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1.
黄土高原夏半年降水气候变化特征及对作物产量的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
利用黄土高原56站夏半年(4~10月)降水总量资料,分析了其空间基本分布特征,用EOF、REOF方法对平均降水总量进行了气候分区,用方差分析方法分析了其时间变化特征,对比分析了多雨年和少雨年降水对冬小麦及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:黄土高原夏半年降水具有明显的南北和东西差异,可分为6个气候分区,不同区域降水的年代际变化明显;在时间分布上少雨年份和多雨年份交替出现,自1986年以来降水总量趋于减少趋势;对比分析表明,上年7~10月和当年4~6月多雨使冬小麦产量增加420~720 kg/hm2,少雨使冬小麦产量减少180~660 kg/hm2,当年4~9月多雨使玉米产量增加435 kg/hm2,少雨使玉米产量减少435 kg/hm2。  相似文献   

2.
山西省春季降水异常时空特征研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
采用主成分分析(EOF)、旋转主成分分析(REOF)、小波分析方法,对山西省1960~2004年春季降水标准化距平场进行分区,并对春季降水异常的空间分布特征、时间变化规律进行分析。结果表明:山西省春季降水的主要空间异常型表现为全省一致的多雨或少雨型,这是山西省春季降水异常的主要特征。降水异常区域大致可划分为3个区,即北部区、中部区、南部区。各异常区春季降水都存在10 a以上长周期和3~10 a短周期振荡,但其显著周期及其年代变化差异较大。  相似文献   

3.
1961-2014年黄土高原地区降水和气温时间变化特征研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
降水和气温是影响黄土高原地区生态建设的关键气象要素。以黄土高原73个气象站1961-2014年降水和气温实测资料为基础,采用Mann-Kendall法、Hurst指数和小波分析等方法,研究了降水和气温时间变化特征。结果表明:黄土高原地区年、春、夏及秋季平均降水量年际变化趋势均不显著(P>0.05),但冬季以1.41mm/10a的倾向率显著上升(P<0.01),且在1971年发生突变。年、春、秋、冬季平均气温均呈显著上升趋势,且突变时间发生于20世纪80年代中期和90年代中期。73站中,73.9%的站表现为朝着暖干化方向发展,19.2%的站呈现暖湿化态势,但冬季整个黄土高原暖湿化现象明显。降水量具有5a的第一主周期,气温存在13a的第一主周期。  相似文献   

4.
气候暖干化背景下黄土高原旱涝时空演变特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
选取58个国家气象基准站1960-2010年逐年降水资料,采用Kriging插值、Mann-Kendall检测及Morlet小波分析等方法,对该区降水及旱涝时空特征进行分析。结果表明：黄土高原暖干化趋势明显,气温、降水突变年份分别在1995年、1990年左右。旱涝等级呈上升趋势,尤以半湿润区最为明显。干旱区发生旱、涝频率最高,涝情略微严重,但干旱更易发生,大旱频次高值中心分散分布,洪涝发生频率西部低、中部高。该区旱涝情势存在多尺度的周期变化,25~30 a的振荡最强,推测涝期即将结束,旱期将要开始。研究成果可为黄土高原旱涝灾害防御提供参考。  相似文献   

5.
青海高原东部边坡地带降水变化特征及突变分析   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
利用青海高原东部边坡地带9个地面气象站1961-2000年的降水资料,分析了区域内近40a来降水变化的时空分布特征、变化趋势及突变,结果表明近40a来,区域内东南部和西北部降水存在相反的相位变化,在降水趋势上存在西北部略增加,东南部明显减少的现象;夏季和冬季区域内大部分地方的降水量是增加的,春季和秋季表现为明显的减少趋势;秋季降水在70年代末到80年代初发生突变,80年代后秋季降水量表现为明显的减少趋势,年降水量减少的主要原因是秋季降水量的减少。  相似文献   

6.
山西省气候变化的多尺度诊断   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0  
利用山西省108个地面气象站1957-2003年逐月降水、平均气温以及蒸发量等气象要素资料,采用主成分分析和聚类分析法进行气候分区,选取10个代表站的降水和平均气温序列,运用Morlet小波分析方法,对山西省47年气候变化以及不同时间尺度降水和气温变化的空间差异进行了诊断分析.结果表明:①山西省降水和气温存在多层次结构,不同时间尺度,存在不同的周期振荡行为.②山西省降水和气温总的变化趋势是20世纪80年代中期以前变冷变湿,且变化剧烈,之后变暖变干,且变化趋于缓和;21世纪初降水有恢复性增加趋势,气温有回落迹象.③山西省降水的空间差异明显,而气温变化的空间差异则相对较小.④从季节分布来看,21世纪初,春季降水偏少,冬季偏多,夏秋季降水则为偏少趋势中有小幅增加阶段;春季气温仍为偏高趋势,秋季有回落迹象,冬夏季为偏高趋势中有小幅回落阶段.  相似文献   

7.
依据安康气象局安康站1953—2015年逐日降水量和太阳黑子逐年相对数,利用Mann-Kendall突变检验、Morlet小波分析等方法,对安康地区近63 a降水变化特征及其与太阳黑子相对数关系进行了分析。结果显示:近63 a安康地区年降水量以及夏季降水整体呈增加趋势,增加量分别为0.99 mm·a~(-1)、1.65 mm·a~(-1),春季、秋季和冬季降水整体呈下降趋势,减少量分别为0.26 mm·a~(-1)、0.35 mm·a~(-1)、0.06 mm·a~(-1),降水集中分布在夏季和秋季。年降水距平极值与太阳黑子相对数峰谷值主要存在0~3 a滞后;近63 a安康地区年降水有显著3 a和28 a的变化周期,与太阳黑子相对数的9 a变化周期存在一定差异。  相似文献   

8.
通过非参数检验法(Mann-Kendall)分析三江平原挠力河流域19个气象站点近50年(1956-2004)降水序列的变化趋势,并利用Surfer8.0做出流域降水量及倾斜度β值等值线图,研究该流域降水的时空分布特征。结果表明:时间上,总体上挠力河流域降水以年均1.500mm/a的幅度逐渐减少,其中9月份降幅最大,为-0.439mm/a;同时,夏秋两季(6～11月)降水都是减少的,特别是夏季(6～9月),降幅达-1.485mm/a;此外,流域降水年内分布不均,其中夏季降水最多,占全年降水总量的69.8%。空间上,对于年序列而言,降水大致以七星河流域为中心向下游逐渐增加,同时,龙头站附近出现了降水减少的低值中心;对于季序列而言,挠力河流域春季降水逐渐增加,最大值为0.338mm/a(八五三),而夏、秋、冬季降水逐渐减少,其中夏季降水变化较复杂,秋季降幅均值最大,冬季降幅最小。  相似文献   

9.
选取呼伦贝尔市16个代表站的降水资料,用地统计方法、墨西哥帽小波分析和一些常规统计方法进行降水时空分布分析。结果表明:呼伦贝尔市多年平均降水量分布特征是山区大、平原小,东南部及北部降雨降水量大、中西部及东部地区降水量小;年降水量有上升的趋势但有部分地区呈减少趋势,年降水存在着8~12 a、2~4 a年的周期变化。  相似文献   

10.
黄土高原侵蚀性降雨特征分析   总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12  
侵蚀性降雨是黄土高原地区剧烈土壤水蚀的原动力。利用黄土高原6个水土保持试验站20年以上的断点雨强资料和30年的气象站逐日降水观测资料,分析了侵蚀性降雨的发生频率、次降雨量、次降雨历时、次降雨侵蚀力以及降雨时程分布的统计特征:(1)黄土高原6个站侵蚀性降雨平均发生频率分别为7.0~13.4天/年,各站侵蚀性降雨的场雨量均值介于19.17~25.38mm,但变异性很大。各站次降水量、降雨历时和次降雨侵蚀力的频率分布都近似为指数分布。(2)根据本文设定的雨峰标准,黄土高原单峰降水占总降水次数的65%,双峰降水占30%,三峰降水占5%。峰值雨强的频率分布函数大致为Gamma分布中的一种,或者是偏正态分布,侵蚀性降水多为前锋型。上述结果可作为降水过程的随机模拟理论依据,也可以为全面深入研究土壤水蚀机理提供参考。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

15.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

16.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

17.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

18.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

19.
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.  相似文献   

20.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

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