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1.
The shamba system involves farmers tending tree saplings on state-owned forest land in return for being permitted to intercrop
perennial food crops until canopy closure. At one time the system was used throughout all state-owned forest lands in Kenya,
accounting for a large proportion of some 160,000 ha. The system should theoretically be mutually beneficial to both local
people and the government. However the system has had a chequered past in Kenya due to widespread malpractice and associated
environmental degradation. It was last banned in 2003 but in early 2008 field trials were initiated for its reintroduction.
This study aimed to: assess the benefits and limitations of the shamba system in Kenya; assess the main influences on the
extent to which the limitations and benefits are realised and; consider the management and policy requirements for the system’s
successful and sustainable operation. Information was obtained from 133 questionnaires using mainly open ended questions and
six participatory workshops carried out in forest-adjacent communities on the western slopes of Mount Kenya in Nyeri district.
In addition interviews were conducted with key informants from communities and organisations. There was strong desire amongst
local people for the system’s reintroduction given that it had provided significant food, income and employment. Local perceptions
of the failings of the system included firstly mismanagement by government or forest authorities and secondly abuse of the
system by shamba farmers and outsiders. Improvements local people considered necessary for the shamba system to work included
more accountability and transparency in administration and better rules with respect to plot allocation and stewardship. Ninety-seven
percent of respondents said they would like to be more involved in management of the forest and 80% that they were willing
to pay for the use of a plot. The study concludes that the structural framework laid down by the 2005 Forests Act, which includes
provision for the reimplementation of the shamba system under the new plantation establishment and livelihood improvement
scheme (PELIS) [It should be noted that whilst the shamba system was re-branded in 2008 under the acronym PELIS, for the sake
of simplicity the authors continue to refer to the ‘shamba system’ and ‘shamba farmers’ throughout this paper.], is weakened
because insufficient power is likely to be devolved to local people, casting them merely as ‘forest users’ and the shamba
system as a ‘forest user right’. In so doing the system’s potential to both facilitate and embody the participation of local
people in forest management is limited and the long-term sustainability of the new system is questionable. Suggested instruments
to address this include some degree of sharing of profits from forest timber, performance related guarantees for farmers to
gain a new plot and use of joint committees consisting of local people and the forest authorities for long term management
of forests.
相似文献
| Peter DorwardEmail: |
2.
Irina Kouplevatskaya-Buttoud 《Small-Scale Forestry》2009,8(2):231-247
Changes in small-scale forest governance as a reaction to global changes are viewed from the system dynamics perspective,
focused on two levels of dynamic systems: the policy system with sets of interactions at the national level and the management
system at the local level. These interactions are considered through permanent adaptation and re-shaping of stakeholders’
networks and positions provoking further changes in the systems. Empirical evidence has been obtained from two case studies
related to small-scale rural forestry in distinct contexts—France (the Territorial Forestry Charters) and Kyrgyzstan (collaborative
forest management and leasing of forest plots)—and viewed through a theoretical framework of social-political systems dynamics.
The changes caused by the systems’ capacity for adaptability and resilience are expressed through a double spiral of decision-making,
characterising the interactions between national policies and local management practices. The analysis leads to a conclusion
that changes are basically determined by the formal and informal stakeholders’ strategies developed in a specific context
and their mutual adaptation aimed at system resilience.
相似文献
| Irina Kouplevatskaya-ButtoudEmail: |
3.
Future harvesting pressure on European forests 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. J. Nabuurs A. Pussinen J. van Brusselen M. J. Schelhaas 《European Journal of Forest Research》2007,126(3):391-400
We provide quantitative insight in the spatial distribution of the future supply of wood as a raw material from European forests
(27 countries) until 2060. This supply is tested for two scenarios: ‘projection of historical management’ and ‘new management
trends’ and compared against a benchmark scenario. The new management trends scenario incorporates influences of issues as
nature-oriented management, carbon credits and increased demand for bio-energy. The results of these projections provide insight
in the state of the European forests and indicate that under the ‘new management trends’ supply can still increase to 729 million m3 by 2060 in Europe, whereby almost throughout Europe we allow harvest to be higher than increment for some time. Without linking
countries dynamically through international trade, we identify regions where harvesting pressure is highest. Under the new
management trends scenario, the harvested volume is reduced with 82 million m3/year (compared to ‘projection of historical management’) because of stricter management constraints. However, the management
regimes as parameterised here allow harvesting pressure to remain highest in Central Europe and some Scandinavian countries,
notably Finland and Norway.
相似文献
| G. J. NabuursEmail: |
4.
Exploring the Socio-Economic Situation of Plantation Villagers: A Case Study in Myanmar Bago Yoma 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Since the early 1980s, Myanmar Forest Department has been recruiting shifting cultivators, establishing plantation villages
and applying the taungya method in establishing teak plantations. From the beginning, there has been an argument about whether
the program is creating ‘forest protective groups’ or ‘forest destructive groups’. A key determinant to that question from
the research viewpoint is the socio-economic situation; knowing the present situation of the plantation villagers can help
to understand their forest management practices. Interview surveys were carried out in three villages in Bago Yoma, the main
region of the special teak plantation program, to examine the current economic benefits to plantation villagers. Questions
were designed mainly to explore the incentives for people participation and the socio-economic situations of the plantation
villagers. Principal component analysis was used to group landholder types. It was found that local people are willing to
participate in the initial establishment of plantations. However, all the incentives relating to plantation projects are temporary,
with no long-term consideration for taungya farmers, which jeopardizes the plan to create forest protective groups. It is
concluded that the time has come for the Myanmar Forest Department to change its main aim of earning foreign exchange from
establishment of teak plantations through the taungya method to redressing deforestation through people participation based
on rural socio-economic development.
相似文献
| Tin Min MaungEmail: |
5.
David Thompson 《Small-Scale Forestry》2007,6(2):157-175
With large areas of public native forests now converted into National Parks and unavailable for timber harvest, private native
forests (PNF) in New South Wales (NSW) are becoming increasingly important in providing timber for the wood processing industry.
At the same time, there is increasing interest in the role that these private forests play in providing and maintaining habitat
for wildlife. Historically, timber production from these forests has been opportunistic, with little or no silviculture to
maintain wood production potential. Market circumstances and policy settings have not favoured sound silvicultural practice,
generating an exploitative and short-term view of the timber resource to maximise short-term returns. This has occurred at
a time when these forests are an important and increasing source of log supply to industry. This paper discusses payment of
biodiversity credits (incentives) to improve both environmental management and timber production outcomes, and examines the
findings of some recent studies on the ‘sustainability’ of PNF. Willingness-to-pay (WTP) and willingness-to-supply studies
reveal a disparity between the demand and supply prices for biodiversity and habitat ‘services’ in many cases. Recent ‘sustainability’
studies indicate forestry operations are relatively benign in their impacts on biodiversity, compared to other land uses.
However, in the absence of increased financial returns from PNF and in the face of increased public demand for greater environmental
outcomes, there seems little alternative to meeting the competing demands of biodiversity and timber production than to implement
a system of incentive payments which reward sound private forest management for a multiplicity of objectives.
相似文献
| David ThompsonEmail: |
6.
Barriers and Opportunities for the Development of Small-scale Forest Enterprises in Europe 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
The article introduces the background and summarises main research findings of the research articles in this special issue.
The focus is on the key issues relevant for forest-based entrepreneurship development in small-scale forestry in relation
to both wood and non-wood forest products and services (NWFP&S). The article draws special attention to changing forest ownership,
changing owners’ motives and values, and the evolving role of forest owners’ associations in Europe. The paper draws attention
to the finding that many small-scale forest owners do not treat their forest as an income-generating asset. The ownership
of the forests may be more important as symbolic capital than as a source of income. This is quite opposite to the traditional
wood production model that for instance most of the Forest Owners Association’s still follow. In relation to NWFP&S, the taxonomy
and indicators for NWFP&S are discussed and some conclusions from studies on forest recreation innovation and NWFP&S marketing
are presented. The NWFP&S sector is traditionally product-oriented, which is strategically peculiar because the long distances
from rural production areas to the customers would suggest highest orientation on marketing. Also surprising is the low level
of segmentation in the sector.
相似文献
| B. SleeEmail: |
7.
To obtain empirical data on future market potential, a consumer survey about supply, demand and consumption of non-wood forest
products and services (NWFP&S) was conducted in six cities in different cantons of Switzerland. A total of 897 persons–about
150 per city–were interviewed through arbitrary selection in which women and youths were overrepresented in comparision to
the Swiss population. A high consumer acceptance of forest products and particularly forest services among the Swiss urban
population was observed. Preferences in purchasing honey, berries, mushrooms and roots among other NWFP were reported. The
quality of the products and their environmental friendliness ranked highest in the attitudes of potential consumers who prefer
to buy NWFP at market stands, in retail traders’ shops and in drugstores. The most popular forest activities among the respondents
are recreation and various kinds of sports activities followed by the gathering of NWFP. As far as the consumers’ wishes and
aspirations are concerned, sports, camping and adventure rank high apart from the desire to acquire environmental knowledge
about the forest flora and fauna. NWFP&S are highly estimated in Switzerland and have a considerable market potential and,
if well marketed, could add substantially to the income of forest enterprises.
相似文献
| Klaus SeelandEmail: |
8.
Marketing strategies for successful non-wood forest product (NWFP) commercialization are important especially in those rural
economies where NWFPs represent a considerable source of income for small and medium-scale forest-based enterprises. Two different
organisational models in mushrooms marketing—a ‘traditional approach’ and a ‘net-system approach’—are compared through a case-study
research approach. The first model is usually based on single large-scale enterprises producing large quantities of standardized,
mass-market oriented products; its main commercial goal is the improvement of the value-chain from producer to end-users,
with no special links or integration between the production area and the producers. The second, quite new approach is based
on several integrated small and medium-scale rural-based enterprises supplying relatively limited quantities of high quality
products, oriented to niche markets. In this case, product specialty identification, complementary actions, integration, and
clustering among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) within the same production area are the most important goals. In the
case studies, both organisational models have proved to be feasible and working with respect to the respective goals. Traditional
large-scale enterprises, based on vertical integration and a short value chain, can achieve substantial economic performance;
however, these are unlikely to have a significant positive impact on the socio-economic local context and are threatened by
high business risk (mainly due to its strong specialization on a ‘climate-dependent’ NWFP). The analysed forest-based business
model founded on networking, which involves not only forest-based SMEs but also other institutional, economic, and social
actors, has proved to be not only economically viable and less risky with respect to the traditional model, but also more
equitable in distribution of benefits, and effective in stimulating the local economy as a whole, integrated system based
on NWFPs and related environmental services.
相似文献
| Laura SeccoEmail: |
9.
The paper presents a typology of small-scale forest owners in Baden-Württemberg based on multiple criteria and derived using
multivariate cluster analysis of long-term accountancy network data. Four distinct types of landholders are identified based
on a combination of structural, financial and biophysical data. These groups fit well with the present knowledge on small-scale
forest owners in Baden-Württemberg. In addition, the members of each group display clear differences in attitudes towards
forestry, giving further support for the validity of the grouping. A comparison is made of this typology and typologies derived
using the single criteria of forestry region, forest size class, cutting volume, proportion of coniferous trees, forest income
and main source of income. This comparison demonstrates the advantages of using cluster analysis to identify types of small-scale
forest owners in south-west Germany. No matter whether structural, natural or financial data are assessed, the multiple criteria
typology produced by cluster analysis provides the highest percentage of statistically significant distinctions between the
medians of the groups identified. A typology based on the single criterion of ‘regions’ provides the second best fit and has
the advantage of being simple to develop. A more detailed comparison between these two typologies, whereby the differences
between groups were analysed based on the links between individual groups in respect to individual variables, also indicated
that the multiple criteria typology was superior.
相似文献
| Andy SelterEmail: |
10.
After reunification in 1990, Germany’s forest cluster developed anew and employment in the wood-based industries differentiated
very quickly. With more than 900,000 employees, it is now considered one of the most important industrial sectors in the country.
This paper analysed general trends in the development of employment of wood-based industries in the German forest cluster
between 1999 and 2006. Shift-share analysis was considered to be the most appropriate way to determine regional differences
in the subsection DD/20 ‘Manufacture of wood and wood products’ of the code “Classification of Economic Activities in the
European Community, Revision 1.1” (NACE): the sawmill industry, the wood-based panel industry, the wood construction industry,
the wood-based packaging industry, and the miscellaneous wood products industry. This method decomposed the change of employment
into three different components that are due to that change: national trends, (industrial) sectoral trends, and regional conditions.
Employment in the selected wood-based industries showed a significantly larger decrease than overall trends in both the producing
industries and the whole economy of Germany: a continual loss of employees could be observed over the time period, affecting
almost all of the selected wood-based industries. However, federal states in western and eastern Germany experienced divergent
trends between 1999 and 2006, as different absolute and relative regional share components indicated in the shift-share analysis.
This method allows of identifying regional disparities and characterising regions with positive (mainly eastern federal states)
and negative (mainly western federal states) rates of employment growth. The research suggests that positive employment trends
in eastern Germany’s wood-based industries can mainly be attributed to regional factors such as comparatively higher subsidies
for new investments, lower labour costs, lower land values or infrastructural peculiarities.
相似文献
| Dajana KleinEmail: |
11.
A new forest policy of allocating forestland to individual households for management and development, has been applied in
Vietnam since the early 1990s. This study was designed to examine how local forest-related people have used forestland and
forest resources under the new policy, and to determine their level of dependency on forests. An upland forest-related community
in northern central Vietnam, where the policy was introduced in 2002, was chosen as a case study. It was found that local
residents in the community have not complied with the forest allocation policy well, in that they violated the policy to freely
lend forestland to and borrow from villagers for cropping purposes, regardless of whether they were rich or poor, had enough
land or not, or were legally forest recipients. Regarding forest dependency, all households studied lived on forest resources
(forestland and forest products). More than 65% of the total annual income of poorer households was derived from the forest,
compared to less than 40% for the richer households. Forest-derived income accounted for more than 75% in their total income
in some of the poorest households.
相似文献
| Nguyen Vinh QuangEmail: |
12.
13.
Carbon inventory methods and carbon mitigation potentials of forests in Europe: a short review of recent progress 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The role of European forests and forest management in the carbon balance has received much attention in research recently.
This was particularly motivated by the recognition of forest management as one possible measure countries may adopt in the
framework of the Kyoto Protocol to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere. The main method
to assess carbon budget in forests is based on traditional forest inventories. This method requires the conversion of measured
stem volume to carbon pools. This conversion has been identified as a large source of uncertainty in past assessments. Over
the last 5 years, intensive research efforts have resulted in significant advances in the reliability of forest inventory
based carbon budgets. In parallel, the impact of forest management on the carbon balance of forest ecosystems has been investigated
and the carbon mitigation potential of these activities has been analysed. This paper reviews the progress that was made in
these two fields of research with a particular focus on European forests.
相似文献
| Marcus LindnerEmail: |
14.
森林认证对林业政策与管理的影响分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
森林认证作为一种市场激励手段和"软政策"工具,林业政策法规作为一种强制性的"硬政策"工具,这两方面在促进森林可持续经营和加强林业管理方面具有较强的互补性。目前,森林认证已发展成为加强林业政策管理的一种新工具,包括促进各方对林业问题和林业政策的讨论、推动国家法规政策的制定和实施、改进公有林的管理、提高森林可持续经营的意识和能力以及加强有关森林可持续经营的国际政策协商等。文章分析了森林认证与林业法规政策的关系,并对森林认证在推动包括我国在内的林业政策管理中的作用进行了探讨。 相似文献
15.
Long range (or strategic) planning is an important tool for forest management to deal with the complex and unpredictable future.
However, it is the ability to make meaningful predictions about the rapidly changing future that is questioned. What appears
to be particularly neglected is the question of the length of time horizons and the limits (if any) to these horizons, despite
being considered one of the most critical factors in strategic planning. As the future creation of values lies within individual
responsibility, this research empirically explored the limits (if any) of individual foresters’ time horizons. To draw comparisons
between countries with different traditions in forest management planning, data were collected through telephone surveys of
forest managers in the state/national forest services of the Netherlands and Germany. In order to minimize other cultural
differences, the research in Germany concentrated on the federal state of Nordrhein-Westfalen, which has considerable similarities
with the Netherlands, e.g. in topography, forest types and forest functions. The results show that, in practice, 15 years
appears to be the most distant horizon that foresters can identify with. This is in sharp contrast to the time horizons spanning
decades and even generations that are always said to exist in forestry. The “doctrine of the long run”—the faith in the capacity
of foresters to overcome the barriers of the uncertain future and look ahead and plan for long-range goals—which in many countries
still underlies traditional forest management, can therefore be rejected.
相似文献
| Heiner SchanzEmail: |
16.
From Framework to Forest Activities: A Comparative Analysis of Different Ownership Types in Two Adjacent Regions 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The paper examines the interactions between the demands of society, the restrictions due to recreational and protective functions
of forests and the intensity and kind of forest management in the various ownership classes in Switzerland (CH) and Baden–Württemberg
(BW) in south–west Germany. A survey was carried out among owners of communal forests, private forest landholders owning more
than 200 ha of forest land and small-scale forest enterprises with up to 200 ha of forest land. The survey adopted a two-dimensional
approach, using regions and comparable ownership classes in order to identify basic differences and underlying key drivers.
It became obvious that there are relevant distinctions between the two countries. The paper highlights the present use of
forests, the restrictions perceived by their owners, and the underlying management strategies in terms of structure of the
forests, tree species composition and thinning activities. In BW the financial function is the dominant motivation for the
majority of the private owners. The communities emphasize both timber and non-timber functions of their forests. Except for
the protection function (avalanches, rockslides) the utilisation and importance of the forest in CH is lower than in BW. Profitability
of forests continues to be a key-driver of intensity of forest management activities, but there is less influence on the choice
of basic silvicultural strategies. The results of this comparative survey are placed in the context of a forest policy framework
and the medium-term financial situation in the two countries.
相似文献
| Christoph HartebrodtEmail: |
17.
The Khasia ethnic community of Bangladesh has been a population of forest villagers in the north-eastern hill forests of Bangladesh
since the early 1950s, practicing a betel leaf-based agroforestry system on land granted by the Forest Department. Taking
a sample forest village of the Sylhet forest division as a case study, this article examines the sustainability attributes
of betel leaf production in the agroforestry system. The presence of several positive attributes of sustainability including
the composition of agroforestry, disease control, soil fertility management, profitability, socio-cultural acceptability and
institutional support indicate that betel leaf production within the agroforestry system is stable under the prevailing traditional
management system. Income from the sale of betel leaf is the principal livelihood means and villager’s reciprocal contributions
help to conserve forest resources. However, problems with land ownership and regular agreement renewal need to be resolved
for the sake of their livelihoods and forest conservation.
相似文献
| Tapan Kumar NathEmail: |
18.
Time and Distance: Comparing Motivations Among Forest Landowners in New England, USA 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Parcelization and shifting landownership are critical forces reshaping forested ecosystems in the USA and elsewhere. These
forces create a mosaic of new and long-time landowners as well as differences in residency. Using survey data (n = 879) of
landowners in Massachusetts and Vermont, USA, we begin the process of sorting out time (i.e., length of landownership) and
distance (i.e., distance of primary residence from forest holding), and their relationships to motivations for continued landownership
and management. Both time and distance, and their interaction were significant in explaining three motivations for landownership:
enjoyment, production, and protection as well as the number of neighbors with which respondents were acquainted. Distance
is the statistically more important factor—negatively related to all dependent variables, but time and its interaction with
distance offer the more useful insights for intervention.
相似文献
| David B. KittredgeEmail: |
19.
This study aims at developing a satellite-based methodology for the implementation of two Ministerial Conference on the Protection
of Forests in Europe indicators for the European Alpine Bio-geographic region, and their changes over time: (1) area of forest
cover and (2) forest spatial pattern. The northern Carpathians were selected as a study area due to the documented recent
increase of forest cover. Changes of forest cover were quantified using Landsat images for the years 1987 and 2000. Single-date
forest–non-forest maps were derived by image segmentation and supervised classification, including the use of ancillary data
(CORINE Land Cover and a digital elevation model). These maps were an input for the post-classification change detection.
The forest spatial pattern maps with four classes (core, patch, edge and perforated forest) were derived with morphological
image processing. A simple method to mask uncertainty areas on forest maps and related products was also developed. The accuracy
of the resulting forest–non-forest map was assessed with orthophotos and amounts to 93.9%. Uncertainty areas, for which change
assessment was judged more difficult and less reliable, were not considered for assessing forest cover change. The annual
forest cover change rate of 0.38% was found over the 1987–2000 period. For the 13-year time period, we found a decrease of
core forest and an increase of patch and perforated forest. We conclude that the proposed methodology allows to quantify changes
of forest cover and forest spatial pattern at ∼1 ha minimum mapping unit.
相似文献
| C. Estreguil |
20.
W. Keith Moser Earl C. Leatherberry Mark H. Hansen Brett J. Butler 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,75(1):49-60
This paper reports the results of a study that explores the relationship between farm woodland owners’ stated intentions for
owning woodland, and the structure and composition of these woodlands in the states of Illinois, Indiana and Iowa in the upper
Midwest of the United States. Data from two sample-based inventories conducted by the USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory
and Analysis (FIA) program were combined for this analysis—the FIA forest resources inventory and the National Woodland Owner
Survey (NWOS). We looked for relationships between product value and investment in woodlands, as reflected in volumes and
tree quality. We also examined whether measures of diversity reflected specific management focus. Our results partially supported
our hypotheses. Woodland-focused ownership reasons were found to have larger volumes and individual tree sizes. We found that
a passive woodland ownership reason—that woods were “part of the farm”—generally had lower volumes per hectare. Although we
were not able to differentiate between different forest product classes and measures of volume, we did find that those landowners
who harvested veneer had more volume than those who harvested for firewood. Woodland owners who salvage-harvested their woodlands—a
harvesting reason that is more reactive than proactive—exhibited lower volumes per hectare than those who harvested for more
proactive, product-focused reasons. Biodiversity was also found to be related to the ownership focus and harvest intent. Generally,
there was lower diversity in overstory species when the woodland was viewed merely as “part of the farm,” when the product
harvested was fence posts and when timber was harvested for salvage or land clearing. The small sample size limits our analysis,
but we can conclude that focusing the woodland owners on management of their woodlands—regardless of what the specific management
goals might be—should increase productivity and biodiversity of those woodlands.
相似文献
| W. Keith MoserEmail: |