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1.
Chemical components are the main factors affecting the mechanical properties of wood fibers. Lignin is one of the main components of wood cell walls and has a critical effect on the mechanical properties of paper pulp and wood fiber based composites. In this study, we carried out tensile tests on single mature latewood tracheids of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanciolata (Lamb.) Hook.), using three different delignified treatment methods to obtain different amounts of lignin. We applied single fiber tests to study the effect of the amount of lignin on mechanical tensile properties of single wood fibers at the cellular level. The results show that in their dry state, the modulus of elasticity of single fibers decreased with the reduction in the amount of lignin; even their absolute values were not high. The amount of lignin affects the tensile strength and elongation of single fibers considerably. Tensile strength and elongation of single fibers increase with a reduction in the amount of lignin. 相似文献
2.
In order to examine the contribution of wood components to the acetylation of wood, we acetylated wood meal that had been
partially delignified. The results were analyzed in terms of the reaction kinetics. The first-order rate equation was successfully
adjusted to the weight gain data. The rate constant for acetylation initially increased with progress of lignin elimination
and then turned to decrease; the apparent activation energy showed the reverse tendency and ranged from about 90 to 130 kJ/mol.
These results suggest that lignin elimination brings not only separation of lignin but also drastic change of the chemical
and/or physical structure in the residual lignin, and this affects the reactivity of wood meal as a whole. The ultimate weight
gain estimated by the regression of the rate equation showed a minimum when lignin was moderately eliminated, which was explained
in terms of enhanced reactivity of lignin and lower accessibility for holocellulose than predicted. The equilibrium moisture
content had a maximum when lignin was moderately eliminated. This tendency is the opposite of that observed for the ultimate
weight gain, and suggests that the sites for acetylation do not always correspond to those for moisture adsorption.
Part of this report was presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Sapporo, August 2004 相似文献
3.
4.
白桦木材在自然和人工干燥过程中易受真菌类微生物的侵染产生色变,在一定程度上降低了白桦木材的加工利用价值。本文针对白桦木材侵染菌侵染试材的化学成分变化进行分析,以期为白桦木材生物变色防治提供参考。首先对白桦木材侵染菌进行分离、纯化与鉴定,确定侵染白桦试材的侵染菌的基本类型,然后进行白桦试材接菌,最后对白桦侵染菌侵染木材的化学成分进行测定。结果表明,与未侵染素材相比,侵染菌侵染试材中苯醇抽提物含量、1%NaOH抽出物含量、热水抽出物含量和多戊糖含量均较高,而纤维素及木素含量较低。这表明侵染菌在适宜的条件下会侵蚀白桦木材细胞壁组织,造成纤维素和木素等主要成分含量的降低,导致木材组分的破坏。同时,侵染菌的存在会造成白桦木材抽提物组分中的显色及助色物质的含量变化,以致木材产生不同程度的变色。 相似文献
5.
Thermal-softening properties and cooling set of water-saturated bamboo were investigated using stressrelaxation measurements
in heating and cooling processes, followed by residual deflection measurement. In the heating process, an obvious decrease
in relative relaxation modulus due to thermal-softening of lignin was found at around 60°C. On the other hand, no clear change
in the relative relaxation modulus was recognized in the cooling process. After the cooling process, about 65% and 75% of
residual set was measured when the specimen was loaded on the epidermis and endodermis side, respectively. Also, residual
set depended on the maximum temperature reached in the heating process and the unloaded temperature in the cooling process.
From these results, it was deduced that the glass transition of lignin from the rubbery to glassy state is important to fix
the deformation. Comparing thermal-softening behavior between bamboo and wood, the relative relaxation modulus of wood decreased
steeply at higher temperatures than for bamboo. On the other hand, while about 75% of residual set was also found for wood,
almost the same as for bamboo, the recovery of deformation with time was larger for wood than for bamboo.
Part of this article was presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Zairyou Society, Okayama, May 2004 相似文献
6.
Participation of lignin in the reaction between vapor-phase formaldehyde and wood was examined by using gradually delignified
wood meal. A fi rst-order rate equation was successfully applied to the weight gain data. From the estimated reaction parameters
such as rate constant, k, and ultimate weight gain, a, the reactivity toward formaldehyde was discussed among wood components, and compared with that for acetylation. k decreased monotonously with progress of the elimination of lignin, suggesting that the reaction rate of lignin is dominant
over that of whole wood, and the decrease in the ratio of lignin retarded the reaction of wood as a whole. On the other hand,
a increased with decreasing lignin content. This may be attributable to the enhanced reactivity of the remaining lignin due
to some structural changes and to the increase in the number of reactive sites in polysaccharides as a result of their exposure
accompanying the elimination of lignin. The dependencies of k and a on the lignin content were not similar to the case for acetylation, probably because of the difference in the reaction phase.
In vapor-phase formaldehyde treatment, the remaining lignin reacts as it is, whereas in liquid-phase acetylation it would
undergo rearrangement or swelling of the structure in the reaction solution. 相似文献
7.
Liquefactions of cellulose powder, steamed lignin, alkali lignin, and their mixtures were carried out to analyze the reaction process of wood using polyhydric alcohol. The liquefaction of wood proceeded immediately and wood components were converted to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)-soluble components. After that, the condensation reaction occurred with increasing reaction time. However, none of cellulose powder, steamed lignin, and alkali lignin condensed by themselves during their liquefaction. The mixture of cellulose and lignin was also liquefied, and condensed after a long reaction time. The results of analysis showed that the behavior of the mixture resembled that of wood with respect to molecular weight distribution and the main functional groups. Lignin was converted to DMF-soluble compounds in the initial stage of wood liquefaction, followed by cellulose gradually being converted into soluble compounds. After that, condensation reactions took place among some parts of depolymerized and degraded compounds from cellulose and lignin, and were converted into DMF-insoluble compounds. It was concluded that the rate-determining step of wood liquefaction was the depolymerization of cellulose. Furthermore, it was suggested that the condensation reaction was due to the mutual reaction among depolymerized cellulose and degraded aromatic derivatives from lignin or due to the nucleophilic displacement reaction of cellulose by phenoxide ion.Part of this report was presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Gifu, April 2002 相似文献
8.
马尾松木材化学组分的遗传控制及对木材育种的意义 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
本文利用 1 3年生马尾松子代测定林的 2 0个自由授粉家系的木材试样 ,着重研究木材化学组分的遗传学问题。研究结果表明 ,木材化学组分、基本密度和生长性状在家系间的差异都达到了极显著水平 ,并受中等至强度的遗传控制。在 6个木材化学组分中 ,灰分、戊聚糖和 1 %NaOH抽出物含量的遗传力较高 ,木质素、综纤维素和热水抽出物含量的遗传力稍低。生长性状与木材密度呈显著的负相关 ,而与木材化学组分相关性很小 ,似相互独立。遗传相关认为灰分和热水抽出物含量可分别作为综纤维素和木质素的间接选择指标。由于综纤维素和木质素含量在家系间的绝对差异较小 ,仅为 2 %～ 3% ,对选育的实际意义不大。可选择综纤维素含量高的优株进行无性繁殖加以利用 相似文献
9.
Condensation of lignin during heating of wood 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Summary The structural change of lignin during heating of wood was investigated quantitatively by a method combining nucleus exchange and nitrobenzene oxidation. Lignin modification during heating was mainly a diphenylmethane type condensation. About 40 and 75% of noncondensed units in protolignins were converted to diphenylmethane type units by heating of dry and wet wood meals up to 220 °C, respectively. On the other hand, during heating of modified lignin (dioxane lignin) various types of modifications in addition to diphenylmethane type condensation occurred. Lignin modification via the diphenylmethane type condensation was proposed as a new route for its utilization. 相似文献
10.
Summary Milled wood lignin (MWL) isolated from Phyllostachys makinoi was investigated by chemical and physical methods. The bamboo lignin is rich in syringyl units which is indicated by a high methoxyl content and respective bands in the IR spectrum. The distinct absorption bands for aromatic ring vibrations are attributed to final p-coumaryl ester groups. In the UV spectrum the extinction maximum in the range of 280 nm is shifted to longer wavelengths compared to wood lignin. With NaOH and TFA mainly an arabinoxylan with a Xyl: Ara ratio of 14:1 was extracted from bamboo saw dust. The lignin proportion in the NaOH extract, which derives mainly from the secondary walls has a lower methoxyl content, the lignin proportion in the TFA extract, which derives from the compound middle lamellae has a higher methoxyl content compared to MWL. 相似文献
11.
In order to understand the reason why glycerin pre-treatment can accelerate the deformation fixation of compressed wood, the
interaction between glycerin and wood at various temperatures was investigated in this study from stress relaxation approach.
The compression stress relaxation curves of poplar (Populus cathayana Rehd.) samples impregnated with glycerin were measured at temperatures ranging from 25 to 180°C, together with the curves
of oven-dry wood at temperatures between 100 and 180°C for comparison. The activation energy was calculated according to the
Eyring’s absolute rate reaction theory. The results showed that temperature had very obvious effect on stress relaxation for
both glycerin-treated wood (GTW) and oven-dry wood. The stress released very fast at higher temperatures. Glycerin showed
an accelerating effect on stress relaxation. At temperatures exceeding 120°C, a complete relaxation of the stress could be
expected. While for untreated wood, it cannot be reached until 160°C. By calculating the apparent activation energy (ΔE) of
GTW at different temperatures, it is clear that two mechanisms are responsible for different temperature ranges. From 40 to
100°C, ΔE is only 8.24 kJ/mol, which corresponds to the hydrogen bonds formed between wood and glycerin molecules; from 120
to 180°C, ΔE reached 81.38 kJ/mol, which corresponds to the degradation of hemicelluloses or lignin, and during this process,
new cross-linking would happen. 相似文献
12.
13.
To elucidate the formation mechanism of acidsoluble lignin (ASL) formed in the Klason lignin determination, beech wood meals were treated with sulfuric acid (SA) under various conditions, and the ASL solution was extracted with CHC13. The results indicated the following: (1) wood components yielding ASL are dissolved in 72% SA during the initial stage; (2) the quantity of ASL is highest during the initial stage, then decreases with prolonged time of 72% SA treatment and finally reaches a constant value; (3) soluble lignin prepared by 72% SA treatment and subsequent standing in 3% SA again yield insoluble Klason lignin and ASL after boiling in 3% SA; and (4) about half the amount of ASL is dissolved in CHC13. The foregoing suggest that wood components yielding ASL are dissolved in 72% SA at the beginning and finally change to ASL after being subjected to depolymerization, hydrolysis, and other reactions. ASL may thus be composed of low-molecular-weight degradation products and hydrophilic derivatives of lignin. 相似文献
14.
在材种鉴定的基础上,通过近红外光谱(NIRS)定性分析了建成约600 a的木造古建筑木构件的化学组分,结合木构件化学组分定量分析,与现代木材相比较,探讨了近红外光谱技术评价木构件老化的可行性。结果表明:近红外二阶导数特征性谱带反映了木材纤维素以及半纤维素和木质素的基团信息,而其差谱反映出木构件与对照样化学组分变化。这些光谱特征与传统的化学组分定量分析的结果非常一致:纤维素和半纤维素相对含量减少而木质素相对含量增加,与各种组分谱带差谱的增减相对应。此外,在5 882,5 587和5 464 cm-1等谱带处反映的纤维素结晶和半结晶区的光谱信息,差谱观察到木构件与现代材落叶松之间化学组分的不变或减少,其结果与X射线衍射(XRD)方法获得的木材结晶度分析结果相一致。通过NIRS定性分析木构件化学组分及结晶度变化,接近于现场检测方法,使用便携式NIRS,在古建筑木构件端头裸露部位获取光谱信息,能够实现现场对木材化学组分的无损定性评价。本实验结果也表明,除了常规的红外光谱(FT-IR)、XRD分析技术,NIRS技术对于木构件老化状况的评价是一种有潜力的无损检测方法。 相似文献
15.
In our preceding study, we clarified that liquids having similar molecular sizes to ethanol were mainly adsorbed onto lignin
among the major constituents of wood. This suggests that most micropores or adsorption sites loosely hydrogen-bonded to each
other, which are accessible to these liquids, exist in lignin. In the present study, to examine micropores in wood and lignin,
micropore distribution was measured by CO2 gas adsorption at ice-water temperature (273 K). Dry samples prepared by gradual delignification from wood meal were used
as adsorbents. The pore-size distributions were determined by analyzing adsorption isotherms using the Horvath-Kawazoe method.
It was found that the number of micropores decreased with the decrease in residual lignin, and micropores were hardly found
in cellulose and hemicellulose. It is considered that most micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood exist in lignin. 相似文献
16.
Influence of heating history on dynamic viscoelastic properties and dimensions of dry wood 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
To obtain new information about the mechanical and physical properties of dry wood in unstable states, the influence of heating
history on viscoelastic properties and dimensional changes of dry wood in the radial, tangential, and longitudinal directions
was studied between 100° and 200°C. Unstable states of dry wood still existed after heating at 105°C for 30 min and were modified
by activated molecular motion in the first heating process to temperatures above 105°C. This phenomenon is thought to be caused
by the unstable states reappearing after wetting and drying again. Dry wood components did not completely approach the stable
state in the temperature range tested, because they did not entirely surpass the glass transition temperatures in most of
the temperature range. In constant temperature processes at 135° and 165°C, E′ increased and E″ decreased with time regardless of the direction. This indicated that the unstable states of dry wood components were gradually
modified with time at constant temperatures. On the other hand, anisotropy of dimensional change existed and dimension increased
in the longitudinal direction, was unchanged in the radial direction, and decreased in the tangential direction with time
at constant temperatures.
Part of this report was presented at the 13th Annual Meeting of the Chubu Branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, Shizuoka,
August 2003 相似文献
17.
Summary The surface composition of explosion pulp and conventional CMP and CTMP underwent ESCA spectroscopy. Explosion pulps exhibited a higher oxygen-to-carbon ratio and less C1 peak areas compared to conventional CMP/CTMP. Based on the theoretical O/C ratios and C1 contents for the main components of wood fibers (i.e., carbohydrates, lignin and extractives), a triangular graph was used to illustrate the relative amounts of the three components on the surface. This analysis indicated that explosion pulps had more carbohydrates exposed on their fiber surface, which may explain their high physical strength. A bulk analysis indicated that these differences could not depend on their bulk compositions, since the latter were similar. 相似文献
18.
Wataru Aoyama Akira Matsumura Yuji Tsutsumi Tomoaki Nishida 《Journal of Wood Science》2001,47(6):419-424
Seedlings ofEucalyptus viminalis were grown for 50 days with their stems bent so tension wood would form. Every 10 days the lignin content, monomeric composition, and peroxidase activity in the tension wood were compared with those in the lower side (opposite wood) and in vertically grown controls. The lignin content in the developing tension wood started to decrease after 10 days of bending and kept decreasing for 50 days, whereas those in control plants and opposite wood remained almost unchanged. The yields of syringaldehyde from tension wood by nitrobenzene oxidation increased, and consequently the syringyl/ guaiacyl ratio of the lignin was higher in tension wood than in opposite wood and control plants. The peroxidase ionically bound to the cell walls (IPO) catalyzed oxidation of guaiacol and syringaldazine. The syringaldazineoxidizing activity of IPO from tension wood increased, whereas the activities of IPO from opposite wood and control plants did not show any marked change. In tension wood the increase in syringaldazine-oxidizing activity of IPO was consistent with an increase in the syringaldehyde yield. This suggests that IPO contributes to syringyl lignin deposition as other enzymes involved in the monolignol biosynthesis do in tension wood formation.This study was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000 相似文献
19.
在拟定的汽蒸高温干燥基准下,采用传统化学分析和气相色谱分析方法,研究了兴安落叶松木材干燥前后化学成分的变化情况。结果表明:木材汽蒸高温干燥过程,不仅会发生水分扩散等物理变化,而且也会发生木素-碳水化合物复合体(LCC)中木素与半纤维素之间的化学联接松弛和断裂,以及半纤维素降解等化学变化。这是由于半纤维素中的乙酰基脱落生成醋酸,使木材酸度增加,由木材自身造成了一种温和的弱酸水解环境。因此,木材汽蒸高温干燥处理,是一种物理和化学的综合过程。 相似文献
20.
Keisuke Kojiro Tsunehisa Miki Hiroyuki Sugimoto Masamitsu Nakajima Kozo Kanayama 《Journal of Wood Science》2010,56(2):107-111
To investigate micropores and mesopores in the cell walls of dry wood, CO2 gas and N2 gas adsorption onto dry wood were measured at ice-water temperature (273 K) and liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). CO2 gas adsorption isotherms obtained were used for determining micropore volumes smaller than 0.6 nm by the HK method (Horvath-Kawazoe
method), and N2 gas adsorption isotherms obtained were used for determining the mesopore volume between 2 nm and 50 nm by the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda
(BJH) method. Micropores and mesopores existed in cell walls of dry wood, and the cumulative pore volume was much larger for
micropores than for mesopores. Micropores in the cell wall of dry wood decreased with elevating heat treatment temperature,
and the decreased micropore was reproducible by wetting and drying. Mesopores did not decrease so much with elevating heat
treatment temperature. Micropore volumes for the softwood Hinoki and the hardwood Buna were compared. A larger amount of micropores
existed in hardwood Buna than in softwood Hinoki, and this relationship was considered to correspond to the difference in
thermal softening properties for lignin in water-swollen Hinoki and Buna. This result probably indicates that micropores in
the cell walls of dry wood relate to the structure of lignin. 相似文献