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~(15)N天然丰度法测量豆科牧草共生固氮的评估 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
无氮营养液砂培7个品种苜蓿茎叶的固氮分馏因数β值为1.0000～1.0015(δ~(15)N为-0.05～-1.47‰),白三叶、绿豆和银合欢的β值分别为0.9979、0.9983和1.0018(δ~(15)N分别为2.15、1.74及-1.81‰)。根据~(45)N天然丰度的变化,估测了田间生长苜蓿的固氮能力,表明6个品种的共生固氮能力不同。格洛里及润布勒苜蓿两品种最高,保定、阿尔贡奎因及明托苜蓿3个品种次之,秘鲁苜蓿最低。苜蓿不同时期的固氮活性有变化,6、7月间固氮活性达高峰。根据所测豆科牧草茎叶的δ~(15)N值,可以对豆科牧草进行定性或半定量水平上的固氮研究,以筛选高效固氮牧草和检测野生固氮资源。本文还对不固氮参照植物和不同方法对％Ndfa估计位的影响进行了讨论。 相似文献
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利用~(15)N、~(32)P示踪研究硅氮磷颗粒肥对水稻吸收利用NP影响结果表明,硅氮磷颗粒肥对促进水稻生长发育、增蘖、增穗有明显作用。插秧时施用,稻谷平均增产18.4％。水稻植株体内积累总N量比不施硅氮磷颗粒肥的高11.45％,全磷高12.1％。水稻植株对肥料N、P利用率分别提高7.7％和3.4％。 相似文献
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用15N同位素稀释法对接种到燕麦上的不同固氮菌的固氮能力进行了测定,结果表明:固氮菌处理的地上植株15N原子百分超为1.0871%～1.3791%,其中Pseudomonas spN4最低(1.0871%);植株地下部分为1.0921%～1.2751%,Pseudomonas spN4也是最低(1.0921%)。Pseudomonas spN4、A.lipoferumO6和Zoogloea spW6固氮能力较好。植株全氮含量增加2.08%～39.58%,A.lipoferumO6处理的全氮含量最高(39.58%)。接种固氮菌能够提高燕麦的全氮含量、固氮百分率和固氮量。 相似文献
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谷秆两用水稻202对氮肥的吸收利用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
应用~(15)N-尿素研究了谷秆两用水稻202对肥料氮素的吸收利用。结果表明,在施等量尿素的条件下,对照稻308与两用稻202的稻谷性状相似,但202稻草含N量比308(CK)提高37.57％。不同时期施肥,肥料氮在谷、草中的分配率不同,308遵循常规稻的分配规律,而202水稻则有自己的特性,即早期追肥大部分分布于稻穗中,较迟施肥大部分分布于茎、叶中。应用~(15)N标记稻草研究其利用价值,202草粉饲料被草鱼和白鼠的消化率比308草粉(CK)提高13.6％和16.5％,机体的~(15)N回收率比CK提高9.6％和6.0％;202稻草栽培平菇,~(15)N回收率比CK提高19.1％,202稻草有较好的综合利用价值。 相似文献
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应用~(15)N示踪技术,研究了稻萍鱼共生体系中红萍氮素的循环利用效率。试验结果表明,红萍作饵针对尼罗罗非鱼生长有良好效率,早、晚季稻田的鱼体增重率分别为47.9％和52.1％。鱼体排泄物对水稻生长有益,其稻谷产量与等量红萍压施作肥料的结果相近。早、晚季稻田罗非鱼对~(15)N-红萍的利用率分别为21.73％和23.76％,早、晚季水稻对鱼体排泄物中~(15)N利用率分别为18.90％和16.59％,其~(15)N总利用率分别达40.63％和40.35％。而红萍直接压施作肥料,早、晚季稻株对萍体氮素的利用率分别为28.84％和24.30％。 相似文献
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丛枝菌根真菌对羊草气体交换和δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N的组成影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用盆栽方法研究接种两种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus intraradices,Glomus claroidum对内蒙古典型草原优势种羊草(Leymus chinensis)的气体交换和稳定性同位素组成的影响,对羊草生长第45、60和75天的测定结果表明,丛枝菌根真菌能提高植株的含磷量、叶片的气孔导度和光合速率,降低植株δ15N值,但对羊草的内在水分利用效率和δ13C的组成未产生显著影响;植株生长的不同时期对其气体交换和稳定性同位素δ13C、δ15N均产生显著影响;时间和接种的相互作用显著影响植株的光合速率、δ13C和δ15N;羊草气孔导度和光合速率的提高归因于菌根真菌改善植株磷营养和增加根系碳分配所致;而植株内在水分利用效率和δ13C无显著性差异是因为气孔导度和光合速率总是发生同方向变化造成的;菌根植物具有较低δ15N是源于菌根真菌吸收N,并富集15N,转运给植株贫化的15N所致。试验结果为认识草原植物的碳水平衡和N循环提供了新的思路和借鉴。 相似文献
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用~(15)N天然丰度法估测结瘤作物的共生固N_2量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
测定了位于北京西北郊的本所农场耕地及附近几个土样的土壤总Nδ15N值,农场耕地的δ15N值为6.39±0.42‰,本所庭园土壤为5.03±0.26‰,圆明园土壤为1.66±0.49‰。农场耕地土壤总Nδ15N的垂直变化为6.09±0.77～7.71±0.67‰,水平变化为6.52±0.55～7.13±0.73‰。 无N营养液砂培大豆的测定结果表明,根瘤富含15N,δ15N值为8.32±0.16‰和10.54±0.30‰,地上部贫化15N,δ15N为—2.25±0.48～—4.16±0.75‰,说明在固N2过程中和固N2产物输送转化过程中发生了N同位素的分馏,固N2分馏因数β=1.0023～1.0042。 用15N天然丰度法估计不同大豆品种的％Ndfa表明,不同大豆品种的N素自给能力不同。固N2植物的δ15N值明显低于非固N2植物的δ15N值,一般相差3～5δ15N,说明用15N天然丰度法评价这些植物的固N2状况是可能的。然而,不固N02植物也有较低的δ15N值,即便在同一地块上,非固N2植物的δ15N值也很不相同,有待进一步研究。 相似文献
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应用~(15)N同位素标记菌体和Tn5转座子诱变的突变株研究固氮粪产碱菌对宿主水稻的联合进程,结果表明,粘附作用是结合过程的第一步,接种3h后粘附在根表的菌体数量达最大值,约占接种量的3.7％。粘附的菌体易脱离根表,表明粘附作用是细菌与宿主植物间的弱的相互作用。在根表定位是结合过程的第二步。接种15h后,定位菌体数量达最大值,约占接种量的21％。经振荡处理不能使定位菌体脱离根表。定殖是结合过程的第三步,接种20h后定殖菌体紧密结合于根表,剧烈振荡亦不易使其脱离根表。定殖后菌体开始出现果胶酶活性。采用趋化(Che)和胞外多糖(Exo)突变株研究表明,趋化性和胞外多糖的合成是影响细菌在根表结合的重要因素。粪产碱菌在水稻根表没有专一的粘附部位,但粪产碱菌的定位和定殖主要发生在主根根表,尤其是主、侧根交接处。 相似文献
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Topography and slope position influence the soil and environmental factors that affect N2 fixation by legumes. The present study was conducted to (1) estimate N2 fixation by field peas in a gently rolling farm field using the natural 15N abundance and the 15N-enriched isotope dilution techniques and (2) identify soil and environmental factors that influence N2 fixation at the landscape scale. Whereas soil available water capacity, available NH
inf4
sup+
, total crop yield, and percent N derived from N2 fixation (% Ndfa) estimated using enriched N were significantly affected by landform patterns, soil NO
inf3
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levels, seed yield, and the % Ndfa estimated using natural abundance did not follow landform patterns. The % Ndfa using natural abundance was correlated with NH
inf4
sup+
but not with available soil water, pH, electrical conductivity, NO
inf3
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, or particle size. Estimates of the % Ndfa using enriched 15N ranged from 0 to 92.8%. The highest median value (68.6%) for % Ndfa using enriched N occurred on the divergent footslopes, with the lowest value (28.1%) on the convergent shoulders. Estimates of % Ndfa using natural abundance ranged from 13.2% to 96.9%. Smaller fluctuations during the growing season in the 15N of the available N pool may have resulted in less variability for % Ndfa using natural abundance compared to enriched 15N. Despite similar mean values for % Ndfa using natural abundance (44.5) and enriched 15N (49.6), no significant correlation between the two estimates was found. These results suggest that although topography may exert gross controls on N2 fixation, large variations in N2 fixation at the microsite level may preclude correlations between individual estimates and limit detection of landscape scale patterns of N2 fixation.Contribution No. R754 of the Saskatchewan Center of Soil Research 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(13-14):1841-1860
Abstract The popular and widely used 15nitrogen (N)–isotope dilution method for estimating biological N fixation (BNF) of pasture and tree legumes relies largely on the ability to overcome the principal source of error due to the problem of selecting appropriate reference plants. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the suitability of 12 non‐N2‐fixing plants (i.e., nonlegumes) as reference plants for estimating the BNF of three pasture legumes (white clover, Trifolium repens L.; lucerne, Medicago sativa; and red clover, Trifolium pratense L.) in standard ryegrass–white clover (RWC) and multispecies pastures (MSP) under dry‐land and irrigation systems, over four seasons in Canterbury, New Zealand. The 15N‐isotope dilution method involving field 15N‐microplots was used to estimate BNF. Non‐N2‐fixing plants were used either singly or in combination as reference plants to estimate the BNF of the three legumes. Results obtained showed that, on the whole, 15N‐enrichment values of legumes and nonlegumes varied significantly according to plant species, season, and irrigation. Grasses and herb species showed higher 15N‐enrichment than those of legumes. Highest 15N‐enrichment values of all plants occurred during late summer under dry‐land and irrigation conditions. Based on single or combined non‐N2‐fixing plants as reference plants, the proportion of N derived from the atmosphere (% Ndfa) values were high (50 to 90%) and differed between most reference plants in the MSP pastures, especially chicory (Cichorium intybus), probably because it is different in phenology, rooting depth, and N‐uptake patterns compared to those of legumes. The percent Ndfa values of all plants studied also varied according to plant species, season, and irrigation in the MSP pastures. Estimated daily amounts of BNF varied according to pasture type, time of plant harvest, and irrigation, similar to those shown by percent Ndfa results as expected. Irrigation increased daily BNF more than 10‐fold, probably due to increased dry‐matter yield of pasture under irrigation compared to dry‐land conditions. Seasonal and irrigation effects were more important in affecting estimates of legume BNF than those due to the appropriate matching of N2‐fixing and non‐N2‐fixing reference plants. 相似文献
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Mixed cultivation of fast-growing grasses and nitrogen (N)-fixing legumes for forage production is widely considered effective for obtaining sustained high forage yields without depleting soil N levels. However, the effects of monoculture and mixed culture of these species on soil food webs are poorly understood. In this study, soil nematode communities were examined as indicators of the soil food web structure of monoculture and mixed culture of grass and legume at three N levels, i.e., 338 (low), 450 (moderate), and 675 (high) kg N ha-1 year-1, across 2 years in wet and dry seasons, using the grass Paspalum wetsfeteini and the legume Medicago sativa (alfalfa), both commonly cultivated worldwide. Repeated-measures analysis of covariance showed that compared with grass monoculture, legume monoculture and grass-legume mixture increased abundances of herbivorous, bacterivorous, and fungivorous nematodes in the soil food web under the low and moderate N fertilization levels. Principal response curve results showed that the abundance of Helicotylenchus, a plant parasite, was significantly higher under legume monoculture than other planting systems at the low N fertilization level. Structural equation model analysis indicated that the legume increased bacterivore abundance, while increasing N fertilization decreased omnivore abundance. The legume might increase the quantity and quality of food resources for soil biota, resulting in the bottom-up control of soil nematode communities. Our results indicate that targeted control of a soilborne pathogen, Helicotylenchus, is required in alfalfa-based planting systems. In addition, high inorganic N application, which is detrimental to legume-rhizobia symbiosis, nullified the otherwise positive effects of legumes on soil nematodes. 相似文献
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Nicolas Marron Cécilia Gana Dominique Gérant Pascale Maillard Pierrick Priault Daniel Epron 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2018,181(2):296-304
Estimating symbiotic di‐nitrogen (N2) fixation is challenging, especially when working with woody N2 fixers in field trials. Fortunately, isotope methods based on 15N natural abundance or on 15N artificial enrichment (dilution method) make it possible to estimate the proportion of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) in N2‐fixing species. These methods have been extensively used in the field for herbaceous species, much less for tree species such as alder and acacia, and rarely for black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). The objectives of this study were to characterize the fixation potential of black locust in a plantation by using the two 15N isotope methods in the field, and to document values of isotope fractionation occurring during N2 fixation (the B value). B values were estimated both by growing trees on an N‐free medium in controlled conditions (Blab) and by making Ndfa calculated with the natural abundance method converge with Ndfa calculated with the 15N dilution method in the field (Bfield). The two methods gave consistent estimates of the B value. B values ranging between –1.4 and –3.2‰ were found, varying with the age of the plant material. Up to 76% of the N in the black locust trees came from the atmosphere, representing more than 45 kg N ha?1 over five years and confirming that black locust may be well adapted to N‐poor soils. 相似文献
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We examined the theoretical basis for estimating the transfer of N2 fixed by legumes to companion cereals or grasses in intercropping or pasture systems using 15N isotope dilution methodology. A method was developed to calculate the symbiotic dependence of the legume in a mixed stand based on 15N enrichment of the associated non-legume and the estimate of fixed N transfer. Published field data were used to illustrate the application of the method. Complementary treatments for verifying N transfer and options for increasing the accuracy of estimates of N transfer are discussed. 相似文献
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A Okito 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2004,36(7):1179-1190
To quantify the contribution of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to legume crops using the 15N natural abundance technique, it is necessary to determine the 15N abundance of the N derived from BNF—the B value. In this study, we used a technique to determine B whereby both legume and non-N2-fixing reference plants were grown under the same conditions in two similar soils, one artificially labelled with 15N, and the other not. The proportion of N derived from BNF (%Ndfa) was determined from the plants grown in the 15N-labelled soil and it was assumed that the %Ndfa values of the legumes grown in the two soils were the same, hence the B value of the legumes could be calculated. The legumes used were velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens), sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and soybean (Glycine max) inoculated, or not, with different strains of rhizobium. The values of %Ndfa were all over 89%, and all the legumes grown in unlabelled soil showed negative δ15N values even though the plant-available N in this soil was found to be approximately +6.0‰. The B values for the shoot tissue (Bs) were calculated and ranged from approximately −1.4‰ for inoculated sunnhemp and groundnut to −2.4 and −4.5‰ for soybean inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain CPAC 7 and Bradyrhizobium elkanii strain 29W, respectively. The B (Bwp) values for the whole plants including roots, nodules and the original seed N were still significantly different between the soybean plants inoculated with CPAC 7 (−1.33‰) and 29W (−2.25‰). In a parallel experiment conducted in monoxenic culture using the same soybean variety and Bradyrhizobium strains, the plants accumulated less N from BNF and the values were less negative, but still significantly different for soybean inoculated with the two different Bradyrhizobium strains. The results suggest that the technique utilized in this study to determine B with legume plants grown in soil in the open air, yields B values that are more appropriate for use under field conditions. 相似文献
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N fixed in 16 cultivars of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] inoculated with effective Bradyrhizobium strains collected from the West African MIRCEN culture collection was measured by 15N isotope dilution technique. In all plant parts, significant differences in the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere
(%Ndfa) and the amount of Ndfa occurred between the cultivars. Ndoute variety exhibited the highest %Ndfa (74.33% in shoots;
60.90% in roots) and accumulated more fixed N (960 mg N plant–1 and 38 mg N plant–1 in shoots and roots, respectively). Therefore this cultivar should be selected as the highest N-fixing cowpea cultivar. It
also should be used in a breeding programme to contribute to the development of cultivars that could stimulate an intensive
use of cowpea in many different cropping systems in Africa with a view to maintaining soil fertility.
Received: 14 June 1999 相似文献