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1.
The present study describes a uniform method for cryopreservation of semen of Salmonidae (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), Salmo trutta f. fario L., Salmo trutta f. lacustris L., Coregonus sp.). It presents a new type of extender and experiments demonstrating that warming of frozen/thawed semen to 20°C prior to fertilization significantly increases the fertilization rate. Freezing is performed in straws in the vapour of liquid nitrogen and for insemination a diluent technique is used. The consistency of the method was tested by repeating the experiments with different batches of semen and eggs. The following fertilization rates (% of control) were obtained: Oncorhynchus mykiss: 89.6 ± 16.0% (mean ± standard deviation, n= 25, n of control = 20, sperm/egg ratio of 1.6 ± 0.2 × 106 spermatozoa/ egg). Salmo trutta f. fario: 93.8 ± 6.4% (n= 12,9.9 ± 1.2 × 106spermatozoa/egg), Coregonus sp.: 92.8 ± 2.4% (n= 6, 0.5 × 106 spermatozoa/egg), Salmo trutta f. lacustris: 85.0 ± 8.4% (n= 12, 4.8 ± 1.4 × 106 spermatozoa/egg). 相似文献
2.
Using the cryopreservation method of Lahnsteiner, Berger, Weismann & Patzner (1995, Aquaculture Research 26 , 801-807) the influence of allowable variations of methodical parameters (storage of semen before cryopreservation, dilution ratios in the extender, equilibration in the extender, cooling rates, storage of deep-frozen semen in liquid nitrogen, storage of frozen/thawed semen, minimal sperm/egg ratio) was investigated under the aspect of routine utilization. Under optimized experimental conditions, fertilization rates were 90-100% of controls in Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), Salmo trutta L. f. lacustrisSalmo truttaL.f. fario and Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill). The following results were obtained: 1. Storage of untreated semen for more than 1 h before cryopreservation decreased the postthaw fertility. 2. Equilibration of semen up to 20 min in the extender did not affect the postthaw fertility. 3. Optimal dilution ratio of semen in the extender was threefold in Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salvelinus fontinalis. Lower dilution ratios decreased the postthaw fertility, higher dilution ratios did not affect the postthaw fertility. In Salmo trutta f. lacustris and Salmo trutta f. fario, which have a higher sperm density, optimal dilution ratio of semen in the extender was fivefold to sevenfold. 4. In Oncorhynchus mykiss, as in Salmo trutta f lacustris and Salmo trutta f. fario, the optimal freezing height was at 1.5 cm above the level of liquid nitrogen (-110 ± 2oC); in Salvelinus fontinalis it was 2.5 cm above the level of liquid nitrogen (-92 ± 2oC). Changes in the freezing height of 0.5 cm (about 10oC) resulted in a significant decrease of postthaw fertility. 5. Storage of deep-frozen semen for up to 370 days in liquid nitrogen had no influence on its postthaw fertilization rate. 6. Storage of frozen/thawed semen for 30 s before insemination significantly decreased its postthaw fertility. 7. Reliable minimal sperm:egg ratio to obtain fertilization rates of 90-100% of control was 3-5 X 105 spermatozoa egg-1. 相似文献
3.
F. Lahnsteiner 《Aquaculture Research》2000,31(3):245-258
The present paper summarizes the data on a semen cryopreservation method for the Salmonidae (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo trutta f. lacustris, Salvelinus fontinalis, Salvelinus alpinus, Salmo trutta f. fario, Hucho hucho, Coregonus lavaretus, Thymallus thymallus) and for the Northern pike (Esox lucius) published during recent years. It describes (1) methods used for the determination of sperm viability; (2) the protective efficiency of substances specifically for protection of internal and external parts of cells and the process of extender development; (3) the freezing, thawing and fertilization conditions; and (4) the tolerable deviations from the freezing protocol for more easy application. Finally, biomarkers are reported that predict the suitability of semen for cryopreservation and the quality of frozen–thawed semen. 相似文献
4.
The cryopreservation of semen from the Northern pike, Esox lucius L., was investigated with a method that was originally developed for the Salmonidae. Because the amounts of semen obtained by stripping were insufficient, the suitability of testicular sperm was tested for cryopreservation. Frozen-thawed testicular sperm had fertilization rates similar to frozen-thawed semen obtained by stripping (74.2-84.7%), and at sperm to egg ratios of S= 4.5 × 105 spermatozoa per egg, the post-thaw fertilization rates were also similar to fresh, untreated semen controls. Out of all the fertilization solutions investigated, a 100-mm NaCl, 10-mm Tris (pH 9) solution resulted in the highest post-thaw fertilization rates. To facilitate the fertilization of large egg batches, 1.2-mL straws were used for cryopreservation with a similar efficiency to 0.5-mL straws. 相似文献
5.
The effects of extender composition and freezing rate on motility and fertility of frozen‐thawed Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus, spermatozoa were investigated. Three freezing rates, two semen diluents and three cryoprotectants were tested. Semen frozen in 0.3 mol L?1 glucose diluent with 10% methanol as a cryoprotectant or in a diluent described by Lahnsteiner with 10%N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMA) resulted in the highest sperm motility. Fertility was the highest for semen frozen in a glucose–methanol extender but was not significantly different than that for semen frozen in Lahnsteiner's diluent with 10% DMA. Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) at 10% was a relatively ineffective cryoprotectant with either semen diluent. Semen frozen at 6 cm above the surface of liquid nitrogen resulted in a higher post‐thaw sperm motility and fertility than semen frozen at 5 cm. The addition of 7% fresh egg yolk to glucose diluent containing methanol or DMSO did not improve the fertility of frozen‐thawed spermatozoa. However, the addition of 7% fresh egg yolk to glucose–DMA extender significantly improved the fertilization percentages of frozen‐thawed spermatozoa. In conclusion, dilution of semen 1:3 in 0.3 mol L?1 glucose with 10% methanol and freezing 6 cm above the surface of liquid nitrogen (freezing rate of 40±8°C min?1, mean±SD from ?5 to ?55°C) is a promising protocol for cryopreservation of Arctic char semen. 相似文献
6.
Spring activation of the gill Na+---K+-ATPase, osmotic variations after direct exposure to sea-water of high salinity (35.5‰), survival, and growth were studied in three salmonid species reared in France (Salmo trutta, Salmo gairdneri, Salvelinus fontinalis) and in the hybrid tiger trout (♀ S. trutta × ♂ S. fontinalis).The brown trout (S. trutta) studied showed physiological characteristics of smoltification: increase of the gill enzyme activity in fresh-water, rapid control of the osmotic lack of balance after sea-water contact, good growth and survival in summer.Rainbow trout presented characteristics of sedentary species: low values of the gill Na+---K+-ATPase in fresh-water, and greater and more durable osmotic variations. In spite of a certain degree of euryhalinity in spring and winter, this species suffered significant losses in sea-water during summer.Brook trout appeared as a very stenohaline species unable to survive in sea-water of high salinity; the hybrid presented intermediate characteristics between the two parents.The level of activity of the gill Na+---K+-ATPase in fresh-water, as well as its evolution after sea-water contact appears as a good indicator of the adaptability of the species to a very hyperosmotic environment, and reveals different strategies for regulating the hydromineral balance, which are discussed.
Résumé
L'activation printanière du système Na+---K+-ATPasique des microsomes de la branchie chez trois espèces de salmonidés existant en France (Salmo trutta, Salmo gairdneri, Salvelinus fontinalis) et de l'hybride tigre (Salmo trutta ♀ × Salvelinus fontinalis ♂), les modifications osmotiques après transfert en mer de salinitéélevée (35,5‰) et les performances de survie et croissance ont étéétudiées.La truite fario testée se comporte comme une espèce à smoltification: élévation de l'activité branchiale en eau douce, rapide contrôle du déséquilibre osmotique après transfert en mer, bonnes survie et croissance. La truite arc-en-ciel domestique répond comme une espèce sédentaire, avec des valeurs ATPasiques faibles en eau douce, un déséquilibre ionique relativement important à court terme, et plus long à disparaître. En dépit d'un niveau d'euryhalinitéà certaines époques, les mortalités observées sont élevées en été. L'omble de fontaine présente un très faible niveau d'euryhalinité et n'a pas survécu en mer dans les conditions de l'expérience, l'hybride se comporte de façon intermédiaire par rapport aux deux parents.Le niveau d'ATPase en eau douce ainsi que l'augmentation d'activité après transfert paraissent un bon indicateur des facultés d'adaptation de l'animal à un milieu très hypertonique et révèlent des stratégies différentes de régulation de la balance hydrominérale selon les groupes d'espèces envisagés. Tous ces faits sont discutés. 相似文献7.
In two trials, Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) semen was frozen in 0.5 mL straws using extenders consisting of 0.3 M glucose and 10%, 12.5% or 15% methanol. Cryopreserved semen was thawed by immersing straws in 25 °C water for 17 s (11.6 °C s?1) or in 5 °C water for 60 s (3.3 °C s?1). The viability of the frozen–thawed semen was measured by determining post‐thaw motility and sperm membrane integrity. Two fertility trials were also conducted. There was no effect of trial or thaw rate on post‐thaw sperm viability or fertility. Use of 15% methanol in the extender resulted in the highest overall percentage of sperm motility and fertility. Use of 12.5% methanol as a cryoprotectant resulted in a higher per cent post‐thaw motility and a lower percentage of dead cells than did 10% methanol. Thus, levels of methanol higher than the commonly used 10% are beneficial for cryopreserving Arctic char sperm. 相似文献
8.
Cryopreservation of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) semen was investigated using three diluents, three cryoprotectants [10% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), 10% dimethylacetamide (DMA) or 20% glycerol] and three sizes of straw. The three diluents and three cryoprotectants were combined, resulting in nine extenders. One part semen was added to three parts extender, and motility was evaluated to assess the toxicity of six of the extenders. Semen in nine extenders was frozen in 0.5‐mL straws using liquid nitrogen vapour. Semen extended in 0.3 m glucose and each of the cryoprotectants was also frozen in 0.5‐mL, 1.7‐mL (flat) or 2.5‐mL straws. The freezing rate in each size of straw was measured. Fertility trials were conducted to determine the post‐thaw viability of the frozen semen. The motility of activated spermatozoa was higher in the DMA and DMSO extenders than in the glycerol extender. For the trial using 0.5‐mL straws, post‐thaw fertility results were higher for all extenders containing DMSO, or 0.3 m glucose and DMA, than for all other combinations of diluent and cryoprotectant. For the straw size comparison, the highest fertility was obtained for the 1.7‐mL straw using either DMSO or DMA and for the 2.5‐mL straw using DMSO. For all cryopreservation trials, fertility was low for extenders containing glycerol. 相似文献
9.
Competitive interactions between native and exotic salmonids: a combined field and laboratory demonstration 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Abstract – We studied the impact of two exotic salmonid species (brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss ) on native brown trout ( Salmo trutta fario ) habitat, growth and survival. Habitat selection and vertical distribution between young-of-the-year of the three species were examined in a stream aquarium under different sympatric and allopatric combinations. In addition, similar species combinations were introduced in a Pyrenean mountain stream (southwest France) in order to extend laboratory results to growth and apparent survival. Both laboratory and field results indicated that rainbow trout significantly affected native brown trout habitat selection and apparent survival. On the contrary, brown trout habitat, growth and apparent survival were hardly affected by brook trout. These results support the idea that rainbow trout negatively influence native brown trout, and that competition could influence the outcome of fish biological invasions in freshwater ecosystems. 相似文献
10.
F. Morat S. Betoulle M. Robert A.F. Thailly S. Biagianti‐Risbourg R. Lecomte‐Finiger 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2008,17(4):617-627
Abstract – Otoliths preserve a continuous record of the life cycle from the natal through the adult stage. For that reason, the morphological and chemical characteristics of otoliths of two nonnative Salmonids, brown trout (Salmo trutta) and brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) from populations on the Kerguelen Islands were compared. Several approaches were used to study the relationships between otolith morphometry, crystal morph and chemical elemental composition. These salmonids sampled in Kerguelen are well differentiated in terms of species through their otolith shape. The results indicate that ecotypes and river populations can be reasonably well differentiated on the basis of otolith shape. The crystallisation study has revealed the presence of a particular form: the vaterite, present at a high rate: 45% of S. fontinalis and 18% from Salmo trutta fario. Moreover, vaterite and aragonite otoliths presented differences in chemical composition. 相似文献
11.
F. Lahnsteiner 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2002,27(1-2):49-59
The present study investigated the influence of ovarian fluid (OV) on the gamete physiology in the brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario). In comparison to water OV prolongs the duration of sperm motility for >'5 min and the fertilizability of eggs for >'10 min independent from the quality of the egg batch from which the OV derived. These stabilizing effects are related to the inorganic composition of OV as similar results are obtained in buffered artificial saline solution (AFS). OV compensates also for sub-optimal environmental conditions as demonstrated in fertilization experiments with mixtures of OV and buffer solutions of different pH. At a dilution ratio of OV: water of 1:1 the stabilizing effect on gametes is significantly decreased and at a dilution ratio of 1:8 it is completely lost. Due to the described effects significantly higher fertilization rates are obtained in OV than in water. In OV the fertilization rates are also higher than in AFS but only at low sperm to egg ratios or when semen with low motility rates and swimming velocities is used. This is considered to be due to a semen dependent egg activation which is partly suppressed by a OV protein with a molecular weight between 20 and 62 kdaltons. The phenomen is discussed in detail. 相似文献
12.
Juan Antonio Ramirez‐Merlano Víctor Mauricio Medina‐Robles Pablo Emilio Cruz‐Casallas 《Aquaculture Research》2011,42(6):738-745
The effects of straws volume, cryoprotectants and thawing temperatures were evaluated on the sperm quality of cachama blanca Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier), an important Colombian fish species. Sexually mature fish were induced to ovulation or spermiation with a carp pituitary extract. A pool of suitable sperm samples was diluted in glucose, egg yolk, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO‐10%), methanol (MET‐10%) or ethylene glycol (ETG‐5%) and packed in 0.5, 2.5 or 5.0 mL straws and frozen in nitrogen vapour. The thawing process was performed in a 35 or an 80 °C water bath. The fertility was evaluated after 6 h post fertilization. The highest motility percentage (33 ± 3%) was observed with sperm cryopreserved with DMSO, packed in 5 mL straws and thawed at 35 °C. The treatments with DMSO and MET packed in 0.5 and 5.0 mL straws and thawed at 35 °C showed the highest fertility (higher than 71%) and the lowest fertility was obtained with MET‐2.5 mL (9 ± 5%). In all the treatments, a significant decrease in the sperm quality was observed at 80 °C. Sperm cryopreserved with DMSO‐10% or MET‐10%, packed in 2.5 or 5.0 mL straws are suitable to achieve acceptable fertilization and to fertilize high amounts of eggs. 相似文献
13.
Decrease in the quality and quantity of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., semen towards the end of the reproductive season hampers production of good-quality embryos. Therefore, cryopreservation
of spermatozoa is a method showing potential to facilitate controlled reproduction in Atlantic halibut. The present study
aimed at establishing the appropriate cryopreservation procedure. We tested 20 extenders composed of four various diluents
and five cryoprotectants (DMSO, DMA, methanol, propylene glycol, and glycerol) to determine the best extender. Then, we examined
cryopreservation quality using various methods of loading and various volumes of cryopreserved samples. In most of the tested
variants, sperm diluted with an extender showed high motility after 24-h incubation despite the high osmotic pressure of the
extender. Modified turbot extender (MTE) was the best of the tested diluents, securing the highest post-thaw motility (P < 0.05), and DMSO, DMA, and methanol were the best cryoprotectants (P < 0.05). There was no significant effect of 15-min equilibration of semen in MTE-based extenders prior to freezing on post-thaw
motility (P > 0.05). MTE-based extender was chosen as the most suitable. Semen cryopreserved in straws, Eppendorfs or Ziploc bags in
volumes ranging from 0.25 to 20 ml showed similar high fertilization ability. Survival of larvae produced with the cryopreserved
sperm did not differ from controls produced with freshly collected sperm. Motility 3 h after thawing was high but depended
on the type of cryoprotectant and the volume of cryopreserved sperm (P < 0.05). The developed cryopreservation procedure has been applied at our Atlantic halibut breeding station for seed production. 相似文献
14.
Interstitial water conditions in the hyporheic zone of the stream bed are determinants of salmonid egg hatching success. We used standardised egg exposures to develop and validate discriminant analysis and generalised linear model models linking the hatching success of brown trout (Salmo trutta) with physicochemical factors of the interstitial zone (e.g., oxygen, specific conductance, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, pH and redox potential). Interstitial water quality was identified as a limiting factor for egg development (median of relative hatching rates = 0.23). Hatching success was unimodal in hatchery and field references incubated in free‐flowing water, but bimodal (very high or very low hatching success) in natural sediment exposures. The effects of physicochemical factors on the hatching success of Salmo trutta strongly depended on both the time and spatial scale analysed. The variables retained in the models differed between the macroscale (over all rivers), the river‐specific scale (within a river) and the microscale (at different sediment depths). Egg hatching success decreased with increased substratum depth (decrease of 26% in 150 mm compared with 50 mm). Increasingly more variable interstitial water conditions (e.g., oxygen) throughout the egg incubation period suggest progressive degradation rates in the stream substratum during the incubation period at the microscale level. Consequently, consideration of different spatial and temporal scales is necessary for the evaluation of habitat quality in salmonid conservation and catchment management plans. 相似文献
15.
R. Paul Lang Kenneth L. Riley John E. Chandler Terrence R. Tiersch 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2003,34(1):66-75
The commercial‐scale production of fish by use of artificial (induced) spawning would require reliable, large‐volume sources of sperm. Cryopreservation can be used to preserve and store sperm within commercial and research germplasm repositories, but is limited in its application to aquaculture. Straw volume and cooling chamber size restrict the quantity of sperm that can be frozen, and straws must be filled by hand. In contrast, the dairy industry has refined methods for freezing of bull sperm, including automation of straw filling and the use of large cooling chambers. These methods could be used for commercial‐scale cryopreservation of fish sperm, although application would require testing. To supply sperm in large volumes, bags originally developed for swine semen could be cooled using dairy protocols and used as a container for fish sperm. The current study documented the use of commercial‐scale dairy cryopreservation techniques for the production of hybrids of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (female) by blue catfish Ictalurus furcarus. Four cryoprotectants (methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl acetamide, and glycerol) were initially evaluated for use with blue catfish sperm. During May 2000 and March to April 2001, suspensions of blue catfish sperm were cryopreserved with 10% methanol in 0.5‐mL French straws and in commercial swine semen bags (Cochette* bags, IMV International. Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA). Cryopreservation took place at a dairy breeding cooperative, using technology employed for bull semen. Sperm motility before freezing was 26 ± 18% during Year 1 (2000) and 62 ± 30% during 2001. Sperm were thawed at 40 C and used to fertilize the eggs of channel catfish (yielding hybrids). Motility after thawing for sperm frozen in 0.5‐mL straws was 11 ± 10% during 2000 and 50 ± 24% during 2001. Motility after thawing was 41 ± 17% for sperm frozen in swine semen bags in 5‐mL aliquots and 43 ± 10% for sperm frozen in 10‐mL aliquots. Neurulation of eggs fertilized with thawed sperm from straws was 83 ± 13% during 2000 and 54 ± 27% during 2001. Neurulation was 57 ± 24% using sperm frozen in swine semen bags in 5‐mL aliquots and 55 ± 10% using sperm frozen in 10‐mL aliquots. There was no correlation between sperm motility before freezing (in 0.5‐mL straws) and after thawing during 2000 (r= 0.52) or during 2001 (r= 0.49). In addition, there was no correlation between initial motility and neurulation of channel catfish eggs fertilized using thawed sperm during 2000 (r= 0.14) or during 2001 (r= 0.29). Sperm of blue catfish can thus be cryopreserved at a commercial scale using dairy protocols and can be made available for the production of hybrid catfish when viable eggs are available. 相似文献
16.
Ø. Solem O. K. Berg E. Verspoor K. Hindar S. O. Karlsson J. Koksvik L. Rønning G. Kjærstad J. V. Arnekleiv 《Fisheries Management and Ecology》2014,21(5):357-365
Morphological characters were compared between smolts (standard length 110–220 mm) of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., anadromous brown trout Salmo trutta L. and their hybrids captured in River Driva, western Norway. Morphological discrimination between S. salar, S. trutta and their hybrids was correct for 93% of the individuals (correct form was determined genetically). Morphological discrimination of hybrids was incorrect with 9.1% (n = 7) classified as S. salar and 1.3% (n = 1) as S. trutta, suggesting that the hybrids were morphologically more similar to S. salar than S. trutta despite a bias towards S. trutta mothers (7 of 8 cases). The largest morphological differences were found in head (notably maxilla length) and caudal peduncle morphology. Hybrids between S. salar and S. trutta had the longest pectoral and pelvic fins. This indicates that precise discrimination based on morphological traits can be made between S. salar, S. trutta and their hybrids. 相似文献
17.
Supannee Kainin Samorn Ponchunchoovong Unnop Imsilp Sombut Singsee 《Aquaculture Research》2014,45(5):859-867
The effects of three extenders (Ginzburg fish ringer, Calcium‐free Hank's balanced salt solution, C‐F HBSS and sodium chloride, 0.9% NaCl) and four cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulphoxide, DMSO; dimethyl acetamide, DMA; methanol, MeOH and glycerol) in different concentrations (5%, 10% and 15%) on the motility, viability and fertilization rates of Mekong catfish (Pagasius bocourti) sperm were investigated. Sperm samples were transferred into 250‐μL French straws and sealed with a heated haemostat. The straws were then placed in a cryochamber. A computer‐controlled rate freezer (CL 3300) and programmable Cryogenesis, version 4 were used to regulate the freezing rate. The sperm samples were frozen at a rate of 10°C min?1 from 4 to ?80°C and then evaluated after 72 h. Of the three extenders used with each cryoprotectant, C‐F HBSS had the highest fertilization rate of 75% (93% of control). This was not significantly different from the control treatment (fresh sperm) when tested with DMSO as the cryoprotectant. The lowest fertilization rate of 27% (38% of control) was resulting from the combination of 15% glycerol and C‐F HBSS. This study found that fertilization, motility and viability rates in all of the experiments had a positive significant correlation (P < 0.001). 相似文献
18.
T. FERREIRA N. CAIOLA F. CASALS J. M. OLIVEIRA A. DE SOSTOA 《Fisheries Management and Ecology》2007,14(6):519-530
Abstract A spatially based approach was used to analyse the response of fish-based metrics to human impacts in the Iberian Peninsula. A fish-based typology was established that distinguished one salmonid type (fish assemblages dominated by Salmo trutta fario L.), two mixed types ( S. trutta fario associated with different cyprinids) and six cyprinid types (dominated by different species of barbel [ Barbus spp.], nase [ Chondrostoma spp.] or chub [ Leuciscus spp.]). These types broadly correspond to different forms of ecosystem functioning, ranging from the cold, northern and high altitude sections to warmwater, lowland and southern sections. Twenty metrics were identified that responded to disturbance – four to 14 per fish type. The highest correlations were −0.795 for abundance of Squalius sp. and segment (localised) disturbance and 0.754 for abundance of limnophilic specimens and water quality disturbance. Disturbance of segment, habitat and hydrological regime yielded more metric responses in western Iberian fish types, while that of habitat and water quality gave more in north-eastern Iberian fish types. Global (catchment scale) disturbance generally gave more responsive metrics and higher correlations than partial disturbances. All guilds were represented and a number of metrics were responsive across fish types – namely native species, alien abundance, water column (natives), eurytopic and invertivorous (natives). However, several metrics were only reactive in one or a few types, such as benthic and S. trutta fario in north-western mixed fish type. Different trends in metric reaction occurred for total abundance in north-western mixed fish type, and for eurytopic and phytophilic (natives) in the north-eastern fish types. 相似文献
19.
Salmonid eggs were collected from spawning redds in the Norwegian rivers Alta, Gaula, and Driva in 1982. Their phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI; E.C. No. 5.3.1.9) patterns, as revealed by isoelectric focusing and histochemical staining, were compared to standard zymograms produced by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and trout (S. trutta L.) white skeletal muscle extracts, and to the zymogram in salmon eggs of known origin. In salmon, the egg zymogram was identical with that of muscle. Two types of zymograms, identical with either salmon or trout muscle zymograms and thus regarded as species-determinants, were observed among the eggs from wild fish. Their proportions in the three rivers were as expected from current knowledge of species composition. The present findings are related to previous reports on PGI expression in salmonids. The PGI zymograms are probably diagnostic keys to species for eggs from Norwegian stream-dwelling salmonids, including Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.). Some managemental implications of the present results are briefly discussed. 相似文献
20.
Evaluation of Commercial‐scale Approaches for Cryopreservation of White Crappie,Pomoxis annularis,Sperm 
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下载免费PDF全文 Charlie M. Culpepper III Amy M. Guitreau Shay Allred Terrence R. Tiersch Peter J. Allen 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2018,49(4):725-734
Crappie, Pomoxis spp., are popular game fish throughout North America and are produced by public and private hatcheries. However, production is limited by a lack of information on tank culture and induced spawning methods. Development of techniques for storage of sperm and in vitro fertilization would increase flexibility in spawning. Therefore, techniques for sperm cryopreservation were examined in white crappie, Pomoxis annularis. Sperm from adult wild white crappie were used to evaluate sperm extender, cryoprotectant agent and concentration, and cooling technique based on post‐thaw sperm motility. Percent egg fertilization was also compared between sperm stored in the two best cryopreservation protocols and two different osmotic activator solutions. Sperm were cryopreserved using treatment combinations of two extenders (350 mOsmol/kg Hanks' balanced salt solution [HBSS] and 350 mOsmol/kg Ca2+free HBSS) and two cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO] and methanol) at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15% that were cooled at four different rates: 5, 10, 20, and 40 C/min. Post‐thaw sperm motility and fertilization rates indicated white crappie sperm can be cryopreserved using either extender, cryoprotectants of either 5% DMSO or 10% methanol, and cooling at 40 C/min. A follow‐up experiment demonstrated sperm in suspensions on ice retained viability after overnight transport. 相似文献