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1.
Two techniques for measuring seed placement distribution, a seedling tracing method and a soil core X-ray technique, were compared. Based on these methods, three determinant parameters were developed to define seed distribution; variation of depth, variation of lateral width and depth variation between rows.In the presence of a desirable in-groove micro-environment, both seed depth variations within and between rows had a negative relationship with seedling emergence percentage. Correlations between emergence and lateral width were low. Variations in seed depth were found to be associated with the mechanisms of seed ejection, and with the depth control method used on the openers.At two trial sites (in a sandy and silt loam soil) a simple winged chisel opener gave higher plant emergence than an experimental chisel S/2000 opener, a slot opener, a modified slot opener and a triple disc opener. 相似文献
2.
免耕播种机圆盘破茬刀工作性能分析与试验 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
针对圆盘破茬刀切茬速度影响破茬质量、切茬阻力难以定性分析、缺乏破茬刀实际应用的工作参数等问题,该文分析了破茬刀滑移对切茬速度的影响,建立了破茬刀垂直阻力和牵引阻力模型,以破茬深度和牵引阻力为试验指标进行了田间试验。结果表明:破茬刀滑移对切茬速度产生不利影响,牵引阻力在切割土壤时变化不大,在切割根茬时呈先增加后减小的变化趋势,破茬深度随配重和机组前进速度的增加而增大,牵引阻力影响因素的主次顺序为:配重、机组前进速度、破茬刀类型。为了保证破茬深度达到80 mm,田间作业时分配到破茬刀的最小质量及牵引阻力和破茬刀类型有关:平面圆盘为148 kg,最小牵引阻力为2.52 N;波纹圆盘为172 kg,最小牵引阻力为2.75 N;涡轮圆盘为160 kg以上,最小牵引阻力为2.65 N。该研究可为圆盘破茬刀及免耕播种机的设计和应用提供参考。 相似文献
3.
《Soil & Tillage Research》1988,11(1):43-61
In order to test seed and seedling responses to direct-drilling (no-till) openers used in optimal soil conditions which subsequently became saturated, 3 opener designs were tested for their effects on barley-seedling performance. This was done in soils regularly saturated with simulated rain or a rising water table, in the presence and absence of surface residue, and under both controlled and uncontrolled temperature regimes.There were strong interactions between opener types and crop residue in both field and laboratory experiments. A winged opener which created an inverted T-shaped groove, together with a hoe opener (U-shaped groove), resulted in greater numbers of emerged seedlings and of earthworms, together with higher root and shoot weights and oxygen diffusion rates around the groove profiles, than did the V-shaped grooves created by a triple-disc opener. The latter device pushed part of the residue into the grooves, where it contacted the seed and reduced emergence, whereas with the winged and hoe openers residue was an advantage.These effects were consistent, regardless of whether soil saturation was due to simulated rainfall or to a simulated temporary rising water table; and whether ambient temperatures prevailed or temperatures were controlled in a warm-wet glasshouse regime. 相似文献
4.
《Soil & Tillage Research》1987,9(2):123-133
Two experiments, comparing the effects of direct-drilling openers and residue on barley seedling establishment in a saturated soil were conducted. One was in the absence of earthworms and the other in the presence of earthworms. In the absence of earthworms overall seed/seedling performance was poorer than that in the presence of earthworms. The absence of earthworms caused lower oxygen diffusion rates, higher soil bulk density and soil moisture content compared to the presence of earthworms and negated any effect of opener type or crop residue. By contrast, in the presence of earthworms opener type and crop residue conditions had significant effects on seed/seedling performance, with hoe and winged openers in residue recording the highest counts, and a triple disc opener in residue and winged opener without residue recording the lowest counts. 相似文献
5.
被动式圆盘刀作业性能优化试验 总被引：3，自引：5，他引：3
在保护性耕作环境下,为了研究普通圆盘刀、大波纹圆盘刀、缺口圆盘刀等不同类型被动式圆盘刀的作业性能,设计了一种偏角和倾角可调的圆盘刀试验台,并以圆盘刀类型、前进速度、偏角、倾角为因素,圆盘刀破茬率和工作阻力为评价指标,进行了四因素三水平正交试验。结果表明:各因素对破茬率和工作阻力影响的主次顺序依次为:圆盘刀类型、倾角、前进速度、偏角;被动式圆盘刀在给定因素水平上的最优组合是:选用大波纹型圆盘刀,前进速度为5 km/h,偏角为5°,倾角为2°,破茬率为86.17%,工作阻力为3 296.53 N;在低速情况下,圆盘刀滑切破茬效果好于砍切。本研究可为以圆盘刀破茬的深松作业机等农机产品提供设计依据。 相似文献
6.
Comparison of various coulter‐type ground‐driven rotary subsoilers in terms of energy consumption and soil disruption 
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下载免费PDF全文 Hardpans below the normal tillage depth inhibit root penetration and cause drainage problems. Subsoiling is commonly used to disrupt hardpans and provide pathways for water and roots to enter the subsoil. The objective of this study was to develop and compare various types of ground‐driven rotary subsoilers that adequately disrupt compacted soil profiles for conservation tillage systems. To accomplish these objectives, four different coulter‐type ground‐driven rotary subsoilers were designed and manufactured by dividing a 1.2 m diameter coulter into multiple blades. Minimizing the soil resistance was one of the main considerations in forming the shape and number of blades on the coulters. An experiment was conducted in a soil bin to determine the effects of ground‐driven rotary subsoilers on soil disturbance and energy requirements. Treatments were four different types of subsoilers: coulter without blade (CNB), coulter with 5 blades (C5B), coulter with 7 blades (C7B) and coulter with 9 blades (C9B), and two tillage depths (25 cm and 38 cm). To determine the differences between subsoilers, soil disturbance, cone index, bulk density and draft were measured. The C5B subsoiler required considerably less draft, draft power and vertical force for both operation depths followed by the C7B, C9B and CNB subsoilers. The CNB subsoiler left the soil surface clean with no spoil while the coulters with blades caused spoils on the soil surface. The soil disruption paths of the coulters with blades have an advantage for row crops due to limited above‐ground disturbance if seeds can be placed in the middle of the disrupted zone. 相似文献
7.
Mubarak Aduov Esenali Kaspakov Kazbek Isenov Kadirbek Volodya Talgat Tulegenov 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2020,70(6):525-531
ABSTRACT Kazakhstan is one of the top ten countries in the world that use careful farming with a total area of 2 million hectares, therefore, the priority area of scientific research in the field of agriculture is the development and improvement of effective means: seed drills, tillage machines and mechanisms. As part of the research, tests were conducted with the use of experimental seed drills with various combinations of coulters: (1) double-disc and chisel coulters installed in different rows, (2) double-disc coulters and cultivator sweeps with seed distributors for band sowing. The research showed a higher efficiency of the use of combined coulters in comparison with only sweep rows in seed drills both in terms of agrotechnical indicators (yield, stubble conservation, uniformity of seed depth and field fullness germination of seeds, drag force of the drill), and from the economic effect terms. The results of this research can be used in the agricultural sector, regardless of the country and region, with careful farming using No-till technology in similar soil and climatic zones. 相似文献
8.
B. J. Wills K. D. Trainor R. P. Littlejohn 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2004,15(5):471-485
Large areas of the east coast and inland basins of the South Island, New Zealand, are affected by periodic drought and/or semiarid climatic conditions, particularly during cyclic El Niño climatic events. The severity of these environmental conditions places great stress on introduced and native pasture species and frequently results in poor establishment of new pastures using standard drilling techniques. The objective of this study was to determine effective, practical means of rehabilitating semiarid land (about 470 mm annual rainfall) on a site in Central Otago. A comparison of two direct drilling methods, a novel strip‐seeder drill and a standard hoe‐coulter drill, was conducted in a trial initiated during spring 1998. Five drought‐tolerant forage species were established: wheatgrass (Thinopyron intermedium), tall oat grass (Arrhenatherum elatius), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), hairy dorycnium (Dorycnium hirsutum) and bluebush (Kochia prostrata). For the 2000/2001 growing season, species established with the strip‐seeder drill had an overall mean herbage biomass of 235 g m −2 , three‐times that for the hoe‐coulter drill (77 g m −2 , P < 0·001). Differences in herbage biomass between species were observed, with hairy dorycnium (mean 328 g m −2 ) producing significantly (P < 0·001) more herbage biomass than the other species. After the third spring, the percentage ground cover recorded from transects across the strip‐seeder drill plots (cf. the hoe‐coulter drill) was: wheatgrass—41 per cent (10 per cent); tall oat grass—44 per cent (25 per cent); birdsfoot trefoil—25 per cent (5 per cent); hairy dorycnium—50 per cent (19 per cent); and bluebush—4 per cent (0 per cent). The native plant content of the resident vegetation was reduced as a result of the drilling treatments and also when fertilizer was added to undistrubed pasture. The strip‐seeder drill is capable of providing superior plant growth on dryland sites even during adverse drought conditions. It produces a furrow approximately 16 cm wider than the hoe‐coulter drill, exerts a greater shattering effect on the soil structure and places fertilizer at depth. It is suggested that this assists plant establishment by providing good seedling protection from wind and sun, and subsequent plant growth by allowing easier root penetration to the subsoil where nutrients and moisture are available. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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10.
《Soil & Tillage Research》1988,11(2):167-181
Six techniques of sowing seed in an untilled seedbed, which subsequently became wet, were compared in the presence and absence of earthworms and surface residue. In the absence of earthworms, surface broadcasting produced the highest seedling emergence (89%), followed by a 100-mm-wide power-till opener (42%). All other openers produced poor seedling emergence (mean 20%). Where earthworms were present, however, a winged opener under residue produced high seedling counts equivalent to surface broadcasting (mean 82%). Power-till and hoe openers also performed reasonably well (63%), but triple-disc and corer openers failed (19%). Surface broadcasting was not considered practical because of its reliance on regular rain for a long period.Surface residues in the presence of earthworms had beneficial effects on most of the openers which performed well and which separated the seed from the residue, but little effect on the other treatments, including the power-till opener. High seedling-emergence counts were associated with high numbers and activity of earthworms close to the sown groove, high soil oxygen diffusion rate regimes, low soil bulk densities and high root and shoot weights. 相似文献
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According to the kind of opener applied, no-tillage seeders can variously modify soil physical properties in relation to soil and climate conditions, thus potentially affecting crop emergence and early growth.The technological evolution of seeders for direct drilling of arable crops, progressively achieved in recent years, has been considerable, but new improvements now available need to be individually tested. In a field trial at Udine (NE Italy), the effects of a new kind of wide-sweep opener (i.e., side coulters curved upwards in their final part and slightly angled towards the direction of work) on soil physical properties in the seed zone and on crop emergence and early root growth of maize were evaluated in four different soils over a 2-year period (2002–2003), in comparison with the widely used double-disk opener.With respect to the double-disk opener, in general the wide-sweep type led to higher soil–residue mixing—without excessive reduction of the soil-covering index being observed, −27 and −6%, respectively. The wide-sweep opener also showed lower bulk density and soil penetration resistance in the top 5-cm soil layer of the seed furrow, although no greater root length density was found in maize at the three-leaf stage, probably due to the smoothing effect caused by the side coulters at the seeding depth. A certain delay in plant emergence in some cases was also revealed for the wide-sweep opener, which may be related to the lower soil/seed contact.Deviations from this general behaviour in the various soils (texture and initial conditions) are discussed. 相似文献
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《Soil & Tillage Research》2004,75(1):19-26
Field experiments were conducted at Harran Plain on a clay silt soil (Xerosol in FAO/UNESCO soil classification) in Southeast of Turkey in 1996 and 1997 to study the effects of cotton planting system, tillage method, and row spacing on the performances of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), such as seedling emergence and yield. The tillage methods evaluated were: traditional (inversion) with a mouldboard plough (M) and conservation (non-inversion) with chisel tine (C). The seedbeds studied were: normal planting system (NS) with no-ridging, and ridge planting system (RS). Results showed that mouldboard plough had slightly greater yield than chisel in each year but the difference was not significance in 1997. Non-ridging had the second best emergence rate and yield according to 2 years mean. Ridging with chisel in 70 cm row spacing produced the highest seedling emergence for both years, but the difference was not significance in 1997. The yields obtained for ridging with mouldboard plough from 70 cm row spacing in 1996, and for ridging with mouldboard plough from 76 cm in 1997 were superior to the other applications. Finally 70 cm row spacing produced the highest seedling emergence and yield in both years regardless of the treatment. Row spacing of 90 cm resulted in the lowest seedling emergence and yield in both years regardless of the treatment. The results indicate that ridging can be used instead of non-ridging with 76 cm row spacing (suitable for mechanical harvesting) which gave similar yield to the ridging with 70 cm row spacing in 1997, and both of the planting systems with 76 cm seem to be suitable to mechanical harvesting. 相似文献
15.
M. Zekri 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(10):2013-2028
The effects of isosmotic solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and mannitol with or without supplemental calcium (Ca) were compared to separate osmotic effects from toxic ion effects of salts on seed imbibition, seedling emergence, and the early stage of seedling growth of three citrus rootstocks. The rate of seed imbibition was relatively low for sour orange (SO) in PEG treatments which caused a delay in seedling emergence. These results of PEG supported earlier findings which suggested the existence of a critical level of hydration that seeds must reach before germination can proceed. Final percent emergence (FPE) was reduced the most by NaCl and mannitol compared with PEG. Furthermore, Ca addition to mannitol and NaCl solutions improved FPE in Cleopatra mandarin (CM) and trifoliate orange (TO). These results demonstrated that the effects of mannitol and NaCl on FPE went beyond the osmotic effects. Seedling growth was reduced the most by mannitol not only due to its uptake and transport to the leaves and stems where it caused dehydration and visible leaf injury but also to reduction in shoot Ca and potassium (K) concentrations. This study showed that the effects of salts on seed imbibition and time to emergence of the first seedling was primarily osmotic, while their effects on FPE and seedling growth was mainly toxic. 相似文献
16.
The possibilities for the use of chisel ploughs on wheat stubble in a wheat—soybean rotation on sloping, erosion-susceptible red soils in the Brazilian State of Paraná were investigated.Compared to conventional tillage systems with disc implements, chisel ploughing left more plant residue at the surface. Except for the duckfoot type, the chisels were able to penetrate down to the bottom of a compacted layer at 12–20 cm depth. Fuel consumption was significantly lower than disc ploughing and slightly higher than heavy disc harrowing. The capacities of the chisel ploughs were comparable to the heavy disc harrow. Weeds and large amounts of straw may cause considerable practical difficulties and require adequately dimensioned chisel ploughs. Sowing equipment, able to cope with surface residue is required. 相似文献
17.
《Soil & Tillage Research》1987,10(2):103-112
The influence of sowing and cultural methods in pearlmillet production on the crust formation and seedling emergence in natural field conditions is described. In drill sowing, higher penetration strengths of 108–128 K Pa were recorded on Day 3 which slightly decreased on Days 4–5 and again increased to 162–172 K Pa on Day 7 after sowing during the years of crust formation. Minimum penetration strengths (64–74 K Pa) were recorded where farm yard manure (FYM) was applied over seed furrows. High rates of emergence (19–20 day−) and ultimate emergence (65–69%) with a low mean period of emergence (3.5–3.6 days) and seedling mortality (30–34%) were recorded with FYM applied over seed furows. Furrow planting in a ridge and furrow system improved emergence parameters as compared with drill sowing and was dependent on the compactness of the ridges. Application of FYM over seed furrows gave significantly higher yields compared with drill sowing, seed soaking and mixed sowing with legumes. The mixing of FYM in the soil gave a higher number of plants than did mixed sowing of pearlmillet and a legume in the years of crust formation, although yields were the same. 相似文献
18.
The no-tillage system is perceived as having lower soil temperatures, wetter soil conditions, and greater surface penetration resistance compared with conventional and other conservation tillage systems. Concerns associated with the effect of the no-tillage system on certain soil physical properties (i.e. soil temperature, moisture, and compaction) prompted this study to evaluate the effect of an alternative tillage system, strip-tillage, on these physical properties, compared with chisel plow and no-tillage systems. The study was conducted on two Iowa State University research and demonstration farms in 2001 and 2002. One site was at the Marsden Farm near Ames, where the soils were Nicollet loam (Aquic Hapludolls) and Webster silty clay loam (Typic Haplaquolls). The second site was at the Northeast Research and Demonstration Farm near Nashua, where the soils were Kenyon loam (Typic Hapludolls) and Floyd loam (Aquic Hapludolls).Soil temperature increased in the top 5 cm under strip-tillage (1.2–1.4 °C) over no-tillage and it remained close to the chisel plow soil temperature. This increase in soil temperature contributed to an improvement in plant emergence rate index (ERI) under strip-tillage compared with no-tillage. The results show no significant differences in soil moisture status between the three tillage systems, although the strip-tillage soil profile has slightly greater moisture content than chisel plow. Moisture content through the soil profile particularly at the lower depths under all tillage treatments was greater than the plant available water (PAW). However, the changes in soil moisture storage were much greater with strip-tillage and chisel plow than no-tillage from post-emergence to preharvest at 0–30 and 0–120 cm. It was observed also that most change in soil moisture storage occurred between post-emergence and tasseling. Penetration resistance was similar for both strip-tillage and no-tillage, but commonly greater than chisel plow. In general, the findings show that strip-tillage can contribute effectively to improve plant emergence, similar to chisel plowing and conserve soil moisture effectively compared with no-tillage. 相似文献
19.
为了明确在单粒播种条件下田间出苗率对玉米产量的影响,以蒙特卡罗二项分布作缺苗模拟,以Voronoi图分配缺苗土地,通过对产量-密度方程进行数学恒等变换计算产量补偿,模拟了2种单粒播策略的玉米产量随出苗率(75%~95%)的变化。结果表明,缺苗斑数目与出苗率呈单峰曲线关系,缺苗斑大小随出苗率呈负指数下降;单粒播造成0.06%~16.78%的减产,且减产率随出苗率下降而增加;两种单粒播策略的产量大小和产量稳定性均有差异,且差异随出苗率下降而扩大。该研究推荐的玉米单粒播策略是:在千方百计提高出苗率基础上,播种的种子数目应当等于目标种植密度除以出苗率、保证出苗的植株数目达到推荐种植密度。该结论对于在玉米生产上广泛采用单粒精量播种具有重要参考价值。 相似文献
20.
For a furrow opener of a seeder, the ability to place seed at a given sowing depth in the soil is an important factor in evaluating its performance. Furrow openers directly affect sowing depth and lateral seed scatter of seeds. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of furrow openers by characterizing the spatial distribution of seeds within the seedbed. A newly developed criterion, distribution area of seeds, characterized both sowing depth and lateral seed scatter (standard deviation from row centre) of seeds. A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of furrow opener type (shoe, hoe, single disc and double disc) on sowing uniformity according to conventional and developed evaluation criteria.Distribution area of seeds was calculated by ellipse and integral criteria. Ellipse criterion gave detailed information about the effectiveness of lateral seed scatter and variation in sowing depth on seed distribution area. Sowing uniformity was affected by furrow openers according to both conventional and newly developed evaluation criteria.The newly developed seed distribution evaluation procedures will better describe seed distribution in a two-dimensional way in a vertical plane. Therefore, these procedures will help improve furrow openers for effective seed placement. 相似文献