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《植物检疫》2019,(2)
本文研究了甲酸乙酯常温熏蒸对南洋臀纹粉蚧(Planococcus lilacius Cockerell)的杀灭效果及对进口山竹品质的影响。在20℃下,分别使用15、25、35和45 g/m~3甲酸乙酯熏蒸南洋臀纹粉蚧混合虫态和山竹3 h,统计南洋臀纹粉蚧死亡率,测定山竹糖度、酸度、抗坏血酸(VC)、总抗氧化能力(Total Antioxidative Capacity)等品质指标。结果表明,南洋臀纹粉蚧雌成虫较若虫更为耐受,25 g/m~3甲酸乙酯即可全部杀死南洋臀纹粉蚧雌成虫和若虫;且与对照组比较甲酸乙酯熏蒸对山竹品质无明显的影响,仅35、45 g/m~3甲酸乙酯熏蒸会短时间降低山竹VC含量和T-AOC。上述研究表明,甲酸乙酯熏蒸可用于进口山竹携带南洋臀纹粉蚧的检疫处理,20℃下使用25 g/m~3甲酸乙酯熏蒸3 h可做为备选技术指标。 相似文献
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《植物检疫》2019,(2)
进口菠萝易携带南洋臀纹粉蚧(Planococcus lilacius Cockerell)等有害生物,检疫风险较高,急需开发检疫处理技术。本文研究了20℃下,不同浓度磷化氢熏蒸4 h对南洋臀纹粉蚧的杀灭效果以及对进口菠萝呼吸强度、失重率、硬度、酸度、可溶性糖等品质指标的影响。结果表明,南洋臀纹粉蚧雌成虫对磷化氢的耐受性强于若虫,400 ppm磷化氢熏蒸即可完全杀灭各虫态南洋臀纹粉蚧。与对照组比较,磷化氢熏蒸降低了货架期间菠萝的呼吸强度,对菠萝的失重率,硬度,酸度与可溶性糖度均无显著影响。这些结果表明常温磷化氢熏蒸可有效杀灭南洋臀纹粉蚧,且对进口菠萝的品质无不利影响,可作为进口菠萝检疫处理备选技术。 相似文献
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南洋臀纹粉蚧和石蒜绵粉蚧是近年我国新记录的两种检疫性有害生物,目前分别在福建省的番荔枝果园和多肉植物种植基地发生为害严重。为明确球孢白僵菌BB-T02对这2种检疫性粉蚧的生防潜力,本研究在该菌株生物学特性的基础上,测定该菌株对两种检疫性粉蚧的致病力和胞外酶活性。结果表明,球孢白僵菌BB-T02培养最适的温度为28℃、光周期8L:16D、碳源为麦芽糖、氮源为蛋白胨,在此条件下培养10 d菌落直径和产孢量分别可达5.60 cm和4.22×108孢子/cm2。菌株BB-T02侵染南洋臀纹粉蚧和石蒜绵粉蚧10 d后的LC50分别为5.00×105孢子/mL和2.17×105孢子/mL,1.00×108孢子/mL处理的累计致死率分别为85.39%和88.76%、LT50分别为5.78 d和5.19 d。菌株BB-T02蛋白酶活性的变化幅度较大,在第5 d达峰值22.68 U/mL;几丁质酶和脂肪酶活性的变化幅度相对平稳,均在第6 d分别达到峰值13.19 U/mL和9.77 U/mL。综上,球孢白僵菌BB-T02生长速度快、产孢量高,对南洋臀纹粉蚧和石蒜绵粉蚧的侵染活性强,可用于这两种检疫性粉蚧的生物防治。 相似文献
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本文在25℃条件下,利用磷化氢熏蒸南洋臀纹粉蚧以及越南进口红心、白心火龙果4 h,研究了磷化氢熏蒸处理对南洋臀纹粉蚧的杀灭效果以及对火龙果采后储藏品质的影响。耐受性比较试验结果表明,不同发育阶段的南洋臀纹粉蚧对磷化氢的耐受性为雌成虫>3龄若虫=2龄若虫>1龄若虫。毒力分析试验表明,使用1.70 mg/L磷化氢熏蒸雌成虫4 h可在95%置信区间下达到99.996 8%的死亡率。品质试验结果表明,使用0.55～2.21 mg/L磷化氢熏蒸处理对两种火龙果冷藏和货架期间的色泽、硬度、可溶性糖、酸度均无显著影响,但在熏蒸后短期内会提高呼吸强度,随着储存时间延长,呼吸强度恢复正常。这些结果显示,磷化氢熏蒸用于进口火龙果携带南洋臀纹粉蚧的检疫处理可达到理想效果,在25℃使用1.66～2.21 mg/L磷化氢熏蒸4 h可作为口岸检疫熏蒸的技术指标。 相似文献
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Summary Germination of Phalaris minor declined with the increase in duration of imbibition in water from 30 min to 72 h at temperatures above 22 °C . Germination was reduced down to 10 cm and 2 cm soil depth by wheat straw burning in puddled and non-puddled soil, respectively, with maximum reduction near the soil surface. The dormancy of P . minor seed was not more than 60 days under field conditions. In puddled soil, 38–60% of the viable seeds of P. minor remained concentrated in the upper 5-cm layer. Germination decreased with an increase in soil depth. In total, 15% of seeds stored in the laboratory emerged from 10-cm depth, whereas seeds did not germinate below 4.2-cm depth under field conditions. Depth of emergence of P . minor was shallower in zero tillage compared with the conventional method of wheat sowing. The seeds retrieved from rice soils kept under continuous submergence for 60 days exhibited 26% and 57% loss of germination over semi-submergence and semi-wet conditions respectively. There was 100% loss of germination in 10-month-old seeds retrieved from the soil under rice-growing conditions. Plant density of P. minor was lower in zero tillage than with the conventional method of wheat sowing. Cross-ploughing in the upper 2–5 cm of soil (shallow tillage) and drill-sowing of wheat 1 week after shallow tillage reduced germination of P. minor by 44% and 37% and increased grain yield by 21% and 47% over zero-tillage and conventional methods respectively. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Investigations were conducted to determine whether the effects of tillage practices on the prevalence of brown stem rot of soybean (caused by Phialophora gregata), Heterodera glycines, and Phytophthora sojae were confounded by soil texture in samples collected in the fall of 1995 and 1996. Soil and soybean stem samples, along with tillage information, were collected from 1,462 randomly selected fields in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Ohio in collaboration with the National Agricultural Statistics Service. The incidence of brown stem rot was determined from 20 soybean stem pieces collected from each field in a zigzag pattern. The detection frequency of P. sojae (expressed as percent leaf disks colonized) and population densities of H. glycines were determined from soil cores also collected in a zigzag pattern. The soil samples were grouped into various textural classes, and the effect of soil texture and tillage relations on the activities of each pathogen were determined. Both tillage and soil texture affected the incidence of brown stem rot; however, there was no interaction between tillage and soil texture. Conservation tillage had a greater (P < 0.05) incidence of brown stem rot in clay loam and silty clay loam than did conventional tillage. The detection frequency of P. sojae was not affected by tillage, but a tillage x texture interaction (P = 0.013) indicated that the effect of tillage depended on soil texture. There was a greater (P < 0.05) detection frequency of P. sojae in conservation tillage than in conventional tillage in silt loam and loam soils. However, in sandy loam, the detection frequency of P. sojae was greater (P = 0.0099) in conventional tillage than in conservation tillage. Population densities of H. glycines were significantly affected by both tillage and soil texture, but overall, there was no tillage x texture interaction. There was an inverse relationship between population densities of H. glycines and percent clay (r = -0.81, P = 0.01) in no-till fields, but little or no change in nematode densities was observed with increasing clay content in tilled fields. Population densities of H. glycines were less (P < 0.05) in no-till fields than in tilled fields in silty clay loam and clay soils. There was no difference in H. glycines densities between the tillage categories in soils sandier than silty clay loam or clay. The findings emphasize the need for cautious interpretation of the effects of tillage practices on diseases and pathogens in the absence of information on soil texture. 相似文献
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耕作方式及秸秆还田对土壤性质、微生物碳源代谢及小麦产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以小麦品种济麦22为试验材料,采用裂区试验设计,耕作方式为主区,分别设常规翻耕(C)、深松(S)、旋耕(R)处理,副区为秸秆还田量,分别设秸秆全还田(P)和秸秆不还田(A)处理,采用Biolog Eco技术测定土壤微生物碳源代谢功能,并分析土壤基本理化性质和作物产量。结果显示:深松与秸秆还田均有利于土壤含水量和有机碳含量的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了9.78%和24.00%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了7.08%和15.81%;深松提高了15～30 cm土层的pH值6.67%,秸秆还田提高了0～15 cm土层的pH值4.32%。深松和秸秆还田均有利于代谢多样性(丰富度指数、香浓多样性指数)、碳源代谢强度的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了26.84%、3.84%和38.02%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了11.87%、 3.63%和14.74%。主成分分析表明常规翻耕秸秆不还田和旋耕耕作秸秆不还田碳源代谢功能相近,15～30 cm层次内常规翻耕秸秆全还田碳源代谢功能和深松耕作秸秆全还田处理相近。深松和秸秆还田平均提高了小麦产量5.82%,微生物碳源代谢功能与小麦产量具有极显著的相关性。 相似文献
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黄土高原春玉米保护性耕作农田土壤养分时空动态变化研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
试验以传统耕作(CT)为对照,连续3 a研究了保护性耕作(NT),传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)处理下黄土高原春玉米田土壤养分含量的动态变化。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作处理各土层土壤有机质含量随春玉米生育期推进呈上升趋势,其中收获后耕作层土壤有机质含量增加明显;保护性耕作使得土壤碱解氮有向表面富集的趋势,保护性耕作下土壤速效磷略显增加趋势,其中在玉米收获后表现较明显,且较TS和CT处理差异显著;速效钾含量保护性耕作处理要显著低于其它处理,但有增加趋势。 相似文献
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柑橘全爪螨 Panonychus citri 是一种重要的世界性害螨, 已对多种常用杀螨剂产生了不同程度的抗性?为有效控制该害螨的危害, 本研究于2017年-2018年通过田间小区试验评价了30%乙唑螨腈·螺螨酯SC?30%乙唑螨腈SC?240 g/L螺螨酯SC?1.8%阿维菌素EC及43%联苯肼酯SC对柑橘全爪螨的防治效果及其对柑橘树的安全性?研究结果表明:试验浓度下, 叶面喷施1次上述药剂均对柑橘树安全?30%乙唑螨腈·螺螨酯SC及30%乙唑螨腈SC能有效控制柑橘全爪螨危害, 速效性好, 持效期长达30 d, 药后1~30 d的防治效果分别为76.55%~100%和81.21%~98.30%?240 g/L螺螨酯SC和43%联苯肼酯SC对柑橘全爪螨的控制作用较好, 速效性一般而持效期可达30 d, 药后1~30 d的防治效果分别为69.15%~91.55%和64.63%~88.46%?1.8%阿维菌素EC难以控制柑橘全爪螨危害, 速效性较差, 持效期约15 d; 药后1~30 d对该害螨的防治效果为57.08%~83.39%?综上所述, 在柑橘生产实践中, 为有效控制柑橘全爪螨为害, 应于害螨初发期叶面喷施1次30%乙唑螨腈·螺螨酯SC 75 mg/kg或30%乙唑螨腈SC 100 mg/kg? 相似文献
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辽西易旱区不同耕作方式对土壤物理性能的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
比较了不同耕作方式对土壤水分、温度、容重、孔隙性状和养分的影响。结果表明,保护性耕作有抑制蒸发保墒作用,分别表现在苗期0-20cm土层以及作物生长发育后期40cm以下土层,提高了水分利用率,其中留茬覆盖可以比传统耕作提高16.53%,增产幅度可达13.56%;保护性耕作的土壤温度低于传统耕作,尤其留茬覆盖表现最为明显,其降低土壤温度的效应主要发生在苗期和土壤表层;保护性耕作方式提高了毛管孔隙度,提高了涵养水分的作用,但土壤容重的增加影响作物的播种和出苗;保护性耕作对土壤有机质和速效养分的变化有着一定的影响,但各种方式间差异不显著;在辽宁省西部干旱和半干旱地区建议采用以留茬覆盖为主的保护性耕作方式。 相似文献
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Size and composition of the weed seedbank was assessed after 12 years of application of four tillage systems in two crop rotations. Mouldboard and chisel ploughing at 45 cm, minimum tillage at 15 cm and no tillage were compared in continuous winter wheat and a pigeon bean/winter wheat 2-year rotation. Weed control was based upon post-emergence herbicide application. Weed seedling emergence from soil samples taken at 0–15, 15–30 and 30–45 cm depths was assessed in a non-heated glasshouse for 12 months. The tillage system influenced weed seedbank size and composition to a much greater extent than crop rotation. Total weed seedling density was higher in no tillage, minimum tillage and chisel ploughing plots in the 0–15, 15–30 and 30–45 cm layers respectively. Density in the whole (0–45 cm) layer did not differ significantly among tillage systems. With no tillage, more than 60% of the total seedlings emerged from the surface layer, compared with an average 43% in the other tillage systems. Crop rotation did not influence either weed seedbank size or seedling distribution among soil layers, and only had a small influence on major species abundance. The weed seedbank was dominated (>66%) by Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. and Amaranthus retroflexus (L.), which thrived in chisel ploughing and no tillage respectively. Results suggested that crop rotation and substitution of mouldboard ploughing by non-inversion tillage (especially by minimum tillage) would not result in increased weed problems, whereas use of no tillage might increase weed infestations because of higher seedling recruitment from the topsoil. 相似文献
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Bisheng WANG Lili GAO Weishui YU Xueqin WEI Jing LI Shengping LI Xiaojun SONG Guopeng LIANG Dianxiong CAI Xueping WU 《干旱区科学》2019,11(2):241-254
To ascertain the effects of long-term conservation tillage and residue retention on soil organic carbon(SOC) content and aggregate distribution in a deep soil(>20-cm depth) in a dryland environment,this paper analyzed the SOC and aggregate distribution in soil, and the aggregate-associated organic carbon(OC) and SOC physical fractions. Conservation tillage(reduced tillage with residue incorporated(RT) and no-tillage with residue mulch(NT)) significantly increased SOC sequestration and soil aggregation in deep soil compared with conventional tillage with residue removal(CT). Compared with CT, RT significantly increased the proportion of small macroaggregates by 23%–81% in the 10–80 cm layer, and the OC content in small macroaggregates by 1%–58% in the 0–80 cm layer. RT significantly increased(by 24%–90%) the OC content in mineral-SOC within small macroaggregates in the 0–60 cm layer, while there was a 23%–80% increase in the 0–40 cm layer with NT. These results indicated that:(1) conservation tillage treatments are beneficial for soil aggregation and SOC sequestration in a deep soil in a dryland environment; and(2)the SOC in mineral-associated OC plays important roles in soil aggregation and SOC sequestration. In conclusion, RT with NT is recommended as an agricultural management tool in dryland soils because of its role in improving soil aggregation and SOC sequestration. 相似文献
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不同保护性耕作措施对黄土高原旱作农田土壤物理结构的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
选取黄土高原半干旱区连续4年进行保护性耕作的玉米样地,定位试验,研究了不同耕作方式对耕层土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)可显著降低0~5 cm表层土壤容重,传统耕作秸秆粉粹还田(TS)和NTS处理可显著降低5~10 cm、10~30 cm土层的土壤容重;NTS处理可显著增大0~5 cm表层土壤孔隙度,TS和NTS处理可显著提高5~10 cm1、0~30 cm土层的土壤孔隙度;NTS处理可显著降低各层土壤的坚实度,其它处理对表层0~5 cm无显著影响,免耕无秸秆覆盖(NT)处理显著增加了5 cm以下的土壤坚实度;NTS处理0~5 cm表层土壤水分入渗率显著加强,而NT处理则显著减弱;土壤水稳性大团聚体含量均为:NTSNTTS传统耕作(T)。本试验中NT处理对土壤结构的改良效应不明显,NTS处理对于黄土高原土壤结构改良效果最佳。 相似文献
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干旱区保护性耕作对土壤水分的影响研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
为了研究保护性耕作对土壤水分的影响,选择翻耕地和免耕地两种土地耕作类型,分析不同耕作方式下土壤水分的时空变化规律。在保护性耕作实行的两年时间里,测定了土层不同深度土壤水分,结果表明:(1)在作物生长的整个生育期内土壤水分含量有随降雨量周期变化的趋势,无论是何种耕作方式,除生育期降雨外,播前底墒也是土壤供水的重要组成部分;(2)土壤贮水能力免耕地都是大于翻耕地的;0-80cm土壤水分的空间剖面自上而下分为两个层次:表层失水层(0-30cm)和中层贮水层(30-80cm)。(3)用SPSS统计软件进一步对土壤水分与土层深度的关系进行拟合,结果表明土壤水分与土层深度的关系具有极强的相关性,其关系方程为拟和三次抛物线相型。 相似文献