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1.
Jeong-Chae Park Jeong-Hoon Lee Keita Kodama Hiroshi Urushitani Yasuhiko Ohta Toshihiro Horiguchi 《Fisheries Science》2013,79(2):203-211
We conducted histological observation of male germ cells and reproductive organs of the starspotted smooth-hound Mustelus manazo in Tokyo Bay to reveal any abnormality in male reproductive traits, as part of a study to elucidate the factors causing recent fluctuation in abundance of the population. Spermatogenesis proceeded in spermatocysts from the germinal zone in the ventral part of the testis to the degenerative zone in the dorsal part, where the spermatozoa were conveyed into the ciliated lumina of the attached terminal branches of the intratesticular ducts. The intratesticular ducts were classified from their terminal ends into branch, stem, and collecting tubules. The ducts formed in the germinal zone and grew as the spermatocysts developed. An opening formed through the wall of each of the most mature spermatocysts into a branch tubule; bundles of spermatozoa were evacuated through this opening into the branch and then the stem tubule and subsequently into the collecting tubules in the rete testis and the efferent duct connected to the epididymis. Spermatocysts that were unable to emit sperm because of failure of adhesion to the branch tubules were disorganized in situ, as were their spermatozoa. The collapsed spermatocysts seem to be cleared by hemophagocytosis with lymphocytes and leukocytes, which may have been recruited from the epigonal organ. There were no specific abnormalities in the spermatogenesis or the morphological structure of testes, which suggested that an abnormality of male reproductive traits was not the major cause of the recent fluctuation in the population abundance of this species. Details of the intratesticular duct system for sperm emission to the epididymis are the first findings in elasmobranchs worldwide. 相似文献
2.
外源性促性腺激素诱导日本鳗鲡精子发生和成熟的作用机制 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
用兔抗血清对抗促黄体素生成素受体（LHR）或称绒毛膜促性腺激素受体（CGR）和雄激素受体（AR）进行LHR和AR免疫组织化学定位,以揭示外源性促性腺激素（鲤脑垂体激素和hCG）诱发日本鳗鲡精子发生及其内分泌机制。结果表明,经过注射激素处理后的实验组与注射前的对照组相比较,其精巢发育和精子发生出现十分显著的变化。组织学切片观察显示,激素处理前鳗鲡精巢处于精原细胞增殖期,而两种激素混合注射后第10天,实验组可见精小叶中精原细胞的有丝分裂和初级与次级精母细胞的数量显著的增加。注射后第35天,靠近生殖上皮除有少量精原细胞外,精小叶中有大量初级精母细胞和次级精母细胞和少数精子细胞以及管腔中存在少量精子。在注射后第83天,日本鳗鲡完成了精子发生和精巢发育成熟以及释精。免疫组织化学染色结果进一步揭示,激素处理前,LH受体免疫活性分布在生殖上皮,显示强的免疫阳性反应;激素处理后,LH受体定位在Sertoli细胞和间质细胞以及精原细胞和初级与次级精母细胞的胞膜上,均显示强的免疫阳性反应。激素处理前,雄激素受体定位在生殖上皮和早期生精细胞的胞膜上;激素处理后,AR则定位在这些生精细胞的核或胞质,而精子细胞和精子显示免疫阴性反应。这些结果首次证明了这两种激素诱导鳗鲡精子发生和成熟的作用机制是通过LH受体和雄激素受体的介导。 相似文献
3.
Fabricio F. T. Domingos Ralph G. Thomé Fabio P. Arantes Antonio Carlos S. Castro Yoshimi Sato Nilo Bazzoli Elizete Rizzo 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2012,38(6):1709-1719
River damming and building of hydroelectric power plants interrupt the reproductive migration routes and change the major physicochemical parameters of water quality, with drastic consequences for populations of migratory fishes. The goal of this study was to evaluate proliferation and cell death during spermatogenesis and serum profiles of sex steroids in Prochilodus argenteus, from the S?o Francisco River, downstream from the Três Marias Dam. A total of 257 adult males were caught quarterly during a reproductive cycle in two sites: the first 34?km of the river after the dam (site 1) and the second 34–54?km after the dam (site 2), after the confluence with a tributary, the Abaeté River. Seasonal changes in the testicular activity associated with morphometric analyses of germ cells as well as proliferation and testicular apoptosis support a more active spermatogenesis in fish from site 2, where higher levels of sex steroids and gonadosomatic index (GSI) were also found. In site 1, fish presented low serum levels of testosterone, 17β-estradiol and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and a low GSI during gonadal maturation. Spermatogonial proliferation (PCNA) and apoptosis (TUNEL) were more elevated in fish from site 1, but spermatocytes were mainly labelled in fish from site 2. Overall, these data demonstrate changes in testicular activity and plasma sex steroids in a neotropical teleost fish living downstream from a hydroelectric dam, supplying new data on fish reproduction in regulated rivers. Moreover, morphometric analyses associated with sex steroids profiles provide reliable tools to assess fish spermatogenesis under environmental stress conditions. 相似文献
4.
水温对半滑舌鳎性腺组织发育的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
探讨了不同温度(19,21,23,25和27 ℃)对半滑舌鳎的性腺组织发育的影响。在受精后39～106 d对半滑舌鳎进行温度控制处理,通过石蜡组织切片,对半滑舌鳎早期性腺分化发育进行组织学观察。发现在19 ℃饲养条件下,受精后46 d(pfd46)半滑舌鳎性腺原始生殖细胞数量增加,有分化成卵巢的倾向;在该条件下,pfd82半滑舌鳎性腺开始分化为精巢。pfd82时,27 ℃条件下的幼鱼卵巢中卵原细胞数目大量增殖;精巢中精小叶多而密,结缔组织间隔清晰。pfd129时,27 ℃处理的幼鱼卵巢发育到Ⅱ期,其他温度处理组仍处于Ⅰ期卵巢,但随着温度的提高,卵巢中卵母细胞数目增多,且由散乱分布变为有序的排列在卵巢小叶中;精巢中贮精囊数量增多,囊腔中精子增多。pfd142时,高温处理组幼鱼性腺发育最快,其Ⅱ期卵巢中卵母细胞数目最多,精巢中后期生精细胞偏多,精子几乎分布到各个精小叶中,且贮精囊结构发达,内纳高密度精子,在周围输精管中也分布着精子。结果表明,温度影响了半滑舌鳎性腺发育程度,二者呈现线性关系,在适当温度范围内,性腺发育速度随着温度升高而加快。 相似文献
5.
大黄鱼消化道器官显微与亚显微结构 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
采用电镜和光镜技术研究大黄鱼消化道的组织结构。大黄鱼舌粘膜上皮为复层扁平上皮，其中含有杯状细胞和味蕾，舌腹面固有膜有浆液性腺泡；食道粘膜上皮为复层扁平上皮，表层扁平细胞下有粘液细胞。胃粘膜上皮为单层柱状，细胞游离端含有大量成熟粘液原颗粒，核周有不同成熟阶段的粘原颗粒，细胞器位于核周及下方，贲门和盲囊部胃小凹处有粘液腺，固有膜含大量胃腺，幽门部没有胃腺；胃腺细胞为矮锥形，细胞内含微管泡系和酶原颗粒，是一种典型的泌酸胃酶细胞。前肠、中肠和后肠粘膜上皮均为单层柱状上皮，其中有许多杯状细胞，肠上皮有密集的微绒毛，侧面有连接复合体，胞内各种细胞器均较丰富。大黄鱼消化道组织结构的特点与消化、吸收作用密切相关。 相似文献
6.
During the reproductive season, rainbow trout spermatozoa are stored in the sperm ducts for several months. There is no sperm production at this time since spermatogenesis is completed before spawning. To leam more about characteristics of semen during such a long storage, we analyzed changes in protein concentrations, anti-proteinase activity in seminal plasma and sperm aspartate aminotransferase activity during an extended reproductive period during which fish were fed diets supplemented with various ascorbic acid concentrations. Seminal plasma protein concentration and anti-proteinase activity declined toward the end of the reproductive season. These phenomena may be related to oncoming proteolytic events leading to degradation of the sperm. Protein concentrations and anti-proteinase activities were strongly correlated within groups of different ascorbic acid supplementations and several sampling dates (r=0.6–0.9 in most cases, p<0.05). Ascorbic acid deficiency resulted in a decrease in both parameter levels as compared to levels in groups with vitamin C supplement (p<0.08). Deficiency also resulted in lower stimulation of aspartate aminotransferase by an exogenous pyridoxal 5-phosphate in comparison to fish fed vitamin C-supplemented diets (p<0.05). These results support earlier studies suggesting a protective role of ascorbic acid toward maintaining sperm quality. 相似文献
7.
管角螺生殖系统解剖学及组织学观察 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
解剖并观察了管角螺的生殖系统,采用组织切片技术,对其生殖腺发育及生殖细胞发生过程进行了研究。结果表明,管角螺为雌雄异体,雄性生殖系统主要由精巢、贮精囊、前列腺、输精管和阴茎构成,其中,精巢由生精小管和输精小管组成;根据生精小管内生殖细胞分布和间质细胞数量,精巢发育分为增殖期、生长期(精母细胞分裂期)、成熟与排放期、退化期等4个时期,根据细胞大小、形态及分布特征,精细胞的发生经历了精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和精子4个阶段。卵巢结构为滤泡型,由滤泡壁和滤泡腔组成,内含嗜酸性颗粒。从卵巢内滤泡的大小、结构及滤泡内嗜酸性颗粒的数量,卵巢发育分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期和休止期;根据卵细胞的大小、形态及卵黄颗粒的含量,卵细胞发生过程分为增殖期、生长期和成熟期。管角螺生殖腺及生殖细胞的发育均不同步,为多次成熟、多次排放方式。 相似文献
8.
刀额新对虾 (Metapenaeusensis)采自福建沿海 ,体长约 14cm。活体解剖、取样、固定 ,于OlympusBH 2显微镜下观察 ,其生殖管道分为前输精管、中输精管、后输精管和端壶腹 4部分。前输精管上皮为单层柱状上皮 ,其分泌物呈嗜碱性 ;中输精管分泌物为嗜酸性 ,前段为高柱状上皮 ,后段则为柱状上皮 ,至后段共出现 2处上皮隆起 ,隆起间为扁平上皮 ;分泌管出现于中输精管前段 ,其分泌物呈嗜酸性 ,开口于中输精管后段 ,分泌物由此处流入中输精管腔 ;后输精管腔结构与中输精管腔相似 ,但管径缩小 ;端壶腹共分 3个腔 ,其中 2个由后输精管腔延续形成 ,精荚 1个。精荚由精子团和精荚壁组成。精荚壁分 2层 ,内层为均匀的嗜碱性初级精荚壁 ,精子团位于初级精荚壁中央 ;外层为次级精荚壁 ,呈嗜酸性 ,略呈“C”形包被于初级精荚壁之外。整个精荚横切面的外形似柳叶状 ,分为光滑区和皱折区 2部分 ,光滑区由次级精荚壁包被 ,皱褶区则为裸露的初级精荚壁。精荚形成于中输精管后段 ,它是由前输精管的嗜碱性分泌物、中输精管嗜酸性分泌物以及分泌管上皮细胞分泌物经复杂的化学变化形成 相似文献
9.
四指马鲅精巢发育及精子发生的组织学和超微结构 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解四指马鲅（）精巢的组织结构和精巢发育及精子发生的组织学和超微结构变化，运用组织切片HE染色和透射电镜技术对养殖四指马鲅的精巢发育过程进行观察。结果显示，四指马鲅精巢位于腹腔背侧，紧贴中肾和鳔的腹面，为一对延长的扁平带状器官，呈灰白色，两条精巢于后端融合，呈“Y”字形，组织学上属典型小叶型精巢；根据精巢发育及精子发生的组织学特点可将其分为6个时期：3月龄精巢发育至第I期（精原细胞增殖期），4月龄发育至第II期（精母细胞增长期），5~7月龄发育至第III期（精母细胞成熟期），7~9月龄发育至第IV期（精子开始出现期），最早在10月龄发育至第V期（精子完全成熟期）达到初次性成熟；参与生殖排精后的精巢为第VI期（精子退化吸收期）；精子发生过程经历初级精原细胞、次级精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精细胞和精子6个时相，其细胞及细胞核直径逐级减小，核质比发生规律性变化；电镜下显示精子发生过程中，细胞核内染色体逐渐浓缩，电子密度增加，线粒体数量减少，体积增大，內嵴结构逐渐丰富；精子由头部、中部和尾部组成，鞭毛轴丝为典型“9+2”结构。本研究阐述了四指马鲅雄鱼精巢的组织结构及初次性成熟精巢发育及精子发生过程的组织学和超微结构变化，丰富了四指马鲅的繁殖生物学内容，为掌握四指马鲅的繁殖规律和提高人工繁育技术提供理论参考。 相似文献
10.
毛嵌线螺生殖系统的解剖学和组织学研究 总被引：10，自引：5，他引：10
毛嵌线螺雌雄异体。其雄性生殖包括精巢、贮精巢、输精管、前列腺、导精沟和阴茎;雌性生殖系统包括卵巢、输卵管、蛋白腺、受精囊、卵囊腺、交合囊和外生殖孔。前列腺、导精沟和阴茎中的精子输送通道均为开放型的管道。毛嵌线螺的精子包括具有“９＋２”微管结构的头部和尾部。雄性个体右触角后的阴茎是从形态上区分雌雄个体的主要标志。 相似文献
11.
In the present study, the testis histology, gonadosomatic index (GSI), germ cell proliferation and apoptosis, and the plasma 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) and testosterone (T) levels of male Chalcalburnus tarichi were analyzed. According to the histological examinations of the specimens that were caught between February 2009 and January 2010, three testicular stages were determined. Those stages were as follows: (1) recrudescence or prespawning (July–April), (2) spawning (May–June), and (3) postspawning (July). It was observed that the GSI increased gradually, starting from the recrudescence stage, and it reached peak values at the spawning stage, while the lowest values were in the postspawning. Germ cell proliferation in the testis was detected using a proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and germ cell apoptosis was detected by transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining. The germ cell PCNA and apoptosis index values were calculated. It was indicated that germ cell proliferation was observed in all of the testicular stages. The highest germ cell PCNA index (PI) levels were detected in July, August, and September, which then dropped in October and stabilized between February and April. The lowest PI values were detected in the spawning stage (May–June). Germ cell apoptosis was observed in all of the months, and the highest apoptotic index values were detected in August, September, October, May, and June. Plasma 11-KT and T levels were at their highest levels in May and June, and it was detected as stabile in the other months. There was a correlation between GSI, PI, and plasma androgen levels. In conclusion, the present data illustrate testicular development stages for C. tarichi and show changes in the level of GSI and sex steroid biosynthesis through spermatogenesis. 相似文献
12.
河南华溪蟹消化系统的形态结构观察和组织学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究河南华溪蟹消化系统的形态结构及组织学特征,采用石蜡切片、H.E.染色和光镜等技术,对河南华溪蟹成蟹消化系统各组织器官的结构进行了观察。结果显示,河南华溪蟹的消化系统主要由消化道和消化腺组成。消化道主要包括食道、胃、中肠和后肠,消化腺为肝胰腺。胃包括贲门胃和幽门胃:贲门胃内有钙化的几丁质齿、隆嵴、短刺及刚毛等组成的胃磨,可磨碎食物;幽门胃内侧可见特殊形态的梳状结构,可过滤食物。在光学显微镜下,食道、中肠和后肠均由黏膜层、肌层和结缔组织层构成,其各段内表面均有由上皮细胞与基膜内凸形成的多级皱褶和嵴,有由环形、纵形和辐射状排列的肌层。仅中肠表面有典型微绒毛结构,无角质膜。食道与后肠上皮表面均有较发达的纤毛层。肝胰腺主要由基膜和4种上皮细胞构成,即吸收细胞(R细胞)、泡状细胞(B细胞)、纤维细胞(F细胞)和胚细胞(E细胞)。 相似文献
13.
性外激素诱发中华乌塘鳢产卵的初步研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在陶瓷人工产卵管道内吊挂性外激素的研究表明,卵巢提取液对雄鱼的吸引作用大于雌鱼,而精巢和贮精囊提取液对雌鱼的吸引作用则大于雄鱼,17α-P、17α,20β-P和PGE2对雌鱼和雄鱼均具有相似的吸引作用。雌鱼在管道内的产卵次数、产卵量以及成熟卵的受精率均与产卵管道内吊挂的性外激素种类有关,17α,20β-P和PGE2两个实验组产卵次数最多,其中PGE2实验组的产卵量和受精率最高。17α-P在贮精囊和精巢提取液中的含量显著高于卵巢提取液(P<0.05);贮精囊提取液中PGE2和PGF2α的含量分别显著高于精巢提取液和卵巢提取液(P<0.05);提取液中PGE2和PGF2α的含量均依次为贮精囊提取液>精巢提取液>卵巢提取液。卵巢提取液刺激雄鱼所引起的平均EOG高于雌鱼,而精巢和贮精囊提取液刺激雌鱼所引起的平均EOG高于雄鱼,雌鱼和雄鱼对17α-P、17α,20β-P、PGE2和PGF2α刺激所产生的平均EOG,以PGE2为最高。 相似文献
14.
文蛤吸虫寄生病的组织病理学观察 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
报道了吸虫在文蛤(Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus)体内的寄生情况以及所引起的组织病理学变化。观察表明,该吸虫是以胚细胞方式繁殖,幼虫经历胞蚴阶段,发育成尾蚴。其寄生情况与寄生于其他双壳贝类的一些吸虫相似,均是以生殖腺为主要侵占部位,少部分则进入附近的消化盲囊、鳃、外套膜、足等,消化道中未发现其存在。已被感染的消化盲囊、外套膜等器官组织出现上皮细胞脱落或崩解,肌纤维排列紊乱或溶解,黏液细胞增生等病理症状。观察发现,寄生虫不仅破坏已感染的组织,未感染部位的组织也呈现一定的病理学变化,最终导致宿主因器官衰竭、功能丧失而死亡。 相似文献
15.
中华绒螯蟹雄性生殖系统生化组成及精子代谢 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
通过对中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺及生殖系统各组织生化成分和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性的测定发现:总碳水化合物的含量以副性腺及输精管内容物(含精荚和精浆)较高,为33.456mg·g-1湿重和21.537mg·g-1湿重,肝胰腺、精荚及精巢的含量较低;碳水化合物中的糖原和葡萄糖含量分别以输精管内容物和肝胰腺最高,分别为0.385mg·g-1湿重和5.866mg·g-1湿重,精巢和肝胰腺中的糖原含量太低而无法检测到,精荚葡萄糖含量最低;蛋白质含量以肝胰腺最高,其余各部分含量显著低于肝胰腺;脂类含量以精巢和肝胰腺最高,其中的甘油三酯仅存于肝胰腺和精巢,且肝胰腺含量显著高于精巢。乳酸脱氢酶活性以贮精囊最高,精荚仅为中等,这可能与精荚壁的通透性有关,而精浆和肝胰腺显著低于其它组织。结果表明,中华绒螯蟹能量代谢主要物质是脂类和蛋白质;精子代谢的能量物质为碳水化合物,并由精浆提供,而其代谢的方式以厌氧代谢为主。 相似文献
16.
通过人工投喂携带WSSV的毒饵，对性腺发育成熟的中国对虾（Fenneropenaeus chinensis）雄虾（♂）进行感染实验。采用nest-PCR（巢式PCR）技术，检测感染后的中国对虾雄性生殖系统受WSSV感染情况，同时选取感染严重的虾样进行电镜观察。巢式PCR检测结果表明，感染组中国对虾的精巢、输精管和精囊均被WSSV感染，其中精囊呈阳性的最多，输精管次之，精巢最少。通过电镜进一步观察发现，WSSV粒子只存在于精巢、输精管和精囊的结缔组织中，而在其他组织和生殖细胞中均未发现病毒粒子。其中，精巢中WSSV粒子存在于精巢内两个生精小管之间的结缔组织；输精管中WSSV粒子存在于管壁的结缔组织；精囊中WSSV粒子也只存在于精囊内膜的结缔组织和精荚膜的结缔组织中。PCR检测和电镜观察结果均表明，WSSV粒子能感染中国对虾的雄性生殖系统且对性腺感染存在着一定的组织特异性。 相似文献
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18.
The present study was undertaken to develop a comprehensive understanding of how environmental cues and sex steroids relate with cyclic changes in spermatogenesis in freshwater spotted snakehead Channa punctatus that is nutritious and economically important. The seasonal histological changes in testis and annual profile of gonadosomatic index (GSI) of C. punctatus delineated the testicular cycle into four phases: regressed (December–March), preparatory (April–June), spawning (July and August) and postspawning (September–November). Among environmental variables, correlation and regression analyses exhibited an important relationship between photoperiod and testicular weight while role of rainfall was seen confined to spawning. The seasonal profile of plasma sex steroids when correlated with cyclic changes in spermatogenesis in spotted snakehead, testosterone (T) seems to be involved in controlling the major events of spermatogenesis from renewal of stem cells to spawning of spermatozoa. Another important androgen prevalent in teleosts, 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), was high during preparatory phase, suggesting that 11-KT in addition to T plays an important role in progression of spermatogenesis and spermiation in C. punctatus. However, 11-KT was not seen to be associated with milt production and release of spermatozoa during spawning. Plasma profile of estradiol-17β (E2) during different reproductive phases revealed the involvement of E2 in repopulation of stem cells during postspawning phase and in maintaining quiescence of testis during regressed phase. 相似文献
19.
Komei HOTTA Takayuki WATANABE Chiho KISHIDA Yukio NAKAMURA Nobuyuki OHKUBO Takahiro MATSUBARA Shinji ADACHI Kohei YAMAUCHI 《Fisheries Science》2003,69(3):555-562
ABSTRACT: Because blood vitellogenin (Vg) has been considered a biomarker for environmental estrogens, the basal levels of Vg and 17β-estradiol (E2 ) were determined in male Japanese whiting reared under natural conditions. Serum levels of Vg and E2 were measured and gonadal development was assessed by gonadosomatic index (GSI) and histological observation in 8–10 male fish at monthly intervals throughout the annual reproductive cycle. Serum E2 was <60 pg/mL throughout the study period. In contrast, serum Vg exhibited seasonal changes: serum levels of Vg gradually increased from April to May (mean 63 ± 13 ng/mL and 124 ± 48 ng/mL in April and May, respectively), and then reached a peak value (mean 352 ± 68 ng/mL) in June. Thereafter, serum Vg gradually decreased, reaching undetectable levels (<50 ng/mL) in October. Serum levels of Vg tended to increase in the male fish in which the GSI was >1%. Histological observation revealed that testes in such male fish were in active spermatogenesis and then all of the testes of male fish in which serum Vg decreased to ND levels were regressed. These results suggest that Vg productive potency (sensitivity to estrogens) may increase in the spermatogenic stage, resulting in production of Vg in response to very low levels of natural or xenobiotic estrogens. 相似文献
20.
Lucelia Tessaro Talita Sarah Mazzoni Robie Allan Bombardelli Arno Juliano Butze Irani Quagio‐Grassiotto 《Aquaculture Research》2019,50(12):3507-3518
The reproductive dynamics of a species is important information to have for the maintenance and reproduction of animals in captivity, for either commercial or conservation purposes. Steindachneridion melanodermatum is an endemic fish that has been reproduced by breeding protocols, but knowledge related to the maturation and reproductive cycle of this species is scarce. The purpose of this research was to observe different parameters related to the reproductive biology of males born in captivity over a 24‐month period to determine the first maturation and reproductive activity of S. melanodermatum males maintained in captivity. Body development changes (weight and length) were observed, and gonadosomatic index (GSI) and plasma sex steroids (testosterone and 17β‐estradiol) were measured monthly. Phases of the reproductive cycle were detected based on macroscopic changes and histological observations of the testes. The obtained data were correlated, demonstrating that the GSI values accompanied testis development and sex steroid peaks. Additionally, immunohistochemistry was performed for the detection of KI‐67, 3β‐HSD and Vasa protein. Our data analysis indicated that the first maturity in males bred in captivity occurred after one year (at 22‐month‐old fish), with a reproductive period occurring from September to November, which is the spring season in the southern hemisphere. 相似文献