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1.
在宁南旱区,采用免耕、深松、翻耕结合秸秆、地膜等覆盖耕作措施,以翻耕不覆盖为对照,研究覆盖耕作模式下休闲期土壤的蓄水保墒效果、马铃薯生育期土壤水分的变化特征及对作物生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:在休闲末期,不同覆盖耕作处理下0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量均比休闲初期明显提高.与翻耕不覆盖处理相比,免耕覆盖地膜、深松覆盖地膜和翻耕覆盖地膜处理0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量分别比对照处理提高7.6%,9.3%和8.0%.马铃薯生育前期,覆盖地膜结合不同耕作措施下0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量最高,生育中后期覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理对0~200 cm土层土壤保水效果最佳.覆盖地膜结合不同耕作处理能促进马铃薯生育前期的生长,生育中后期以覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理促进作用最为显著.不同覆盖耕作处理均能提高马铃薯的产量和水分利用效率,增产效果以免耕覆盖秸秆、深松覆盖秸秆和翻耕覆盖秸秆处理最为显著,分别较对照组增产51.2%,42.8%和35.3%,水分利用效率分别比对照组提高50.0%,42.3%和32.3%.可见,覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理的增产效果和提高水分利用效率最高. 相似文献
2.
秋耕覆盖对土壤水热肥与马铃薯生长的影响分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探明秋耕覆盖措施下农田土壤水热肥特性对旱作马铃薯生长及产量的影响,于2013—2016年在宁南旱区秋作物收获后,通过设置不同耕作覆盖措施,研究马铃薯生育期0~200cm层土壤贮水量、0~25cm耕层土壤温度和0~40cm层土壤养分含量的动态变化,以及对马铃薯生长和产量的影响。结果表明,耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用可显著影响马铃薯播种期土壤贮水量,免耕秸秆覆盖、深松秸秆覆盖处理保水效果最佳,平均土壤贮水量较翻耕不覆盖处理分别提高14.4%和14.7%;耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用对马铃薯关键生育期土壤贮水量影响显著,深松秸秆覆盖处理改善土壤水分效果最佳,平均土壤贮水量较翻耕不覆盖处理提高20.7%。在马铃薯播种期,耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用对耕层土壤温度影响显著,但随着生育期的推进其影响程度减小;同一耕作方式下的平均耕层土壤温度,地膜覆盖处理较不覆盖处理显著提高3.6℃,而秸秆覆盖处理显著降低1.4℃。经过3年秋耕覆盖后,耕作与覆盖交互作用对0~40cm层土壤养分各指标影响均呈极显著水平,在所有处理组合中,免耕秸秆覆盖、深松秸秆覆盖处理的土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量较高,而翻耕不覆盖处理最低。同一耕作方式下,地膜覆盖的保温效应对马铃薯生育前期生长有促进作用,但后期高温不利于马铃薯生殖生长;秸秆覆盖在整个生育期具有稳温和降温效应,有利于马铃薯中后期生长。所有处理组合中,深松秸秆覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖处理下马铃薯总产量和净收益较高,分别较翻耕不覆盖显著增产49.4%和38.3%,净收益分别提高129.1%和103.3%;深松地膜覆盖、深松秸秆覆盖处理对提高商品薯率效果较好,分别较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高18.4%和16.2%。从经济与环境效益角度考虑,免耕、深松结合秸秆覆盖措施可调控农田土壤水、热及养分环境,实现马铃薯增产增效,在宁南半干旱区马铃薯生产中具有应用推广价值。 相似文献
3.
全膜垄作对旱作马铃薯土壤含水率、酶活性及产量的影响 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
为明确全膜垄作对黄土高原旱作马铃薯土壤保水改土效果及产量形成的影响,设全膜双垄垄上播(A1)、全膜单垄垄上播(A2)、全膜单垄垄上微沟播(A3)和露地常耕平作(CK)4种方式进行田间试验,分析了不同耕作方式对马铃薯田间土壤含水率、土壤酶活性和产量的影响。结果表明,全膜垄作均能提高各生育阶段0~100 cm土层土壤含水率,特别是对0~20 cm土层影响最为显著,在马铃薯需水关键期块茎形成期和块茎膨大期,0~100 cm土层土壤含水率A1、A2、A3处理较CK分别提高了27.93%、19.23%、34.93%和25.12%、26.94%、57.00%;全膜垄作均能显著提高马铃薯0~60 cm土层土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶活性,以0~10 cm土层酶活性最高,随马铃薯生育期推进,土壤酶活性呈先增加后降低趋势,在块茎膨大期达到最大;同时,全膜垄作均能增加马铃薯产量,由高到低次序为A3处理A1处理A2处理CK,其中A3处理比A1处理增加5.53%,比A2处理增加14.23%;A1、A2、A3处理的产量分别较CK提高了75.77%、66.56%、53.88%;与CK相比,全膜垄作不仅提高了马铃薯产量,而且降低马铃薯烂薯率和青薯率,其中全膜单垄垄上微沟播(A3)优于其他处理,可作为内蒙古黄土高原旱作区节水高产栽培模式。 相似文献
4.
针对宁南山区春季降雨少、低温不利于马铃薯出苗,而作物生育中后期高温胁迫限制马铃薯块茎形成导致减产等问题,于2016年设置垄覆地膜沟内覆盖塑料地膜(DM)、玉米秸秆(JG)、生物降解膜(SM)、麻纤维地膜(MM)、液态地膜(YM)及沟不覆盖(BM),以传统平作为对照(CK),研究沟垄覆盖模式对土壤温度、土壤水分、旱作马铃薯生长及块茎产量的影响.结果表明:处理DM,SM,MM和YM马铃薯生育期耕层土壤温度表现出增温效应,而处理JG和BM表现为降温效应,其中处理DM增温效果和处理JG降温效果最佳.处理YM,JG对马铃薯生长前期保水效果较好,分别较CK显著提高13.3%,27.0%,而处理JG,DM对生育中后期的保墒效果较佳,分别较CK显著提高22.4%,13.2%.处理JG可显著促进马铃薯生长,其增产效果最为显著,DM次之,分别较CK增产47.8%,44.8%,其他处理较CK差异不具有统计学意义.可见,在宁南山区实施垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆模式可调控土壤水热环境,对旱作马铃薯生长及增产效果最佳. 相似文献
5.
为探明保护性耕作对东北寒地黑土土壤水热状况和玉米产量的影响,基于秸秆全量还田和免耕播种为核心的黑土地保护性耕作方式,设置宽窄行秸秆全覆盖还田（FM）、均匀行秸秆全覆盖还田（LM）、秸秆旋耕全量还田（LX）和常规垄作秸秆离田（LN）4种模式,探究保护性耕作对寒地黑土土壤水热效应、玉米干物质量、产量构成及水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明：在玉米生育期内,保护性耕作能够显著提高土壤含水率,调节土壤温度,针对不同的气温变化,进行“增降温”。保护性耕作处理较LN处理0~60cm土层平均土壤体积含水率增加27.28%~63.86%,气温最高时使平均土壤温度降低3.20%~7.63%,成熟期气温低时使平均土壤温度增加2.32%~5.37%。保护性耕作显著提高了水分利用效率（WUE）以及作物对氮素的吸收与利用,其中WUE较LN处理提高7.26%~12.90%,同时氮素吸收效率、氮素收获指数分别提高14.29%~42.86%、4.00%~12.00%。保护性耕作能够提高玉米产量,促进玉米干物质积累,玉米产量、干物质量分别较LN处理提高37.7~431.0kg/hm2和2322.3~5451.7kg/hm2,LM处理产量变异系数最小,产量最稳定。 相似文献
6.
不同覆盖方式对土壤水肥热状况以及玉米产量影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
【目的】阐明不同覆盖方式对调节土壤水肥热状况以及增加玉米产量的影响。【方法】设置地膜覆盖、玉米秸秆覆盖和不覆盖3种方式,研究了不同覆盖方式对土壤含水率、土壤养分、土壤温度与玉米产量的影响。【结果】在玉米的生长前、中期,秸秆覆盖与地膜覆盖处理的保墒效果均优于不覆盖处理,其中0~60 cm土层土壤含水率差异明显;玉米进入成熟期后,秸秆覆盖处理0~60 cm土层含水率显著高于地膜覆盖和不覆盖处理,平均高8.23%和22.41%。秸秆覆盖能够促进浅层土壤养分量的提高,相较于不覆盖,秸秆覆盖的速效钾与有效磷量分别增加了15.11%、85.13%;相比地膜覆盖和不覆盖,生长前期秸秆覆盖温度更高,生长期和成熟期秸秆覆盖温度更低。地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖的玉米产量分别比不覆盖高24.02%、24.90%,差异显著(P<0.05)。【结论】玉米秸秆覆盖能够提高土壤养分与水分,调节土壤温度,增加玉米产量。 相似文献
7.
为了明确温室生产中不同耕作措施的水热盐调控效果,采用温室小区试验方法,以翻耕(CK)、翻耕结合地表覆盖地膜(M)、翻耕结合秸秆深埋(J)为对照,研究了翻耕结合地表覆盖地膜结合秸秆深埋(J+M)措施对温室土壤水热盐动态变化的影响。结果表明,与M、J及CK处理相比,J+M处理全生育期平均土壤含水率可分别提高8.96%、5.45%、14.32%,土壤温度分别提高3.35%、5.21%及8.32%,土壤全盐量分别降低24.44%、19.65%、26.64%,这一结果可为宁夏温室种植实施地膜覆盖与秸秆深埋改良措施提供参考。 相似文献
8.
针对宁夏中部干旱地区农田土壤生态环境问题,研究了不同水氮处理对马铃薯土壤过氧化氢酶活性和土壤脲酶活性及产量的影响变化规律.研究结果表明:在马铃薯0～20 cm土层中,土壤过氧化氢酶活性和脲酶活性均随马铃薯生育期阶段的推进呈现出先升高后降低的变化趋势;在垂直方向上,随着土层深度的增加,土壤过氧化氢酶活性呈现逐渐降低的变化趋势,而土壤脲酶活性则呈升高的变化趋势;中水中氮(W2N2)有利于增加土壤酶活性,而低水高氮(W1N3)则不利于土壤酶活性的提高;中水中氮(W2N2)处理的马铃薯产量和商品薯率最高,分别为53698.95 kg/hm2和96.4％;0～20 cm土层土壤过氧化氢酶活性与马铃薯产量呈极显著正相关,0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层土壤脲酶活性与马铃薯产量呈显著正相关.综合考虑,中水中氮(W2N2)为最佳的处理,有利于马铃薯产量、商品薯率的提高和土壤生态环境的改善.因此推荐W2N2处理(灌溉定额为1500 m3/hm2,施氮量为210 kg/hm2)作为宁夏中部干旱地区马铃薯种植的水氮管理模式. 相似文献
9.
2015年4—8月在甘肃地区和2017年3—7月在山东地区,在滴灌条件下对不同薄膜覆盖（透明薄膜,CF;不覆膜,NF;黑色薄膜;BF）的覆膜热效应及其对马铃薯生长的影响进行了试验。通过对马铃薯全生育期冠层净辐射、土壤热通量和土壤温度进行自动监测,对马铃薯块茎分级、产量、水分利用效率进行测量和计算。结果表明：BF处理的净辐射大于NF和CF处理,2015年BF处理在芽条生长期和苗期的净辐射最大值均比NF处理高12%,2017年则分别高22%和15%;2015年CF处理10cm深度处的土壤热通量最大值比BF处理和NF处理分别高66%和129%,2017年则为57%和91%;CF处理的土壤温度高于BF和NF处理,但在块茎形成期和块茎增长期CF处理的土壤温度稍低于BF和NF处理,2017年山东地区各处理土壤温度间的差异小于2015年甘肃地区;甘肃地区CF处理的耗水明显少于BF处理,并且该地区覆膜的热效应及其对提高马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响优于山东地区,建议甘肃地区采用透明薄膜覆盖马铃薯种植方式。 相似文献
10.
覆盖耕作对岭南旱作大豆土壤水热及产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨旱作条件下不同耕作覆盖措施对大豆的增产机制及其对土壤水热环境的影响,在试验区设传统耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作加秸秆覆盖(TS)、传统耕作加覆盖地膜(TP) 4个处理进行研究,结果表明:整个生育期内,较T处理而言TP处理具有土壤增温效果,而NT和TS处理则表现出不同程度的土壤降温效果,NT处理保墒效果不明显。TP处理前期增温保墒,后期降温抑蒸,这有利于改善土壤水热环境,符合大豆生长发育对环境的需求。不同措施下大豆产量由高到低为TPTSNTT,TP、TS、NT处理比T处理产量分别高出249.9、548.85、760.5 kg/hm2,以TP处理增产幅度最高,各处理大豆增产率在9.02%～27.45%。土壤温度与产量的相关性表现为TPTSNTT,且TP处理下土壤温度和产量呈显著相关,说明土壤温度会对产量造成影响,且主要是以TP处理影响最大。 相似文献
11.
Adoption of a new technology, such as irrigation, is a complex phenomenon. Several factors of economic and social nature contribute to the farm-level decisions affecting adoption. In this study, the role played by attitudes of potential adopters towards irrigation and its subsequent adoption on their farm unit was estimated. Two models were estimated, one incorporating only adopters' socio-economic characteristics, and the other, only their attitudes towards irrigation. Results suggest that adopters' attitude, particularly with respect to economic and environmental effects of irrigation, were significant determinants of their decision to proceed with adoption of irrigation, and have a role to play in adoption of irrigation over and above that explained by socio-economic characteristics. In particular, these results suggest that negative perceptions with respect to economics of irrigation and those related to its detrimental impacts on environmental quality, particularly through soil salinity, may be significant deterrents for adoption of irrigation. The study suggests that planning of large scale water development projects, particularly those involving irrigation, must be cognizant of attitudes of potential adopters. Furthermore, during the planning stages, more attention should be paid to the development of proper educational programs, as well as extension packages, to ensure that potential adopters formulate correct attitudes towards the new technology. 相似文献
12.
数学作为一门基础性学科，在学生的各个学习阶段都起到了不可替代的作用，在工科院校中数学教学的重要性更是升到了一个新的高度。通过数学的学习，可以培养学生的应用能力和探究思维，通过对数学知识的学习和灵活运用，学生的综合能力会得到系统性的提高。对于数学的教学工作，应当做到有针对性、有目标，在教学工作中，充分做到对症下药、有的放矢，让学生通过对数学的学习，提高自身的综合能力，更好地为社会建设贡献力量。 相似文献
13.
分析了四川简阳地区砂岩和土壤中的水分运动特性和砂岩中储存的水分对土壤水分补给量的多少。对当地的砂岩和土壤进行了水分特征曲线的测定试验、入渗试验和蒸发试验,并采用研究中常用模型对试验结果进行了拟合,通过对拟合结果的分析,得出了当地土壤和砂岩的水分特性,总结出了该地区表面土层在缺水时水分很容易被下部砂岩层补给,砂岩中的水分是作物利用的重要水资源的结论。这对于充分利用当地水资源,合理确定类似地质条件地区灌溉定额,解决无灌溉条件丘陵区作物缺水问题,实现农业节水灌溉有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
14.
G. L. Hammer J. W. Hansen J. G. Phillips J. W. Mjelde H. Hill A. Love A. Potgieter 《Agricultural Systems》2001,70(2-3):515-553
Agricultural ecosystems and their associated business and government systems are diverse and varied. They range from farms, to input supply businesses, to marketing and government policy systems, among others. These systems are dynamic and responsive to fluctuations in climate. Skill in climate prediction offers considerable opportunities to managers via its potential to realise system improvements (i.e. increased food production and profit and/or reduced risks). Realising these opportunities, however, is not straightforward as the forecasting skill is imperfect and approaches to applying the existing skill to management issues have not been developed and tested extensively. While there has been much written about impacts of climate variability, there has been relatively little done in relation to applying knowledge of climate predictions to modify actions ahead of likely impacts. However, a considerable body of effort in various parts of the world is now being focused on this issue of applying climate predictions to improve agricultural systems.
In this paper, we outline the basis for climate prediction, with emphasis on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon, and catalogue experiences at field, national and global scales in applying climate predictions to agriculture. These diverse experiences are synthesised to derive general lessons about approaches to applying climate prediction in agriculture. The case studies have been selected to represent a diversity of agricultural systems and scales of operation. They also represent the on-going activities of some of the key research and development groups in this field around the world. The case studies include applications at field/farm scale to dryland cropping systems in Australia, Zimbabwe, and Argentina. This spectrum covers resource-rich and resource-poor farming with motivations ranging from profit to food security. At national and global scale we consider possible applications of climate prediction in commodity forecasting (wheat in Australia) and examine implications on global wheat trade and price associated with global consequences of climate prediction.
In cataloguing these experiences we note some general lessons. Foremost is the value of an interdisciplinary systems approach in connecting disciplinary knowledge in a manner most suited to decision-makers. This approach often includes scenario analysis based on simulation with credible models as a key aspect of the learning process. Interaction among researchers, analysts and decision-makers is vital in the development of effective applications — all of the players learn. Issues associated with balance between information demand and supply as well as appreciation of awareness limitations of decision-makers, analysts, and scientists are highlighted. It is argued that understanding and communicating decision risks is one of the keys to successful applications of climate prediction.
We consider that advances of the future will be made by better connecting agricultural scientists and practitioners with the science of climate prediction. Professions involved in decision making must take a proactive role in the development of climate forecasts if the design and use of climate predictions are to reach their full potential. 相似文献
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针对野生刺五加叶片中黄酮含量的测量方法繁琐、时间较长及需破坏叶片等问题,提出了一种基于高光谱技术对不同时段的刺五加叶片中黄酮含量的估算模型。首先,分析提取地域、年龄、长势相近的20株刺五加叶片光谱特征,通过对叶片进行烘干、磨粉及利用紫外分光光度计等化学方法测得叶片中黄酮的真实含量,并选择4种预处理互相结合、比较的方式,判断出最优预处理模型;通过SPA与PCA算法的结合,选择出较明显的特征波段,通过MatLab2018a将特征波段的反射率分别与40组预测集验证相关性后,再分别选取预测值和20组实测值与BP神经网络、支持向量机进行模型建立。实验结果表明:利用BP神经网络建立的模型的校正集决定系数Rc2分别为0.8649、0.7976、0.8485,支持向量机建立的模型的校正集决定系数Rc2分别为0.7526、0.7742、0.7243,证明SNV和1 Der结合的预处理方式与BP神经网络所构建的模型效果最好。研究为高光谱技术对刺五加叶片中黄酮的反演提供了有力的支持,也会提高工业和药用采摘的效率及刺五加的利用价值。 相似文献
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S.H. KimM. Fan S.O. Prasher R.M. PatelS.A. Hussain 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(4):653-660
Pesticides degrade principally through biodegradation processes, whereas antibiotics kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth in soils and thus may affect the fate of pesticides. In this study, the impact of antibiotics on the degradation of atrazine in a sandy soil is investigated in lysimeters over a ninety-day period. Four treatments, monensin, narasin, salinomycin and non-antibiotic, were assigned in triplicate to twelve PVC lysimeters. Both soil and leachate samples were collected and analyzed at predetermined time intervals. In all treatments, atrazine was found to leach down through the soil profiles with the concentration level decreasing with depth, and only trace amounts of atrazine were found in the leachate. However, the statistical analysis of the results showed that all the three antibiotic treatments yielded a significantly slower dissipation of the atrazine level as compared to the non-antibiotic treatment; the mass balance analysis indicated an increased half-life of atrazine in the presence of antibiotics. 相似文献
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北京典型灌区土壤和农产品多氯联苯污染风险评估 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为明确北京东南郊灌区表层土壤和农作物多氯联苯(PCBs)含量和污染水平以及人体健康风险,2015年在该灌区采集了20个土壤样品和28个作物样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了样品中7大类PCBs含量。研究结果表明,灌区表层土壤PCBs质量比为ND(低于检出限)到0.711 776μg/kg,均值为0.43μg/kg,总体上土壤PCBs含量随污灌历史年限增加而增加。本研究区表层土壤PCBs含量处于较低水平,土壤未受到PCBs污染且其生态风险概率均小于10%。灌区采集的冬小麦籽粒、大葱、茄子、梨、白薯、芥蓝PCBs含量均低于实验检出限,未检出;夏玉米籽粒、菜心和油菜PCBs总量分别为0.17~0.47μg/kg、1.63μg/kg和5.91μg/kg。不同污灌历史年限并未显著影响夏玉米籽粒PCBs含量。本研究区农产品PCBs含量处于较低水平,均低于美国卫生及公共服务部建议限量。采集的土壤和农产品样品仅四氯联苯含量高于实验检出限,能检测出;一氯联苯到三氯联苯和五氯联苯到七氯联苯均低于实验检出限,未检出。本研究中成人和儿童PCBs致癌风险分别为8.49×10-7和4.66×10-7,非致癌风险分别为1.41×10-1和3.88×10-1,均低于US EPA规定限值,说明PCBs未对人群产生明显的健康危害。致癌危害和非致癌危害均以口-作物(玉米和蔬菜)为主,其对人体健康所造成的风险占总个人年风险的比例分别为99.79%~99.95%和99.81%~99.94%。 相似文献
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Targeted sampling of water was performed in streams, the river mouth, and the municipal drinking-water tap in the vicinity of San Francisco, South Leyte, Philippines. Samples were processed on site and transported back to Sweden for analysis by gas chromatography mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the pesticides commonly used in the area. Collaborations were initiated with employees at the local Department of Agriculture and Municipal Disaster Coordinating Council to learn more about the rice cultivation in this area and times for spraying. Detectable levels of pesticides λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin (0.0005-1.4 μg/L) were found in representative water samples. In 47% of samples the detected levels exceeded the recommended limit values for pesticides in surface water according to Swedish guidelines (Swedish Chemicals Agency, 2008). The analysis of samples taken at the river mouth revealed measurable levels of λ-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin, which means that residues of pesticides applied to rice paddy fields were shown to end up at the river mouth. The success of the sampling and analysis methods was confirmed by the data which was in accordance with the expected effect of dilution from day to day. Variable levels of insecticides in the river and all the way down to the sea may have adverse health effects on people using the water and on the aquatic environment, including sensitive coral reefs. This situation is applicable not only to the Philippines, but also to the whole of Southeast Asia, with approximately 70% of their human population living in coastal areas. As Southeast Asia encompasses approximately 34% of the world's coral reefs and between a quarter and a third of the world's mangroves, as well as the global biodiversity triangle formed by the Malay Peninsula, the Philippines, and New Guinea, the need to reduce the impacts of marine pollution in this region is of great importance. 相似文献
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农村精神文明建设还存在一些亟待解决的问题:思想认识不到位,阵地建设滞后,农民参与精神文明建设的积极性不够高等.加强社会主义新农村精神文明建设的措施及对策是:努力发展经济;着力提高农民整体素质,加快阵地建设;加强环境建设;突出“乡风文明“建设;积极构建社会主流评价体系;以“村校“为基地,辐射带动农村精神文明建设. 相似文献