共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The ocean is an electrically conducting fluid that generates secondary magnetic fields as it flows through Earth's main magnetic field. Extracting ocean flow signals from remote observations has become possible with the current generation of satellites measuring Earth's magnetic field. Here, we consider the magnetic fields generated by the ocean lunar semidiurnal (M2) tide and demonstrate that magnetic fields of oceanic origin can be clearly identified in satellite observations. 相似文献
2.
Localized temporal change of the Earth's inner core boundary 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Wen L 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5801):967-970
Compressional waves of an earthquake doublet (two events occurring in the South Sandwich Islands on 1 December 1993 and 6 September 2003), recorded at three seismic stations in Russia and Kyrgyzstan and reflected off Earth's inner core boundary, arrived at least from 39 to 70 milliseconds earlier in the 2003 event than in the 1993 event. Such changes indicate that Earth's inner core radius enlarged locally beneath middle Africa by 0.98 to 1.75 kilometers between the times of these two events. Changes of the inner core radius may be explained by either a differential motion of the inner core, assuming that irregularities are present at the inner core boundary and fixed to the inner core, or a rapid growth of the inner core by this amount. 相似文献
3.
Weingarten FS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1972,176(4035):692-694
Chromatic stimuli were matched in luminance to a homogeneous white background field. The relative visual latency, as measured by subjective simultaneity, of 621-nanometer (red) light was 20 to 25 milliseconds less than that for 549-nanometer (green) light. When the chromatic stimuli were different in luminance fronm the background field, no differences in visual latency related to the wavelength of light were observed. The procedure of matching the luminance of test fields to that of a background field appears to be crucial for observing a visual latency difference related to wavelength. 相似文献
4.
Buffett BA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,288(5473):2007-2012
Earth's magnetic field is generated by fluid motion in the liquid iron core. Details of how this occurs are now emerging from numerical simulations that achieve a self-sustaining magnetic field. Early results predict a dominant dipole field outside the core, and some models even reproduce magnetic reversals. The simulations also show how different patterns of flow can produce similar external fields. Efforts to distinguish between the various possibilities appeal to observations of the time-dependent behavior of the field. Important constraints will come from geological records of the magnetic field in the past. 相似文献
5.
Rotation and Magnetism of Earth's Inner Core 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the geodynamo suggest that a super- rotation of Earth's solid inner core relative to the mantle is maintained by magnetic coupling between the inner core and an eastward thermal wind in the fluid outer core. This mechanism, which is analogous to a synchronous motor, also plays a fundamental role in the generation of Earth's magnetic field. 相似文献
6.
The geological record of ocean acidification 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Hönisch B Ridgwell A Schmidt DN Thomas E Gibbs SJ Sluijs A Zeebe R Kump L Martindale RC Greene SE Kiessling W Ries J Zachos JC Royer DL Barker S Marchitto TM Moyer R Pelejero C Ziveri P Foster GL Williams B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6072):1058-1063
Ocean acidification may have severe consequences for marine ecosystems; however, assessing its future impact is difficult because laboratory experiments and field observations are limited by their reduced ecologic complexity and sample period, respectively. In contrast, the geological record contains long-term evidence for a variety of global environmental perturbations, including ocean acidification plus their associated biotic responses. We review events exhibiting evidence for elevated atmospheric CO(2), global warming, and ocean acidification over the past ~300 million years of Earth's history, some with contemporaneous extinction or evolutionary turnover among marine calcifiers. Although similarities exist, no past event perfectly parallels future projections in terms of disrupting the balance of ocean carbonate chemistry-a consequence of the unprecedented rapidity of CO(2) release currently taking place. 相似文献
7.
Before direct exploration by spacecraft, Jupiter was the only planet other than Earth that was known to have a magnetic field, as revealed by its nonthermal radio emissions. The term "magnetosphere" did not exist because there was no clear concept of such an entity. The space age provided the opportunity to explore Earth's neighborhood in space and to send instruments to seven of the other eight planets. It was found that interplanetary space is pervaded by a supersonic "solar wind" plasma and that six planets, including Earth, have magnetic fields of sufficient strength to deflect this solar wind and form a comet-shaped cavity called a magnetosphere. Comparative study of these magnetospheres aims to elucidate both the general principles and characteristics that they share in common, and the specific environmental factors that cause the important, and sometimes dramatic, differences in behavior between any two of them. A general understanding of planetary magnetospheres holds the promise of wide applicability in astrophysics, which, for the indefinite future, must rely solely on remote sensing for experimental data. 相似文献
8.
Laboratory experiments document that liquid iron reacts chemically with silicates at high pressures (>/=2.4 x 10(10) Pascals) and temperatures. In particular, (Mg,Fe)SiO(3) perovskite, the most abundant mineral of Earth's lower mantle, is expected to react with liquid iron to produce metallic alloys (FeO and FeSi) and nonmetallic silicates (SiO(2) stishovite and MgSiO(3) perovskite) at the pressures of the core-mantle boundary, 14 x 10(10) Pascals. The experimental observations, in conjunction with seismological data, suggest that the lowermost 200 to 300 kilometers of Earth's mantle, the D" layer, may be an extremely heterogeneous region as a result of chemical reactions between the silicate mantle and the liquid iron alloy of Earth's core. The combined thermal-chemical-electrical boundary layer resulting from such reactions offers a plausible explanation for the complex behavior of seismic waves near the core-mantle boundary and could influence Earth's magnetic field observed at the surface. 相似文献
9.
Slow temporal variations in Earth's magnetic field originate in the liquid outer core. We analyzed the evolution of nonaxisymmetric magnetic flux at the core surface over the past 400 years. We found that the most robust feature is westward motion at 17 kilometers per year, in a belt concentrated around the equator beneath the Atlantic hemisphere. Surprisingly, this motion is dominated by a single wavenumber and persists throughout the observation period. This phenomenon could be produced by an equatorial jet of core fluid, by hydromagnetic wave propagation, or by a combination of both. Discrimination between these mechanisms would provide useful constraints on the dynamics of Earth's core. 相似文献
10.
Kivelson MG Bargatze LF Khurana KK Southwood DJ Walker RJ Coleman PJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,261(5119):331-334
Two large magnetic field rotations were recorded by the spacecraft Galileo 1 minute before and 2 minutes after its closest approach to the asteroid Gaspra. The timing and the geometry of the field changes suggest a connection with Gaspra, and the events can be interpreted as the result of the draping of the solar wind field around a magnetospheric obstacle. Gaspra's surface field is inferred to be within an order of magnitude of Earth's surface field, and its magnetic moment per unit mass is in the range observed for iron meteorites and highly magnetized chondrites. The location of the magnetic signatures suggests that perturbations are carried by waves in the magnetosonic-whistler mode with wavelengths between electron and ion gyro radii. 相似文献
11.
The human brain is found to produce a magnetic field near the scalp which varies in synchrony with periodic electrical stimulation applied to a finger. Use of a highly sensitive superconducting quantum interference device as a magnetic field detector reveals that the brain's field is sharply localized over the primary projection area of the sensory cortex contralateral to the digit being stimulated. The phase of the response at the stimulus frequency varies monotonically with the repetition rate and at intermediate frequencies yields a latency of approximately 70 milliseconds for cortical response. 相似文献
12.
When insect population density varies within the same cotton field, estimation of abundance is difficult. Multiple population
densities of the same species occur because cotton fields (due to edaphic and environmental effects) are apportioned into
various habitats that are colonized at different rates. These various habitats differ temporally in their spatial distributions,
exhibiting varying patterns of interspersion, shape and size. Therefore, when sampling multiple population densities without
considering the influence of habitat structure, the estimated population mean represents a summary of diverse population distributions
having different means and variances. This single estimate of mean abundance can lead to pest management decisions that are
incorrect because it may over- or under-estimate pest density in different areas of the field. Delineation of habitat classes
is essential in order to make local control decisions. Within large commercial cotton fields, it is too laborious for observers
on the ground to map habitat boundaries, but remote sensing can efficiently create geo-referenced, stratified maps of cotton
field habitats. By employing these maps, a simple random sampling design and larger sample unit sizes, it is possible to estimate
pest abundance in each habitat without large numbers of samples. Estimates of pest abundance by habitat, when supplemented
with ecological precepts and consultant/producer experience, provide the basis for spatial approaches to pest control. Using
small sample sizes, the integrated sampling methodology maps the spatial abundance of a cotton insect pest across several
large cotton fields. 相似文献
13.
Magnetic collapse in transition metal ions is predicted from first-principles computations at pressures reached in the Earth's lower mantle and core. Magnetic collapse would lead to marked changes in geophysically important properties, such as elasticity and conductivity, and also to different geochemical behavior, such as element partitioning, than estimated by extrapolating low-pressure data, and thus change the understanding of Earth's structure and evolution. Magnetic collapse results from band widening rather than from changes in crystal field splitting under pressure. Seismic anomalies in the outer core and the lowermost mantle may be due to magnetic collapse of ferrous iron, dissolved in iron liquid in the outer core, and in solution in magnesiowustite in the lowermost mantle. 相似文献
14.
M H Koch E Dorrington R Kl?ring A M Michon Z Sayers R Marquet C Houssier 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,240(4849):194-196
The feasibility of electric field x-ray solution scattering with biological macromolecules was investigated. Electric field pulses (1.25 to 5.5 kilovolts per centimeter) were used to orient tobacco mosaic virus in solution (4.5 milligrams per milliliter). The x-ray scattering is characteristic of isolated oriented particles. The molecular orientation and its field-free decay were monitored with a time resolution of 2 milliseconds by means of synchrotron radiation and a multiwire proportional area detector. The method should also be applicable to synthetic polymers and inorganic colloids. 相似文献
15.
Detection thresholds for two successive targets varied systematically with the interval between the two puclses. At intervals of 10 to 30 milliseconds, and again at 80 to 200 milliseconds, the threshold was lowered as compared to that for a single target, while at a separation of 50 to 60 milliseconds, the threshold was raised. 相似文献
16.
采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同摩尔比的WO3复合La2/3Ca1/3MnO3(LCMO)样品,探讨了零场下LCMO样品的阻温关系及在不同磁场下的磁电阻效应.分析了体系在高温区和低温区的导电行为,并在此基础上讨论了磁场对导电机制的影响及起因. 相似文献
17.
18.
Many animals rely on Earth's magnetic field for spatial orientation and navigation. However, how the brain receives and interprets magnetic field information is unknown. Support for the existence of magnetic receptors in the vertebrate retina, beak, nose, and inner ear has been proposed, and immediate gene expression markers have identified several brain regions activated by magnetic stimulation, but the central neural mechanisms underlying magnetoreception remain unknown. Here we describe neuronal responses in the pigeon's brainstem that show how single cells encode magnetic field direction, intensity, and polarity; qualities that are necessary to derive an internal model representing directional heading and geosurface location. Our findings demonstrate that there is a neural substrate for a vertebrate magnetic sense. 相似文献
19.
加拿大一枝黄花入侵对海岛植物多样性的影响及评价 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
[目的]研究加拿大一枝黄花入侵对海岛植物多样性的影响,并对其进行了评价。[方法]对不同植被类型设置3个30m×30m的样地进行调查,记录样地内所有乔木树种的种类、数量,并记录奇胸径和株高;同时,在样地对角线设4个2m×2m的样方调查所有灌木和草本的种类和数量。[结果]结果表明,外来植物加拿大一枝黄花的入侵已经对海岛植物群落的种类及其构成、物种丰富度和植物多样性带来了较大程度的影响。加拿大一枝黄花入侵的程度越严重,群落中物种丰富度越低,植物多样性越小。[结论]对海岛生物多样性保护和植物资源的开发利用具有重要意义。 相似文献
20.
A continuous record of the inclination and intensity of Earth's magnetic field, during the past 2.25 million years, was obtained from a marine sediment core of 42 meters in length. This record reveals the presence of 100,000-year periodicity in inclination and intensity, which suggests that the magnetic field is modulated by orbital eccentricity. The correlation between inclination and intensity shifted from antiphase to in-phase, corresponding to a magnetic polarity change from reversed to normal. To explain the observation, we propose a model in which the strength of the geocentric axial dipole field varies with 100,000-year periodicity, whereas persistent nondipole components do not. 相似文献