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1.
An IgM capture ELISA using heterologous antibodies was developed to evaluate the kinetics of the humoral immune response in dogs experimentally infected with Toxoplasma gondii RH strain. Detection of parasite in tissues from inoculated dogs was evaluated by mouse bioassay and immunohistochemical techniques. Serum samples were obtained at regular intervals up to 62 days post-inoculation (p.i.), when the animals were necropsied and their tissues examined. Antibody levels were measured by IgM capture ELISA (McELISA), indirect hemagglutination (IHA), indirect fluorescent antibody test (IgG-IFAT) and indirect immunoenzymatic assay (IgG-ELISA). All dogs seroconverted but only one exhibited severe clinical signs of infection. IgM antibodies were detected by McELISA from the seventh day on, with decreasing IgM levels around the 27th day. Similar results were obtained from IHA, although McELISA showed earlier and longer detection of IgM antibodies. IgG antibodies were detected from the seventh day on, and throughout the period of observation. Immunohistochemical findings and mouse bioassay revealed the presence of free tachyzoites in tissues of the clinically affected dog only. These results suggest that T. gondii acute infection in dogs shows a remarkably transient IgM synthesis, and this feature may constitute an important marker of active infection. Furthermore, McELISA was shown to be a potential tool to diagnose canine toxoplasmosis.  相似文献   

2.
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect Cowdria ruminantium antibodies during the course of heartwater disease. IgM antibodies reached a maximum on the 4th day after infection and disappeared on the 7th day. IgG antibodies first appeared on the 8th day and continued to increase during the remainder of the observation period of 28 days. The presence of C. ruminantium in the blood fractions of diseased animals was demonstrated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The earliest day of C. ruminantium antigen detection was in plasma and serum on the 4th day after inoculation. Of all the blood fractions investigated, the red blood cells showed the highest concentration, and this reached a maximum on the 12th day after infection.  相似文献   

3.
This study was carried out to compare different diagnostic techniques to reveal the presence of piroplasms in asymptomatic cattle kept at pasture. Nineteen blood samples were collected from animals of two different areas of Emilia Romagna Region of Italy and processed for microscopic observation, PCR, serological test (IFAT) for Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina antibodies and in vitro cultivation. The cultures were performed on both bovine and ovine erythrocytes. Seventeen blood smears (89%) were positive for piroplasms, while PCR was positive on 18 samples (95%). DNA sequencing of 18S rRNA identified the piroplasms as Theileria spp. In vitro cultures were successful for 6 samples (32%) cultured on bovine blood and subsequent identified these as Babesia major by PCR. On IFAT analyses of 16 samples, 36.8% resulted positive for B. bovis and 31.6% positive for B. bigemina. These results show, in the same animals, the co-infection with Babesia spp. and Theileria spp.; the detection of B. major was possible only using the in vitro cultures.  相似文献   

4.
Goats housed in microbiologically secure facilities were experimentally endobronchially infected with Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp), causal agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). The animals were monitored over an 8-week period post-infection (p.i.). Elevated temperatures were observed 2-7 days p.i., reaching a maximum of 41.5 degrees C in one animal (1884). By 8 weeks p.i. the infection was successfully cleared, with no Mccp being recovered from the lungs, serum or nasal passages. Mccp was not isolated from serum throughout the experiment, either directly by culture or indirectly via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Humoral immune responses against Mccp capsular polysaccharide (CPS) were generally poor when measured by ELISA. CPS antigen was present in the serum of all infected animals early in the infection (day 14 p.i.), although in one animal (1855) CPS antigen persisted throughout. This was the only animal to exhibit a serious cough (day 5-19 p.i.). Successful diagnosis of CCPP was achieved using two different types of latex agglutination test (CPS antibody and CPS antigen detection test), immunoblotting and a blocking ELISA, although the latter lacked sensitivity until later in the infection (35-40 days p.i.). Only a single animal (1855) was detected positive using the current complement fixation test (CFT). Strong immune responses to protein antigens were detected by IgG and IgM immunoblotting from the first time point at day 14 p.i. IgM immunodominant bands of 220, 85, 62 and 40kDa were observed in the 3 infected animals and from CFT-positive CCPP field sera. Band intensity gradually diminished throughout the experiment. IgG immunodominant bands of 108, 70, 62, 44, 40 and 23kDa were shared between experimentally-infected and field sera, with band intensity either remaining unchanged or increasing from day 14 p.i. These bands were not present using pre-infection sera. Of the diagnostic tests used, only the CPS antibody detection latex agglutination test and IgG immunoblotting gave positive diagnoses throughout the entire period post-infection (days 14-53 p.i.).  相似文献   

5.
An indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using an unpurified antigen was assessed for its accuracy in detecting Mycobacterium bovis infected cattle. The ELISA test recorded sensitivities of 88.7% and 63%, respectively, for infected cattle tuberculin tested positive and for infected cattle never tuberculin tested. Specificity was determined at 52.6% for cattle from confirmed free herds which had never been tuberculin tested. Significant differences in the mean ELISA values were recorded between the 3 groups. No evidence was found for long term effects of tuberculin testing upon the titre of antibodies detected by the ELISA in unaffected cattle. The indirect ELISA using the unpurified antigen of this assay was considered to be unsuitable as an alternative to tuberculin testing for the detection of M. bovis infected animals.  相似文献   

6.
Numerous parameters affect the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay activity and the assay conditions must therefore be carefully controlled to obtain reproducible results. These parameters include temperature, pH, ionic strength, buffer composition, cofactors, substrate depletion, product inhibition, increasing reversal of reaction as product concentration increases, adsorption of enzyme to solid supports, denaturation and non-enzymatic background rate. An ELISA was used to detect Cowdria ruminantium antibodies during the course of heartwater disease. IgM antibodies reached a maximum on the 4th day after infection and disappeared on the 7th day. IgG antibodies first appeared on the 8th day and continued to increase during the remainder of the observation period of 28 days. The presence of C. ruminantium in the blood fractions of diseased animals was demonstrated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The earliest detection of C. ruminantium antigen was in plasma and serum on the 4th day after inoculation. Of all the blood fractions investigated, the red blood cell fraction showed the highest concentration and this reached a maximum on the 12th day after infection.  相似文献   

7.
Babesia bovis grown in tissue culture was used to inoculate 12, 2-year-old Holstein steers. All 12 developed serological evidence of infection but only six had a febrile response of greater than or equal to 40 degrees C, and only one had a demonstrable B. bovis parasitemia. An average modest drop of 19% was observed in packed cell volume (PCV) during the period of reaction. All 12 steers were subsequently challenged with virulent B. bovis: seven on day 78 post inoculation (p.i.), two on day 106 p.i., and three on day 251 p.i. No demonstrable clinical response was observed in any of the 12 steers previously exposed to the tissue-culture organism, whereas severe signs of babesiosis occurred in seven 2-year-old, non-vaccinated control steers given a comparably virulent B. bovis challenge. All seven controls showed a febrile response, B. bovis parasitemias, with an average drop of 55% in PCV and a 28% mortality.  相似文献   

8.
An indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), a microscale version of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (microELISA) and determination of IgM levels in serum were assessed for their comparative diagnostic value in the detection of bovine trypanosomiasis. Serum samples from drug-treated N'dama cattle and untreated N'dama and Zebu cattle from Liberia were examined for the presence fo antibodies to trypanosomes. In the untreated Zebu cattle, infections with T. vivax predominated and the prevalence of infection was higher than that found in untreated N'damas in which infections with T. congolense predominated. The proportion of animals which showed serological evidence of trypanosomiasis in the untreated Zebus was slightly higher than that found in the untreated N'damas. The prevalence of infection was low in N'dama cattle which had been treated with diminazene aceturate and homidium chloride but 50% of the animals showed serological evidence of trypanosomiasis. More serologically positive animals were detected by microELISA than IFAT, but both tests were equally sensitive in detecting antibodies in cattle in which trypanosomes were demonstrated by examination of peripheral blood. With both IFAT and microELISA it was necessary to carry out tests using antigens prepared from T. brucei, T. vivax and T. congolense in order to detect all serologically positive animals. Increases in serum IgM occurred in both N'dama and Zebu cattle but the levels were raised in only approximately half of the known infected animals. Overall, more animals gave positive reactions with IFAT and microELISA than showed raised IgM levels.  相似文献   

9.
Antibodies to mycobacteria in cattle not infected with Mycobacterium bovis   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
An indirect anti-IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a whole cell sonicate of Mycobacterium bovis as the coating antigen, was used to detect anti-mycobacterial antibodies in cattle not infected with M. bovis. False positive M. bovis ELISA scores were produced in 6 cattle experimentally inoculated with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum (MAIS) serovars 2, 8, 9, 14 and 18 and Mycobacterium flavescens, respectively. False positive ELISA results were also found in 39.5% of cattle from which other mycobacteria were cultured and in 56.4% of necropsied cattle with other pathological conditions. No M. bovis was cultured from these animals. Other groups of animals, with no pathological conditions, which had been tuberculin-tested negative, tuberculin-tested positive and never tuberculin tested showed positive ELISA results in 15.4%, 73.6% and 42.4% of the respective groups. The variation of these non-specific responses in uninfected cattle highlights the need for careful selection of negative controls in evaluating ELISAs for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis.  相似文献   

10.
The use of the four-layer enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies against Aujeszky's disease virus in blood and oropharyngeal swabs of infected and vaccinated pigs is described. Mean antibody titres obtained using the four-layer EIA were 6.1 and 3829 times higher compared with the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralization (VN) test, respectively. The VN test detected mainly IgG antibodies, while the IgM antibodies did not react. Using the EIA, the first antiviral antibodies in sera were demonstrated on Days 5-7 after infection or vaccination. Up to the 7th day, demonstrable antibodies were almost exclusively of the IgM class. In infected pigs high titres of IgM antibodies were still detected on Day 18, while in vaccinated animals they were absent by this time. Antibodies of the IgG class appeared in infected pigs sooner (Day 7) than in vaccinated pigs (Day 10) and reached higher mean titres. Antibodies of the IgA class were demonstrable from Day 10 only in samples from infected pigs. Similar antibody dynamics and distribution were detected in oropharyngeal swabs, except that the IgG and IgM titres were roughly 100 times lower than in sera. However, titres of IgA antibodies in oropharyngeal swabs were two times higher than in sera. The greatest differences between both groups of animals were recorded on Day 18; in the infected pigs, IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies were present in sera and oropharyngeal swabs at that time, while in vaccinated pigs only IgG antibodies were demonstrable. The effect of infection and vaccination on the pattern of the immune response as well as the importance of the detection of individual immunoglobulin classes for the specificity of the enzyme immunoassay are discussed.  相似文献   

11.
For evaluating the influence of the age of the vaccinated birds on the development of antibodies, five groups of turkey poults were inoculated subcutaneously at day 1, 7, 10, 14 and 21 of life with vaccine containing inactivated Bordetella avium and Freund's incomplete adjuvant. No matter which vaccine schedule was used, serum antibodies with the ELISA were first detected at the 28th day of life and increased continuously until the 49th day, when it exhibited either a peak or a plateau. Aluminium hydroxide, Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvant and a mineral oil-arlacel-tween-mixture being permitted adjuvants (appendix II EWG 2377/90) and the adjuvant Gerbu 100 were evaluated for their suitability. Turkeys were vaccinated at the age of three weeks and examined clinically as well as serologically up to the 11th week. Humoral antibodies were detected quantitatively using an ELISA for IgG and a microagglutination test for IgM and qualitatively using immunodiffusion. The damage at the application site was rated by measurement of the swelling of the tissue. In the 10th week, the animals were infected with the agent for challenge. The serological examination for IgG antibodies in the ELISA both treatments with Freund's adjuvants resulted in high titers, which differed significantly from the unvaccinated control after 21 days. IgM could be detected from day 7 onwards in all vaccinated groups and showed the highest titers when aluminium hydroxide was used as adjuvant. In the immunodiffusion assay, precipitating antibodies could be found from the first week after vaccination onwards. There was no correlation between the occurrence of precipitating antibodies and ELISA titers. The measurements of the swelling of the tissue in the beginning showed the largest swellings in the animals injected with Freund's incomplete adjuvant and differed significantly from the unvaccinated control. In the 10th week, the animals were infected with Bordetella avium for challenge. In comparison to the unvaccinated animals, all vaccinated turkeys, no matter which adjuvant was used, showed a distinct and significant reduction of the reisolation rate.  相似文献   

12.
Streptococcus bovis is an important lactic acid bacterium in the rumen, which contributes to the development of lactic acidosis. This study was designed to test the efficacy of immunization with S. bovis primed either intramuscularly (i.m.) or intraperitoneally (i.p. ) against lactic acidosis. Forty-five wethers were allocated to three treatment groups. Two groups were injected with a S. bovis vaccine by either the i.m. or i.p. route for primary immunization; both groups were further immunized by the same route(s) (oral and/or i.m.) for boosters. The third group was not immunized (control). Antibody concentrations were measured in saliva prior to and following animals being fed a grain diet, and also in the rumen fluid, before the animals were suddenly introduced to a grain diet. The average antibody concentration in the animals of the i.m. group was higher than the i.p. group (P< 0.05). The antibody concentration in the rumen fluid of immunized sheep was higher than the control animals (P< 0.01). The difference in the rumen fluid antibody concentration between the i.m. and i.p. groups was not statistically significant (P> 0.05). In the i.m. group, there was a significantly greater feed intake, higher rumen pH, lower diarrhoea scores, and less increase in blood packed cell volume following grain feeding than in the animals of the control group. The severity of diarrhoea and the increase of blood packed cell volume in the animals of the i. p. group were also less than in the animals of the control group. The results suggest that the risk of lactic acidosis can be reduced by immunization against S. bovis, and that the immunization primed i. m. is more effective than the immunization primed i.p.  相似文献   

13.
利用聚合酶链反应技术检测牛结核杆菌病的研究   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12  
应用聚合酶链反应（ Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ） 技术检测牛结核分枝杆菌纯化 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ, 其敏感性为２５０ｆｇ 。所用引物序列对９种抗酸分枝杆菌 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 进行扩增, 经琼脂糖凝胶电泳证实, 只有人型结核分枝杆菌、牛型结核分枝杆菌产生了３１７ｂｐ 的特异性扩增带。将 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 法与皮内变态反应试验（ Ｐ Ｐ Ｄ） 检测方法比较; ５４ 份血样标本中 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 的阳性率为１ ％ , Ｐ Ｐ Ｄ 试验的阳性率为０ 。同时对奶样标本的检测与血样结果一致。结果表明, Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 在直接检测患牛血样、奶样标本中显示出快速、敏感、特异的优点。为今后牛结核病的检测工作提供了一条新的途径。  相似文献   

14.
The performance of a fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) that detects antibodies to Mycobacterium bovis in bovine sera is described. The FPA reported here is a direct binding primary screening assay using a small polypeptide derived from the M. bovis MPB70 protein. A secondary inhibition assay confirms suspect or presumed positive samples. Specificity studies involved five different veterinary laboratories testing 4461 presumed negative bovine samples. FPA specificity was 99.9%. The FPA was used to identify herd status as either M. bovis infected or non-infected. Herd surveillance studies (nine herds) were performed in Mexico and South Africa. The FPA had a specificity of 100% (two negative herds), and correctly identified six of seven infected herds. Finally, sera from 105 slaughter animals that had gross lesions in lymph nodes similar to those seen with bovine tuberculosis were tested by the FPA. Thin sections from the associated formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of lymph nodes were stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for morphologic examination and using the Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) method for detection of acid-fast bacilli. Of the 105 animals, 78 were classified as TB suspect based on lesion morphology, 21 were positive by ZN, 9 were positive by FPA and 13 were positive by PCR for the tuberculosis group of Mycobacterium. Among the 21 ZN positives, 11 (52.4%) were PCR positive. Among the 9 FPA positives, 8 (88.9%) were PCR positive. For the 13 PCR positives, 8 (61.5%) were FPA positive and 11 (84.6%) were ZN positives. These results show that use of the FPA for detection of M. bovis infection of cattle has value for bovine disease surveillance programs.  相似文献   

15.
The relationship between clinical infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) and Moraxella bovis antibodies was evaluated in a herd of calves during one summer. The detection and the distribution of antibody response in lacrimal secretions of beef calves to natural exposure of M bovis were determined by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Three classes of immunoglobulins--secretory IgA, IgM, and IgG--were monitored in lacrimal secretions over a 5-month period when IBK was enzootic in the herd. The 3 classes of antibody to M bovis were detected in all but 2 calves at the start of the monitoring, and the highest and most persistent M bovis antibody titers were in the IgG immunoglobulin class, and less so in IgM and secretory IgA classes. The specific antibodies present in the lacrimal secretions did not prevent the development of clinical IBK in the calves.  相似文献   

16.
An indirect ELISA was used to detect antibodies to Mycoplasma bovis in milk samples collected from a herd with M bovis mastitis. Antibodies were detected in samples from nine cows which had developed clinical M bovis mastitis. Milk from only three consistently antigen-negative cows tested positive for M bovis antibodies. These results indicate the potential value of the indirect ELISA for the detection of cows which have recently developed M bovis mastitis during the early stages of an outbreak.  相似文献   

17.
In Germany, the program for controlling salmonella infections in pigs is based on tests detecting salmonella-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced antibodies in meat-juice or blood. These conventional tests which are based on the technology of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detect exclusively or mainly immunoglobulin(lg)G antibodies. Meanwhile, novel ELISA systems (WCE-ELISA, 3-Isotype-Screening-ELISA) have been developed, which additionally detect the antibody classes IgM and IgA.This fact enables the registration of fresh salmonella infections (starting with day 5 p.i.) and thus, the distinction between early and older infections.The results show that animals with early salmonella infections appear significantly more often in herds with a high than with a low prevalence. With the newly developed tests this group of animals can be detected much more efficiently and precisely than with the tests used so far. Due to their clearly improved sensitivity the application of the WCE-ELISA and the 3-Isotype-Screening-ELISA in terms of the QS-Salmonella-Monitoring program can therefore significantly improve the selection of farms with potential salmonella excretors. Additionally, the WCE-ELISA can be applied very suitable for the examination of individual animals.  相似文献   

18.
Sixteen 3-week-old calves were intratracheally inoculated with Mycoplasma bovis. Follow-up consisted of regular bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) and clinical examinations. Animals were slaughtered from 4 to 21 days after inoculation. Counts were made of the mycoplasmas and other bacteria systematically isolated from the BAL liquids and lung lobes after slaughter. On the 6th day, spectinomycin 20mg/kg was given intramuscularly in three repeated doses at 24h intervals to six randomly chosen calves. All animals had developed a persistent M. bovis infection with a maximum BAL count on the 6th day (start of treatment). Co-occuring Pasteurella multocida infection was found in most animals with a maximum rate on the 14th day. The extent of lung surface lesions varied widely (0-64%) but was greater in the later slaughtered calves. Average counts of M. bovis and P. multocida in the BAL liquids were lower in treated calves than in untreated ones but the difference was not statistically significant. However, M. bovis and P. multocida counts in the lungs of the treated group were significantly lower than in the untreated group (p=0.003 and 0.009, respectively).  相似文献   

19.
用重组的牛巴贝斯虫棒状体蛋白1（Bc—RAP-1）作为ELISA诊断抗原,对采自青海省湟中县的120份奶牛血清样品,进行抗Bc—RAP-1特异性抗体的检测。结果检出7份阳性,阳性率为5．83％,说明该地区牛群存在牛巴贝斯虫的感染。  相似文献   

20.
It was observed that mild acidification (pH less than 4.0) together with solvent extraction of the soluble sonicate of a crude preparation of Babesia bigemina infected cattle erythrocytes caused a quantitative loss of B. bigemina-specific antigen. Cross-reacting antigen activities with Babesia bovis remained intact. These properties were utilized in an assay system wherein antibody response to the specifically depleted antigen preparation was subtracted from the response to the initial crude preparation leaving the net B. bigemina response. The radioimmunoassay based on this antigen system was verified using sera from known negative cattle and from cattle previously infected with B. bigemina, B. bovis or Anaplasma marginale. The following discrimination values were obtained: B. bigemina-positive sera less than 2% false negatives; negative sera, 2% false positives; B. bovis-positive sera, 4% false positives; A. marginale-positive sera, 0% false positives. Levels of cross-reactivity in the false positive results were in the "suspect" rather than positive class and in the case of B. bovis-positive sera, may have been due to non-specific antibodies induced by blood inoculation. In animals naturally infected with B. bovis only, there were no false positive reactions. B. bigemina antibodies were readily detectable in field sera for at least 10 months post-infection following infection by the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. This assay overcomes the problems of currently used tests for B. bigemina infection as it is both sensitive and specific and is able to discriminate between both field and laboratory infections of B. bigemina and B. bovis.  相似文献   

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