinin reflects the pattern of budburst and may be correlated with growth habit. In a subsequent trial, Granny Smith shoots chilled and forced in the absence of roots showed an increase in cytokinin content of the bark and buds, and the wood as growth resumed. This was roughly comparable in magnitude to the increase observed under field conditions. The cytokinin increase in rootless shoots and differential distribution of cytokinin prior to sprouting, support the hypothesis that shoot-derived, rather than root-derived, cytokinins act to trigger spring budburst. 相似文献
17.
<正> 在果树育种过程中,对杂种实生苗的早期鉴定与预选,早已为育种者所关注。Luther Burbank与I.V.Michurin很重视这项研究工作,提出了一些树种在形态特征方面的相关指标,但多限于经验。随着科学的进展,不少育种工作者从生物学、解剖学、生理、生化等方面进行了预选研究。在木量杂种实生苗中。根据形态特征的相关进行预选,比较切实可行。Brown(1975)指出,所有的相关与预选,必须达到下列两点要求:(1)相关程度必须很高;(2) 相似文献
18.
Chockpisit Channuntapipat Terry Bertozzi Margaret Sedgley 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(2):228-232
SummaryShoot tips of two almond scion cultivars, ‘Ne Plus Ultra’ and ‘Nonpareil 15-1’, and one almond/peach hybrid rootstock were successfully cryopreserved using a one-step vitrification technique. Three week old in vitro cultures were cold-hardened at 4°C on the multiplication medium (Murashige and Skoog for ‘Ne Plus Ultra’ and the hybrid rootstock; Almehdi and Parfitt for ‘Nonpareil 15-1’) for three weeks. Shoot tips, 2–2.5 mm long, were excised and precultured for 1 d at 4°C on the same basal medium, without plant growth regulators, supplemented with 0.7 M sucrose. After the preculture, the shoot tips were incubated in vitrification solution at 25°C for 45 min for the almond scion cultivars and 60 min for the hybrid rootstock, and then stored under liquid nitrogen (LN) for at least 3 d. After rapid thawing at 30°C, the shoot tips were washed with the appropriate liquid basal medium containing 1.0 M sucrose and then cultured on the same basal medium, solidified with agar, but excluding NH4NO3 or (NH4)2SO4. Shoot regeneration was usually observed within 2–3 weeks. Survival after LN, recorded as the percentage of shoot tips that produced at least one new shoot four weeks after thawing, was 87.5, 60.0 and 72.5% for ‘Ne Plus Ultra’, ‘Nonpareil 15–1’ and the hybrid rootstock respectively. The one-step vitrification method is a promising simple technique for cryopreserving almond scion and rootstock shoot tips from in vitro cultures. 相似文献
19.
F. W. M. Llewelyn 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(4):519-526
Six-branched trees were deblossomed on alternate branches and various defoliation treatments given. For the period of 7 to 30 days from the time of treatment, defoliations increased the compound-interest rates of fruit drop. After this period these rates of drop became equal to those of untreated trees and the relative differences in crop numbers established by this time persisted until harvest though the actual numbers still fell. The earlier in the season that the defoliations were applied the greater were the relative differences. The removal of spur leaves from branches bearing fruit caused greater drop than the removal of spur leaves from neighbouring deblossomed branches. The removal of leaves from extension and bourse shoots of fruiting or deblossomed branches had no significant effect upon fruit drop or shoot growth.The removal of all flowers from alternate branches at mouse-ear caused more shoots to grow from these branches than from branches allowed to fruit. Removal, at pink bud, of spur leaves from either fruiting or non-fruiting branches increased the number of shoots on both branches, but removal deferred till later in the season had no effect. 相似文献
20.
To elucidate the fate of photosynthates from different current shoots and their influence on fruit growth and bud differentiation in neighboring spur complex during the period of rapid fruit growth in two late-maturing Japanese pear cultivars: ‘Atago’ and ‘Shinkou’ with contrasting fruit size, 13C labeling of single shoot was done to investigate of C-relations in fruit branches of eight shoot-combinations. The results showed that all of the current shoots investigated (bourse shoots of nonfruiting spur, bourse shoots of fruiting spur, extension shoot, nonfruiting spur, vegetative shoot, and water sprout) could export photosynthates to the neighboring fruit and buds. Water sprouts together with vegetative shoots, bourse shoots, and extension shoots are important source for fruit growth after shoot growth termination during the period of rapid fruit growth in production of late-maturing pears. The carbon transfer rate from the neighboring to the fruit bearing spur is depent (i) on the types of shoot which acts as C source, (ii) on the position of the fruiting spur and (iii) on the source-sink distance. Furthermore, the cultivar difference in carbon partitioning from different current shoot-combinations confirmed that the movement of photosynthates into the fruit was determined by sink strength of the fruit, and ‘Atago’ exhibited a greater relative sink strength of fruit than ‘Shinkou’. In addition, vegetative shoots are very important C sources for fruit growth in ‘Atago’ and the growth pattern of bourse shoot seriously affects C allocated to fruit in ‘Shinkou’. 相似文献