稀盐溶性氮表征石灰性土壤供氮能力的研究     

沙丽清  周斐德  邵则瑶 《土壤》1999,31(4):208-213

本文对稀盐(0.01mol·L^-1NaHCO₃,0.01mol·L^-1CaCl₂(100℃,25℃))溶性氮表征石灰性土壤的供氮能力做了探讨。研究结果表明,土壤浸出液中的全氮(TN)、有机态氮(Org.N),NO₃-N分别与浸出液的总吸光量(Q_T)、有机质的吸光量(Q_OM)、NO₃-N的吸光量(Q_NO3)高度相关。除Q_OM和Q₂₆₀外,Q_T,Q_NO3,TN,NO₃-N,Org.N与盆栽冬小麦相对吸氮量高度相关。稀盐溶液浸提法,特别是0.01mol·L^-1NaHCO₃和0.01mol·L^-1CaCl₂(25℃)浸提法,具有操作简便、快速、经济等优越性。  相似文献   

无定形氧化铁作为嫌气下NH₄⁺氧化时电子受体的研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

李良谟  潘映华  伍期途  周秀如  李振高 《土壤学报》1988,25(2):184-190

通过¹⁵N示踪试验,以及根据嫌气条件下含¹⁵NH₄⁺培养液加无定形氧化铁后全氮回收量下降(损失¹⁵N约15%),以及产生¹⁵NO₂、¹⁵N₂O、¹⁵N¹⁴NO、¹⁵NO、¹⁵N₂和¹⁵N¹⁴N等含N气体的研究结果,初步证明无定形氧化铁可作为嫌气下NH₄⁺氧化时的电子受体,这可能是引起水田土壤中铵态氮肥损失的又一机理。目前因无各种合¹⁵N氧化物标准气体,无法对其形成的含¹⁵N气体组分进行定量,这一机理对氮素损失的贡献究竟有多大?尚需进一步研究。  相似文献   

田间老化生物质炭减缓稻麦轮作系统土壤N₂O排放能力降低的机理          下载免费PDF全文

朱爽阁  张前前  徐昕彤  毕瑞玉  宋燕凤  熊正琴 《土壤学报》2023,60(3)

作为一种重要的土壤调节剂,生物质炭在固碳减排,尤其在氧化亚氮(N₂O)减排方面的作用日益突出。本研究通过田间定位试验,分析稻麦轮作体系新鲜和田间不同时间老化生物质炭对N₂O排放的影响,旨在明确生物质炭对田间N₂O排放的持续效应及其作用机理。试验共设置5个处理,分别为CK（不施氮肥和生物质炭）、N（施氮肥）、NB_0y（氮肥+新鲜生物质炭）、NB_2y（氮肥+2年老化生物质炭）和NB_5y （氮肥+5年老化生物质炭）,动态监测稻麦轮作周期N₂O排放,测定水稻和小麦收获后土壤理化性质和氮循环功能基因丰度。结果表明,生物质炭显著降低土壤N2O累积排放量32.4% ~ 54.0%,且表现为NB_0y> NB_2y> NB_5y。与N处理相比,NB_0y, NB_2y 和NB_5y处理显著提高土壤pH值0.6 ~ 1.2个单位、土壤有机碳（SOC）含量21.4 % ~ 58.6%、硝态氮（NO_3^--N）含量1.7% ~ 31.3%,对土壤pH改善能力随着生物质炭老化而下降。生物质炭处理显著提高nosZ基因丰度54.9% ~ 249.4%,土壤 (nirS+nirK)/nosZ比值随着生物质炭老化而增加。相关性分析表明,土壤N₂O累积排放量与pH值呈显著负相关,与NO_3^--N含量和amoA-AOB（氨氧化细菌）丰度呈显著正相关。因此,新鲜和田间不同时间老化生物质炭均能显著改善土壤理化特性,降低土壤 N₂O排放且新鲜生物质炭的作用效果优于老化生物质炭。土壤NO_3^--N 含量及(nirS+nirK)/nosZ比值的增加,是导致老化生物质炭减排N₂O能力降低的主要原因。  相似文献   

有机物料还田对冬小麦农田土壤温室气体排放影响的研究     

李春喜  李斯斯  邵云  马守臣  刘晴  翁正鹏  李晓波 《中国生态农业学报》2019,27(6):815-824

探讨有机物料还田对冬小麦田温室气体排放特性的影响,对提高经济效应和环境效应有积极意义。本研究应用静态箱-气相色谱法对秸秆还田（J）、秸秆还田+牛粪（JF）和秸秆还田+菌渣（JZ）3种有机物料还田下分别施氮肥243 kg （N）·hm^-2（减氮10%,N1）、216 kg （N）·hm^-2（减氮20%,N2）对冬小麦农田N₂O、CO₂和CH₄的排放通量进行监测,探讨了不同施肥措施对麦田温室气体累积排放量、增温潜势的影响。试验期间同步记录每项农事活动机械燃油量、施肥量和灌溉量,测定产量,地上部生物量,估算农田碳截留。结果表明,冬小麦农田土壤N₂O和CO₂是排放源,是CH₄的吸收汇,氮肥施入、灌溉以及强降水促进了土壤N₂O和CO₂的生成,却弱化了CH₄作为大气吸收汇的特征。牛粪+秸秆（JF）处理N₂O和CO₂排放总量最高,分别为3.5 kg （N₂O-N）·hm^-2和19 689.67 kg （CO₂-C）·hm^-2,但CH₄的吸收值最大,为5.33 kg （CH₄-C）·hm^-2,均显著高于菌渣+秸秆（JZ）和秸秆（J）处理（P<0.05）;各处理N₂O和CO₂的总量随施氮量的增加呈升高趋势,CH₄的总量随施氮量的增加而呈降低趋势。JFN2、JN2和JZN2处理农田综合增温潜势（GWP）均为负值,表明有机物料还田且减氮20%条件下农田生态系统为大气的碳汇,麦季净截留碳1 038~2 024 kg·hm^-2,其他处理GWP值均为正。JZN2处理小麦产量为8 061 kg·hm^-2,显著高于JFN2处理（P<0.05）。综上所述,JZN2处理不仅能够保证小麦产量,且对环境效应最有利,为本区域冬小麦较优的施肥管理模式。  相似文献   

生物质炭对土壤N₂O消耗的影响及其微生物影响机理     

贺超卉  董文旭  胡春胜  李佳珍 《中国生态农业学报》2019,27(9):1301-1308

生物质炭在温室气体减排方面具有很大的发展前景,它不仅能实现固碳,对于在大气中停留时间长且增温潜势大的N₂O也能发挥积极作用。本研究采用室内厌氧培养试验,按照生物质炭与土壤质量比（0、1%和5%）加入一定量生物质炭,土壤重量含水率控制在20%。利用Robotized Incubation平台实时检测N₂O和N₂浓度变化,通过测定土壤中反硝化功能基因丰度（nirK、nirS、nosZ）分析生物质炭对N₂O消耗的影响及其微生物方面的影响机理。结果表明：经过20 h厌氧培养后,0生物质炭处理的反硝化功能基因丰度（基因拷贝数·g^-1）分别为6.80×10⁷（nirK）、5.59×10⁸（nirS）和1.22×10⁸（nosZ）。与0生物质炭处理相比,1%生物质炭处理的nirS基因丰度由最初的2.65×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1升至7.43×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1,nosZ基因丰度则提高了一个数量级,由4.82×10⁷基因拷贝数·g^-1升至1.50×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1,然而nirK基因丰度并无明显变化;5%生物质炭处理的反硝化功能基因丰度并未发生显著变化。试验结束时,添加生物质炭处理的N₂/（N₂O+N₂）比值也明显高于0生物质炭处理。相关性分析结果表明,nirS基因丰度和nosZ基因丰度均与N₂O浓度在0.01水平上显著相关。试验末期nirS基因丰度和nosZ基因丰度均随着N₂O浓度的降低而升高。因此在本试验中,添加1%生物质炭可显著提高nirS和nosZ基因型反硝化细菌的丰度,增大N₂/（N₂O+N₂）比值,促进N₂O彻底还原成N₂。生物质炭对于N₂O主要影响机理是增大了可以还原氧化亚氮的细菌活性,促进完全反硝化。  相似文献   

等高绿篱--坡地农业复合系统土壤N₂O排放特征     

程艳辉  赵书华  莫琼  郭忠录  蔡崇法 《中国生态农业学报》2013,21(6):700-706

N2O是一种重要的温室气体, 具有很强的温室效应。当前全球变化条件下, 人类活动和农业生产行为产生的N₂O排放增加是当前倍受关注的问题。本研究于2008年11月-2009年10月, 利用静态箱 气相色谱技术对亚热带地区紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa L.)绿篱枝叶还田条件下冬小麦 夏玉米轮作田土壤N₂O排放通量进行原位监测, 观测紫穗槐枝叶移出(AR)、翻施(AI)、表施(AC)及作物单作(CK)4种处理下整个生长季土壤N₂O的排放量, 对等高绿篱 坡地农业复合生态系统土壤N₂O排放通量变化及其影响机制进行研究。结果表明, 整个冬小麦 夏玉米轮作期, 4个处理土壤N₂O排放通量呈现出相似的季节变化特征, AR、AI、AC、CK处理全生长季的排放总量为127.62 mg·m^-2、209.66 mg·m^-2、208.73 mg·m^-2、77.52 mg·m^-2。作物不同生育阶段N₂O日均排放通量在冬小麦季表现为: 开花-成熟期>拔节-开花期>出苗-拔节期; 在夏玉米季表现为: 拔节-抽雄期>播种-拔节期>抽雄-成熟期。本试验综合评估了等高绿篱 坡地农业复合生态系统土壤N2O排放通量变化及其影响机制。研究显示, 土壤N₂O排放通量在冬小麦季与土壤温度相关性显著, 在夏玉米季与土壤水分相关性显著。在复合生态系统中紫穗槐复合种植及枝叶还田显著促进土壤N2O排放, 翻施处理产生的N2O量大于表施处理。  相似文献   

一种直接测定硝化—反硝化气体的¹⁵N示踪—质谱法   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

李新慧  蔡贵信 《植物营养与肥料学报》1995,1(3):53-58

本文对¹⁵N示踪—质谱法的可靠性进行了检验。结果表明,在不同的¹⁵N丰度气体样品的测定中,用两种方法(反硝化作用源的¹⁵N丰度法和气样的¹⁵N丰度法)计得的反硝化损失量基本一致,故建立起来的¹⁵N示踪—质谱法是可靠的。该方法的测定偏差随气样¹⁵N丰度的降低而增大。此外,回收率结果表明,(N₂+N₂O+NO_x)-¹⁵N累积释放量占加入NO₃-¹⁵N量的94.1％。因此,这一方法可用于直接测定氮肥的硝化—反硝化损失的研究中。  相似文献   

耕作措施对温带半干旱地区土壤温室气体(CO₂、CH₄、N₂O)通量的影响   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

汪婧  蔡立群  张仁陟  王友玲  董稳军 《中国生态农业学报》2011,19(6):1295-1300

通过设置在甘肃省定西市李家堡镇的不同耕作措施试验, 利用CO₂分析仪、静态箱-气相色谱法对双序列轮作次序下春小麦地、豌豆地生育期内CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量进行了测定。试验结果表明: 4种耕作措施下春小麦地和豌豆地在生育期内均表现为CO₂源、N₂O源和CH₄汇的功能。传统耕作不覆盖、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作结合秸秆还田下, 春小麦生育期内平均土壤CO₂通量(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)分别为0.203 6、0.221 2、0.241 8、0.224 9, CH₄通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为-0.041 6、-0.078 0、-0.081 8、-0.053 7, N₂O通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为0.089 1、0.069 2、0.046 1、0.065 6; 豌豆生育期内平均土壤CO₂通量(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)分别为0.273 6、0.261 6、0.218 1、0.236 0, CH₄通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为-0.055 0、-0.073 7、-0.066 2、-0.054 5, N₂O通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为0.123 4、0.084 7、0.080 6、0.035 0。少免耕及小麦秸秆覆盖有利于减少土壤CO₂排放通量, 免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖及传统耕作结合秸秆还田均能不同程度地增加CH₄吸收通量、减少N₂O排放通量。综合来看, 免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作结合秸秆还田3种保护性耕作措施有助于减少土壤温室气体的排放量。春小麦地CO₂通量随着土壤温度、土壤含水量的逐渐升高而增大; CH₄吸收通量随着土壤含水量的逐渐升高而增大, 而随着土壤温度的逐渐升高而减小。豌豆地CO₂通量的变化与土壤含水量存在极显著正相关关系; 而春小麦地N₂O通量则与平均土壤温度呈显著正相关, 豌豆地则为极显著正相关。  相似文献   

灌溉对大麦/玉米带田土壤硝态氮累积和淋失的影响   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7  

叶优良  李隆  张福锁  孙建好  刘生战 《农业工程学报》2004,20(5):105-109

以甘肃省河西走廊灌区为试验地点，分别在0、150、300 kg/hm²氮水平和816、1632 m³/hm²灌水量下，对3次灌水前、后大麦/玉米带田0～200 cm土壤NO^-₃-N含量变化和灌水后135 cm处渗漏液NO^-₃-N浓度进行了测定。结果表明：灌水明显影响土壤硝态氮累积量，随灌水次数增加，土壤硝态氮累积量降低，而且在高灌水条件下土壤硝态氮累积量变化比低灌水量时大。从渗漏液硝态氮浓度来看，大麦带和玉米带都是以第1次灌水最高，浓度分别为8.04～17.21和3.30～14.57 mg/L。3次灌水土壤硝态氮淋失量，玉米带以N 150 kg/hm²和灌水量1632 m³/hm²最高，平均为4.31 kg/hm²；大麦带以N 150 kg/hm²及灌水量1632 m³/hm²和N 150 kg/hm²及灌水量816 m³/hm²比较高，平均为6.82 kg/hm²。  相似文献   

减量施氮与大豆间作对蔗田土壤温室气体排放的影响   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

章莹  王建武  王蕾  杨文亭  吴鹏  刘宇  唐艺玲 《中国生态农业学报》2013,21(11):1318-1327

采用静态箱 气相色谱法对常规施氮(N2, 525 kg·hm^-2)y和减量施氮(N1, 300 kg·hm^-2)处理下甘蔗与大豆按行数比1∶1(SB1)和1∶2(SB2)间作、甘蔗单作(MS)、大豆单作(MB)种植模式下蔗田土壤CO₂、N₂O、CH₄排放通量及土地当量比(LER)进行观测和对比分析, 以探讨不同间作模式及施氮水平下甘蔗//大豆间作农田土壤温室气体排放的动态变化规律及对作物产量的影响, 为制定农田温室气体减排措施提供合理的依据。研究结果表明, 减量施氮处理甘蔗//大豆(1∶2)间作模式(SB2-N1)农田土壤CO₂排放总量较甘蔗单作(MS)显著降低35.58%, N₂O累积排放总量较甘蔗单作降低56.36%, CH₄累积排放总量较甘蔗单作升高7.02%; 不同种植模式和施氮处理蔗田土壤均表现为CO₂和N₂O的排放源, CH₄吸收汇, 追施氮肥后土壤对CH₄的吸收速率降低, 但CO₂和N₂O的排放速率增加。MS-N1、SB1-N1、SB2-N1、MS-N2、SB1-N2、SB2-N2和MB处理土壤CO₂年累积排放总量(kg·hm^-2·a^-1)分别为5 096.89、6 422.69、3 283.20、4 103.29、4 475.84、4 775.31和4 780.35, 土壤N₂O年累积排放总量(kg·hm^-2·a^-1)分别为4.61、5.11、2.15、3.13、3.72、5.60和3.11, 土壤CH₄年累积排放总量(kg·hm^-2·a^-1)分别为 13.68、 21.78、 12.72、 5.53、 11.36、 4.77和 9.97。甘蔗//大豆间作系统2009-2012年土地当量比(LER)均大于1, 且减量施氮水平下, 甘蔗//大豆(1∶2)间作模式优势最明显。  相似文献   

成都平原农区地下水中NO₃^--N含量变化规律研究   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11       下载免费PDF全文

赵燮京  赵小蓉  王昌桃 《土壤学报》2004,41(1):56-60

采用硝酸根电极法对成都平原温江县天府乡农区田间和水井的地下水NO-3 N含量进行了一年多的连续测定 ,探讨了该农区地下水中NO-3 N的变化规律和氮肥用量的影响。结果表明 :(1)田间地下水NO-3 N含量周年变化规律是冬春枯水季较高 ,且变幅较大 (0 3 6～ 2 62mgL- 1) ,平均值为 2 59mgL- 1;夏秋丰水季较低 ,且变幅较小 (0 84～ 5 48mgL- 1) ,平均值为 1 10mgL- 1。 (2 )前作麦季氮肥施用量 ,对稻季地下水中NO-3 N含量有明显影响 ,当前作施纯氮达 3 75kghm- 2 时 ,稻季地下水NO-3 N含量最高达 3 4 6mgL- 1,其平均值为 17 97mgL- 1,是施纯氮 150kghm- 2 平均值 1 3 0mgL- 1的 13 7倍。 (3 )井水中NO-3 N含量变化幅度为 0 14～ 16 53mgL- 1,3口井水平均值分别为 2 54、3 60、6 52mgL- 1,未超出我国生活饮用水卫生标准 ,但明显高于灌溉水NO-3 N含量的平均值 1 81mgL- 1。 (4)地下水位的高低与井水中NO-3 N含量没有线性关系  相似文献   

高氮和NO₂^-对中亚热带森林土壤N₂O和NO产生的影响     

陈仕东  马红亮  高人  闫聪微  尹云锋  杨玉盛 《土壤学报》2013,50(1):120-129

利用15N同位素标记方法,研究在两种水分条件即60％和90％ WHC下,添加硝酸盐(NH4NO3,N 300 mg kg-1)和亚硝酸盐(NaNO2,N 1 mg kg-1)对中亚热带天然森林土壤N2O和NO产生过程及途径的影响.结果表明,在含水量为60％ WHC的情况下,高氮输入显著抑制了N2O和NO的产生(p＜0.01);但当含水量增为90％ WHC后,实验9h内抑制N2O产生,之后转为促进.所有未灭菌处理在添加NO2-后高氮抑制均立即解除并大量产生N2O和NO,与对照成显著差异(p＜0.01),在60％ WHC条件下,这种情况维持时间较短(21 h),但如果含水量高(90％ WHC)这种情况会持续很长时间(2周以上),说明水分有效性的提高和外源NO2-在高氮抑制解除中起到重要作用.本实验中N2O主要来源于土壤反硝化过程,而且加入未标记NO2-后导致杂合的N2O(14N15NO)分子在实验21 h内迅速增加,表明这种森林土壤的反硝化过程可能主要是通过真菌的“共脱氮”来实现,其贡献率可多达80％以上.Spearman秩相关分析表明未灭菌土壤NO的产生速率与N2O产生速率成显著正相关性(p＜0.05),土壤含水量越低二者相关性越高.灭菌土壤添加NO2-能较未灭菌土壤产生更多的NO,但却几乎不产生N2O,表明酸性土壤的化学反硝化对NO的贡献要大于N2O.  相似文献   

Study of the Potentially Mineralized Nitrogen Content and Nitrogen Supply by Soil Incubation Method in a Long-Term Field Experiment in East Hungary     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(11):1361-1368

The formation and fate of soluble nitrogen (N) forms and their response to organic-matter mineralization is not obvious yet, and results are often inconsistent despite intensive research. The available N supply of the soil is very important for plant nutrition and environmentally sound N fertilization. The determination of actual N supply is very important for sustainable agriculture in Hungary, especially in acidic sandy soils, which are very sensitive to environmental effects and inefficient human treatment. Therefore, the aim of this article is to provide further information about N mineralization processes and organic–mineral interactions of soil. To establish the potentially mineralized N content and available N supply of soil, a biological (incubation) method was carried out an acidic brown forest soil of the Nyírlugos long-term field experiment in Hungary. The incubation was carried out in the laboratory with differently treated soils of the long-term field experiment to investigate the effect of treatments on N mineralization processes of soil. The incubation period was 16 weeks long. The pH and the easily soluble mineralized and organic N fractions of soil were measured periodically from leached solution (0.01 M calcium chloride; CaCl₂). The leaching process was repeated after 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 16 weeks. The potentially mineralized N content of soil and the actual rate of N mineralization were calculated from periodically collected data. The results of the incubation method can be summarized as follows: the kinetics of incubation of 0.01 M CaCl₂ soluble organic N is similar to mineral N; 0.01 M CaCl₂–soluble N fractions were mainly in inorganic forms in the incubation period but the content of the organic form was significant too; and the mineralization rate is greater where the microbiological activity of the soil is expressed and the soil properties are more favored as a result of applied treatments.  相似文献   

硝酸盐反射仪和SPAD法对玉米氮素营养诊断的比较   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

夏文豪  刘涛  关钰  王进  褚贵新 《中国生态农业学报》2016,24(10):1339-1346

精准的营养诊断是了解作物氮素营养及推荐施肥的基础。本文在田间滴灌条件下利用SPAD叶绿素仪(SPAD-502 Plus)和硝酸盐反射仪(RQ flex10)两种诊断方法对玉米关键生育时期的氮素营养诊断进行研究,旨在筛选出适宜的诊断方法,并依据诊断值建立滴灌玉米不同生育时期的施肥模型。试验设置0 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N0)、225 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N225)、330 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N330)、435 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N435)和540 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N540)5个施氮水平,在不同生育时期测定了玉米叶片SPAD值和叶鞘NO_3~-含量,并分别与施氮量、植株全氮含量、产量进行方程拟合,比较两种诊断方法对玉米氮素营养的响应。研究结果表明:1)玉米叶片SPAD值和叶鞘NO_3~-含量均随施氮量的增加而显著升高,且在拔节期对施氮量的响应最敏感。叶鞘NO_3~-含量对施氮量变化的响应较SPAD值大,其与施氮量及玉米产量的拟合度均高于SPAD值,说明硝酸盐反射仪法对滴灌玉米氮素丰缺的反应更灵敏。2)玉米全氮含量与叶片SPAD值呈显著线性关系,而与叶鞘NO_3~-含量则以线性加平台表示。当叶鞘NO_3~-含量小于186 mg·L~(-1)时,植株全氮与NO_3~-间呈显著线性相关;当叶鞘NO_3~-含量大于186 mg·L~(-1)时,植株全氮随NO_3~-含量增加趋于不变。3)本农作区滴灌玉米最佳经济施氮量为402.5 kg·hm~(-2),对应的玉米产量为17 049 kg·hm~(-2)。玉米拔节期、抽雄吐丝期和灌浆期的临界叶鞘NO_3~-含量分别为729.3 mg·L~(-1)、536 mg·L~(-1)和81.2 mg·L~(-1)。SPAD叶绿素仪和硝酸盐反射仪均可对滴灌玉米进行氮素营养诊断,但硝酸盐速测值能更敏感地反映氮素丰缺状况,基于硝酸盐反射法进行作物氮素营养诊断及推荐施肥具有较好的准确性与适用性。  相似文献   

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae and phosphorus fertilization on growth, nodulation and N₂ fixation (¹⁵N) inMedicago sativa at four salinity levels     

R. Azcón  F. El-Atrash 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1996,24(1):81-86

The rose of an isolate of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungusGlomus mosseae in the protection ofMedicago sativa (+Rhizobium meliloti) against salt stress induced by the addition of increasing levels of soluble salts was studied. The interactions between soluble P in soil (four levels), mycorrhizal inoculum and degree of salinity in relation to plant growth, nutrition and infective parameters were evaluated. Salt stress was induced by sequential irrigation with saline water having four concentrations of three salts (NaCl, CaCl₂, and MgCl₂).¹⁵N-labelled ammonium sulphate was added to provide a quantitative estimate of N₂ fixation under moderate to high salinity levels. N and P concentration and nodule formation increased with the amount of plant-available P or mycorrhizal inoculum in the soil and generally declined as the salinity in the solution culture increased from a moderate to a high level. The mycorrhizal inoculation protected the plants from salt stress more efficiently than any amount of plant-available P in soil, particularly at the highest salinity level applied (43.5 dS m^–1). Mycorrhizal inoculation matched the effect on dry matter and nutrition of the addition in the soil of 150 mg P kg^–1. Nevertheless the highest saline solution assayed (43.5 dS m^–1) affected more severely plants supplemented with phosphorus than those with the addition of mycorrhizal inoculum. Such a saline-depressing effect was 1.5 (biomass), 1.4 (N) and 1.5 (P) times higher in plants supplied with soluble phosphate than with AM inoculum. Mechanisms beyond those mediated by P must be involved in the AM-protectioe effect against salinity. The¹⁵N methodology used allowed the determination of N₂ fixation as influenced by different P applications compared to mycorrhizal inoculation. A lack of correlation between nodule formation and function (N₂ fixation) was evidenced in mycorrhizal-inoculated plants. In spite of the reduced activity per nodule in mycorrhizal-inoculated In spite of the reduced activity per nodule in mycorrhizal-inoculated plants, the N contents determined indicated the highest acquisition of N occurred in plants with the symbiotic status. Moreover, N and P uptake increased while Ca and Mg decreased in AM-inoculated plants. Thus P/Ca ratios and cation/anion balance in general were altered in mycorrhizal treatments. This study therefore confirms previous findings that AM-colonized plants have optional and alternative mechanisms available to satisfy their nutritive requirements and to maintain their physiological status in stress situations and in disturbed ecosystems.  相似文献   

Extractability of 15N-labeled corn-shoot tissue in a sandy and a clay soil by 0.01 MCaCl2 method in laboratory incubation experiments     

Diedrich Steffens  Roland Pfanschilling  Sala Feigenbaum 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1996,22(1-2):109-115

Management of N fertilization depends not only on the mineral N measured at the beginning of the growing season but also on the status of the low-molecular-weight organic-N fraction. Our study was conducted to analyze how much of the ¹⁵N applied in labeled cornshoot tissue would be recovered in 0.01 M CaCl₂-extractable ¹⁵N fractions and wheter a decrease in the CaCl₂-extractable ¹⁵N fraction quantitatively followed the trend in net mineralization of the ¹⁵N applied in corn-shoot tissue during an incubation period. The effects of adding ¹⁵N-labeled young corn-shoot tissue to a sandy soil and a clay soil were investigated for 46 days in an aerobic incubation experiment at 25°C. The application of 80 mg N kg^-1 soil in the form of labeled corn-shoot tissue (24.62 mg ¹⁵N kg^-1 soil) resulted in a significant initial increase, followed by a decrease the labeled organic-N fraction in comparison with the untreated soils during the incubation. The labeled organic-N fraction was significantly higher in the sandy soil than in the clay soil until the 4th day of incubation. The decrease in labeled organic N in the sandy soil resulted in a subsequent increase in ¹⁵NO _inf3 ^sup- during the incubation. Ammonification of applied plant N resulted in a significant increase in the 1 M HCl-extractable non-exchangeable ¹⁵NH _inf4 ^sup+ fraction in the clay soik, owing to the vermiculite content. The ¹⁵N recovery was analyzed by the 0.01 M CaCl₂ extraction method; at the beginning of the incubation experiment, recovery was 37.0% in the sandy soil and 36.7% in the clay soil. After 46 days of incubation, recovery increased to 47.2 and 43.8% in the sandy and clay soils, respectively. Net mineralization of the ¹⁵N applied in corn-shoot tissue determined after the 46-day incubation was 6.60 mg ¹⁵N kg^-1 soil (=34.9% of the applied organic ¹⁵N) and 4.37 mg ¹⁵N kg^-1 soil (=23.1% of the applied organic ¹⁵N) in the sandy and the clay soils, respectively. The decrease in the labeled organic-N fraction extracted by 0.01 M CaCl₂ over the whole incubation period was 3.14 and 2.33 mg ¹⁵N kg^-1 soil in the sandy and clay soil, respectively. These results indicate that net mineralization of ¹⁵N was not consistent with the decrease in the labeled organic-N fraction. This may have been due to the inability of 0.01 M CaCl₂ to extract or desorb all of the applied organic ¹⁵N that was mineralized during the incubation period.  相似文献   

低硒土壤中⁷⁵Se的形态转化   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李书鼎  张少兰 《土壤学报》1990,27(3):280-285

用⁷⁵SeO₂水溶液分别按0.131ppm和1.631ppm比例处理暗棕色森林土。用这种土壤盆栽的小麦含Se分别为0.023ppm和0.493ppm。小麦收获之后,对土壤残留的⁷⁵Se用不同的提取剂连续进行化学分级,⁷⁵Se的各种形态按其占土壤总Se的百分比大小排序为:同位素交换态Se>NH₄OH可提态Se>HNO₃可提态Se>HCl可提态硒>水溶态Se>K₂SO₄可提态硒。土壤残留⁷⁵Se主要以NaHSeO₃同位素交换态存在,其量占土壤总硒28%,NH₄OH可提态Se次之,占20%;水溶态Se较少,仅6-7%。以SeO₃^-2形式加入土壤的⁷⁵Se被土壤紧密吸附。  相似文献   

Importance of organic nitrogen fractions in sandy soils,obtained by electro-ultrafiltration or CaCl2 extraction,for nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen uptake of rape     

T. Appel  K. Mengel 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1990,10(2):97-101

Summary Sandy soils have low reserves of mineral N in spring. Therefore organic-bound N is the most important pool available for crops. The objective of the present investigation was to study the importance of the organic-bound N extracted by electro-ultrafiltration and by a CaCl₂ solution for the supply of N to rape and for N mineralization. Mitscherlich-pot experiments carried out with 12 different sandy soils (Germany) showed a highly significant correlation between the organic N extracted (two fractions) and the N uptake by the rape (electroultrafiltration extract: r=0.76^***; CaCl₂ extract: r=0.76^***). Organic N extracted by both methods before the application of N fertilizer was also significantly correlated with N mineralization (electro-ultrafiltration extract: r=0.75^***; CaCl₂ extract: r=0.79^***). N uptake by the rape and the mineralization of organic N increased with soil pH and decreased with an increasing C:N ratio and an increasing proportion of sand in the soils. Ninety-eight percent of the variation in N uptake by the rape was determined by the differences in net mineralization of organic N. This show that in sandy soils with low mineral N reserves (NO _inf3 ^sup- -N, NH ₄ ⁺ -N) the organic soil N extracted by electro-ultrafiltration or CaCl₂ solutions indicates the variance in plant-available N. Total soil N was not related to the N uptake by plants nor to N mineralization.  相似文献   

A comparison of different indices for nitrogen mineralization   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

J. J. R. Groot  V. J. G. Houba 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1995,19(1):1-9

Indices of N mineralization in soils of contrasting texture, pH, and organic matter contents were compared at different dates during the growing season. The indices were derived from a 12-week aerobic incubation, determination of the amount of microbial biomass at the start of the incubation, determination of the increase in NH ₄ ⁺ after boiling with 2 M KCl for 2h, and extraction of total soluble N with 0.01 M CaCl₂. Cumulative mineral N increased linearly with time in the course of the incubations. Rates of mineralization in soil samples taken in March 1989 and 1990 were significantly correlated with soluble organic N, while correlations between the mineralization rate and the increase in NH ₄ ⁺ after boiling with 2 M KCl for 2 h were poor for sandy soils and absent for loamy soils. Correlations between NH ₄ ⁺ after boiling with 2 M KCl for 2h and the soil N concentration were highly significant, but no general relationship was found between the mineralization rate and the soil N concentration. Neither biomass N nor biomass C was significantly correlated with the mineralization rate or with one of the chemical indices. Among the methods tested, soluble organic N extracted with 0.01 M CaCl₂ was the only method with any promise for routine measurement of the mineralization capacity of the individual sites.  相似文献   

Nitrapyrin effectiveness in reducing nitrous oxide emissions decreases at low doses of urea in an Andosol     

Mayela MONGE-MU&#;OZ  Segundo URQUIAGA  Christoph M&#;LLER  Juan Carlos CAMBRONEROHEINRICHS  Mohammad ZAMAN  Cristina CHINCHILLA-SOTO  Azam BORZOUEI  Khadim DAWAR  Carlos E. RODR&#;GUEZ-RODR&#;GUEZ  Ana Gabriela P&#;REZ-CASTILLO 《土壤圈》2021,31(2):303-313

In the tropics,frequent nitrogen(N)fertilization of grazing areas can potentially increase nitrous oxide(N₂O)emissions.The application of nitrification inhibitors has been reported as an effective management practice for potentially reducing N loss from the soil-plant system and improving N use efficiency(NUE).The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the co-application of nitrapyrin(a nitrification inhibitor,NI)and urea in a tropical Andosol on the behavior of N and the emissions of N₂O from autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification.A greenhouse experiment was performed using a soil(pH 5.9,organic matter content 78 g kg^-1,and N 5.6 g kg^-1)sown with Cynodon nlemfuensis at 60%water-filled pore space to quantify total N₂O emissions,N₂O derived from fertilizer,soil ammonium(NH₄⁺)and nitrate(NO₃^-),and NUE.The study included treatments that received deionized water only(control,NI).No significant differences were observed in soil NH₄⁺content between the UR and UR+NI treatments,probably because of soil mineralization and NO₃^-produced by heterotrophic nitrification,which is not effectively inhibited by nitrapyrin.After 56 d,N₂O emissions in UR(0.51±0.12 mg N₂O-N concluded that the soil organic N mineralization and heterotrophic nitrification are the main processes of NH₄⁺and NO₃^-production.Additionally,it was found that N₂O emissions were partially a consequence of the direct oxidation of the soil's organic N via heterotrophic nitrification coupled to denitrification.Finally,the results suggest that nitrapyrin would likely exert significant mitigation on N₂O emissions only if a substantial N surplus exists in soils with high organic matter content.  相似文献