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1.
在黑垆土上安排长期定位试验，研究了连续施用氮、磷肥对土壤氮、磷养分动态变化及冬小麦产量的影响。研究表明，黑垆土连续6年配合施用氮、磷肥，耕层土壤氮、磷养分基本持平或略有提高，冬小麦表现明显增产效果；不施氮、磷肥耕层土壤氮、磷养分含量逐年降低，冬小麦产量下降。每公顷施用N112．5kg、P34．9kg，氮、磷分别盈余0．2kg／hm^2和1．5kg／hm^2，表明氮、磷投入与吸收基本平衡；每公顷施用N180．0kg、P43．7kg，氮、磷分别盈余62．2kg／hm^2和8．4kg／hm^2，表明氮、磷投入大于冬小麦吸收量。  相似文献   

2.
基于HYDRUS-2D的滨海地区膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移模拟研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
以春玉米“郑单958”为供试作物,采用膜下滴灌灌水方式,设定2种不同灌水定额,分别是单次灌水定额20 mm和10 mm,测定试验区土壤水分、盐分含量,利用HYDRUS-2D模型对土壤水盐运移进行模拟,将模拟值与实测值进行对比分析,探究滨海地区盐碱化土壤水盐运移规律。结果表明：滴灌过程中,水平方向土壤盐分由膜下向膜边运移,膜下土壤淋洗效果好于膜边;竖直方向0~20 cm土壤水分、盐分变化幅度最大,土壤含盐量降低16.1%,淋洗效果明显;下层土壤盐分淋洗效果一般,土壤含盐量降低值仅为9.6%。土壤水分重分布过程中,0~20 cm土层土壤含水率和含盐量变化幅度比20~60 cm土层大。0~20 cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层高灌水定额（20 mm）处理对土壤盐分的抑制作用分别比低灌水定额（10 mm）处理高26%、11%、19%,并且高灌水定额滴灌将土壤盐分淋洗到60 cm土层以下,而低灌水定额滴灌未能将土壤盐分淋洗到60cm土层以下。HYDRUS-2D模拟得到的土壤含水率与含盐量和实测值基本吻合,模型可靠。  相似文献   

3.
微咸水淋洗对玉米生长发育及产量的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
通过微咸水淋洗改良苏打盐渍土旱田的试验,探讨了微咸水淋洗对玉米生长发育和产量的影响.结果表明,与对照处理相比,补充灌溉和淋洗处理均促进了玉米植株生长和根系发育,且淋洗处理的效应更为明显;300、150 mm淋洗和补充灌溉处理分别较对照区增产68.69%,62.25%和8.41%,淋洗处理较补充灌溉处理达到了极显著增产,300 mm较150 m m淋洗处理虽有显著增产效果,但未达极显著水平.表明就本试验区玉米的正常生长发育而言,150 mm淋洗定额已基本满足,可作为改良应用的参考定额.  相似文献   

4.
为研究干旱区棉田在滴灌淋洗配合协同排水下的土壤盐平衡变化规律及微生物群落丰度特征,在新疆典型干旱盐碱区（141团）进行野外排水试验,试验设置暗管与竖井双因素协同排水,X轴方向五水平（距离竖井0、15、30、45 m和60 m,记为T1、T2、T3、T4和T5）,Y轴方向三水平（距离暗管0、5 m和7.5 m,记为P1、P2和P3）,分析土壤电导率与地下水位、土壤微生物之间的关系。结果表明,进行淋洗试验后,0~700 cm土层土壤电导率整体降低,200~400 cm土层脱盐最明显,最低达到0.9254 dS·m-1,全生育期平均脱盐率为70%,在距离暗管5 m、距离竖井45 m处的土壤脱盐效果最佳。此外,全生育期地下水埋深呈现先减小后增大的趋势,下降最大幅度达到2 m,且地下水位对土壤盐分的影响具有滞后性,土壤中微生物Chao1指数、多样性指数和丰富度指数均随土壤电导率降低而上升。研究表明,滴灌淋洗配合暗管与竖井排水有利于降低土壤深层盐分、控制地下水位、提升土壤微生物群落多样性,有利于推进干旱区盐渍化农田改良及恢复废弃耕地。  相似文献   

5.
为了有效利用氮肥，减少残留NO3^--N在土壤剖面中的累积，在位于半干旱半湿润地区的陕西岐山、杨凌、澄城和甘肃的定西，我们连续几年对不同试验处理条件下土壤剖面中残留NO3^--N的累积强度及其影响因子进行了系统研究。研究结果表明，在半干旱半湿润农田生态系统石灰性土壤剖面中累积着大量的残留NO3^--N。在所有测定土壤剖面中，NH4^4-N含量和累积量不仅在不同土层中差异不大，而且在不同生态系统和管理条件土壤剖面中的差异也不大，其含量变化在1～3μgN／g之间，累积量相当于14～42kg／hm^2，平均28kg／hm^2，显著小于残留NO3^--N。残留NO3^--N累积量平均占总矿质氮(NO3^--N NH4^ -N)累积量的75％以上，是土壤剖面中可浸取态矿质氮的主体。在岐山测定的129个土壤剖面中，O～100cm土层残留NO2^--N累积量小于50kg／hm^2的有26个，占20％，大干70kg／hm^2的有86个，占66．7％，大于100kg／hm^2的有47个，占36％，大干140kg／hm^2的有13个，占10％，每季作物吸氮量大约是70kg／hm^2，说明在目前施肥和生产水平下，有66．7％田块O～100cm土层中的残留NO3^--N最少与1季作物吸氮量相当；在杨凌、澄城、定西等地大部分试验小区(与当地一般施肥水平相当的小区)，甚至有些不施氮肥对照小区土壤剖面中残留的．NO3^--N与1季作物的吸氮量也基本一致。这些结果充分说明，在半干旱农田生态系统石灰性土壤剖面中残留累积的NO3^--N是不可忽视的有效氮库。因此，在估计土壤供氮水平和确定施氮量，或者在制定这一地区土壤供氮指标测定方法时，必须要充分考虑在一定土层土壤剖面中的残留NO3^--N。土壤剖面中的残留NO3^--N通过对流(Convection)和扩散(Diffusion)等途径，逐渐向深层移动，脱离根区。在杨陵灌溉试验站和蔬菜试验站的测定结果表明，O～1000cm土层累积的NO3^--N分别高达1295．6kg／hm^2和710．4kg／hm^2，O～600cm土层累积的NO3^--N分别为。706．1kg／hm2和435．1kg／hm^2。在200cm土层以下累积着大量NO3^--N。在以上观测的2个剖面中，200～400cm、400～600cm、600～800cm和800～1000cm各土层累积的NO3^--N数量显著大干0～200cm土层，说明在上层(特别是在耕层)以各种途径增加的NO3^--N，通过长期淋溶，完全有可能脱离根区，淋溶到1000cm以下土层。在不同试验区进行的所有试验结果均表明，与不施氮对照小区相比，施氮小区在作物收获时，土壤剖面中残留．NO3^--N累积量呈增加趋势，并随施氮量增加，残留累积量增加。在杨凌和澄城进行的长期定位试验表明，连续施用氮肥，特别是高量氮肥田块，土壤剖面中残留NO3^--N与不施氮对照之间的差异很大：在杨凌长达25a的长期定位试验中，NP处理O～120cm土层残留NO3^--N累积量(163．4kg／hm。)比不施肥对照(51．8kg／hm^2)增加111．6kg／hm^2，如果在施NP的基础上休闲，残留NO3^--N增加效果更加突出，比对照增加156．5kg／hm^2；试验还发现，在施NP的基础上，配施玉米秸秆，一定程度上能够降低残留NO3^--N累积量，并随秸秆用量增加，残留NO3^--N累积量下降；在澄城，连续4季作物施用氮肥后，从2个灌水处理平均结果看，与不施氮对照相比，在每季作物施氮量低(＜75kg／hm^2)时，不会发生NO3^--N残留累积，而当施氮量高于112．5kg／hm^2时，在O～120cm土层中残留NO3^--N累积量显著增加。在杨凌进行的2次大田试验表明，无论是在降雨丰富年份，还是在干旱年份，休闲都能够显著增加土壤剖面中NO3^--N的累积量，并且不管在任何采样时期，休闲小区100～120cm土层的NO3^--N含量均比复种玉米小区高，复种玉米能够减少残留NO3^--N在土壤剖面中的累积。由于地膜覆盖改变了土壤水热状况和生物性质，因而也必然影响土壤氮素转化过程，从而影响NO3^--N在土壤剖面中的累积。在定西进行的2a试验结果表明，如果在春小麦播种后全生育期覆膜，能够显著增加收获时土壤剖面中残留NO3^--N的累积：1999年，不施氮时，增加9.4kg／hm^2，施氮后，增加88．9kg／hm^2；2000年，不施氮时，增加17．9kg／hm^2，施氮后，增加39．9kg／hm^2；定西试验还表明作物生育前期覆膜，后期揭膜，有利于减少残留NO3^--N在土壤剖面中的累积。在作物生长后期，地膜覆盖处理耕层土壤水分条件较好，温度较高，有利于土壤有机氮的矿化。而在这一时期，小麦对NO3^--N的吸收能力减弱，需要量减小，因而在土壤剖面中易产生残留NO3^--N的大量累积。小麦收获后，值降水较多期，累积的NNO3^--N非常容易通过淋溶和反硝化损失，从这一角度考虑，在春小麦栽培中，不宜提倡全生育期地膜覆盖。  相似文献   

6.
溴甲烷在草莓田的替代及减少其散发的技术   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  
溴甲烷是一种消耗臭氧层的物质，根据《蒙特利尔议定书哥本哈根修正案》，发展中国家将于2015年淘汰。在我国溴甲烷消费量最大的地区，河北省满城县实施了中-意“溴甲烷土壤消毒替代技术及能力建设项目”。试验结果表明：威百亩和威百亩＋VIF，采用化学灌溉技术施药，是有前景的溴甲烷替代品，2001～2002年威百亩和威百亩＋VIF处理“达赛莱克特”品种的产量分别为26816kg／hm^2和23672kg／hm^2，而溴甲烷处理的产量为28346kg／hm^2；威百亩和威百亩＋VIF处理“理念”品种的产量分别为19844kg／hm^2和15989kg／hm^2而溴甲烷处理的产量为19657kg／hm^2；2002～2003年威百亩和威百亩＋VIF处理“达赛莱克特”品种的产量分别为23073kg／hm^223446kg／hm^2而溴甲烷处理的产量为25285kg／hm^2威百亩和威百亩＋VIF处理“全明星”品种的产量分别为：29594kg／hm^227677kg／hm^2而溴甲烷处理的产量为32191kg／hm^2产量结果经统计分析表明，威百亩、威百亩＋VIF与溴甲烷均无显著差异。溴甲烷＋VIF采用热法施药，其产量与溴甲烷无明显差异，但溴甲烷＋VIF能减少溴甲烷25％的用药量。太阳能消毒＋生物防治制剂的产量高于空白对照，有一定的防病增产效果，但显著低于溴甲烷处理的产量，不能作为溴甲烷的替代品。进口品种“理念”和当地主栽品种“全明星”对土传病害的抗性较差，在长势、产量方面均显著差于新引进品种“达赛莱克特”。虽然“达赛莱克特”对土传病害有一定的抗性，但与溴甲烷和威百亩处理区比较，空白对照区的产量仍显著低于药剂处理区的产量。  相似文献   

7.
喷灌冬小麦农田土壤NO-3-N分布特征及作物吸氮规律   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
以传统地面灌溉（畦灌）为对照，2002～2003和2003～2004两个生产年度田间试验分析喷灌对冬小麦农田土壤NO3^-—N分布和作物吸氮的影响。试验结果表明：喷灌与地面灌溉相比，土壤NO3^-—N含量蜂值迁移较浅，土壤NO3^--N主要分布在冬小麦主要根系分布层0～40cm土层内。与喷灌相比，在冬小麦根系层下部，地面灌溉土壤NO3^-N存在不同程度的累积。试验期间地面灌溉土壤NO3^-—N累积淋失量分别为8．68kg／hm^2和7．70kg／hm^2，喷灌条件下没有明显的土壤NO3^-—N淋失，最大累积淋失量只有地面灌溉条件下的3％。2003和2004年喷灌冬小麦地上部分吸氮量分别为235．7kg／hm^2和161，7kg／hm^2，分别比地面灌溉高7．0kg／hm^2和34．7kg/hm^2。与地面灌溉相比，喷灌有利于冬小麦后期吸收氮素，喷灌不同生育期冬小麦吸氮量年际之间的差异都小于地面灌溉。  相似文献   

8.
干旱沙区春小麦水肥优化管理试验研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
在春小麦大田种植裂区分布正交试验中,通过调控农田耕作层土壤水分,矿质营养元素氮、磷、钾和有机肥的施用量及施配方式,确定适合于干旱沙漠环境的最佳农田水肥管理模式。结果表明,干旱沙区淤灌沙壤土春小麦农田的最佳水肥施配方案是：春小麦全生育期灌水量为5397m^3／hm^2,底肥施用无机肥总量(N P2O5 K2O)为272kg／hm^2,配施比例为N：P2O5：K2O-99：173：0(kg／hm^2),有机肥14993kg／hm^2(其中,有机质;K2O-4708kg／hm^2;35kg／hm^2),2次追施氮肥70kg/hm^2。在试验条件下获得最高籽粒产量为3250kg/hm^2,收获指数达到40％,作物水分利用效率为1．5g／kg,单位水收获量为0．6kg／m^3。  相似文献   

9.
为揭示北方农牧交错带地区马铃薯“水改旱”种植对其产量和水分利用的影响,选取中国北方农牧交错带地区27个站点,基于站点的气象数据、土壤数据和管理数据驱动充分验证的APSIM-Potato模型,模拟分析农牧交错带地区灌溉和雨养马铃薯的耗水差异。结果表明：北方农牧交错带地区马铃薯种植连续灌溉10、20 a和30 a的产量分别为15 900～35 600、16 400～34 800 kg·hm-2和16 600～34 800 kg·hm-2,改为旱作后对应的产量分别为12 800～30 600、13 900～29 100 kg·hm-2和12 700～25 500 kg·hm-2;灌溉马铃薯产量均表现为西部较高,旱作马铃薯产量则为东部较高。连续灌溉10、20 a和30 a的播前1 m土层土壤含水量分别为163～388、161～394 mm和154～398 mm,改为旱作后分别下降31.8%、35.3%和36.9%。连续灌溉10、20 a和30 a后的地下水消耗量分别为5 360～21 330、8 910～4...  相似文献   

10.
不同柠条密度在退化草地恢复过程中对土壤水分的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
宁夏盐池县常受干旱风沙的影响,加上超载过牧,草场退化严重。1987年在柳杨堡乡建立了退化草场植被恢复与风蚀沙化防治技术示范区,带状种植了柠条(中间锦鸡儿Caragana intermedia),对退化草场进行改良。种植柠条,一方面增大了植被的覆盖度和土地生物产量,另一方面,由于柠条的生长也增大了对土壤水分的消耗。为此,我们进行了水分定位观测,从土壤水分季节性动态、水分垂直分布及贮水量几个方面作了系统的比较分析,研究柠条种植密度对土壤水分的影响,选择适宜的柠条种植密度。结果表明,柠条半人工草地土壤水分的季节变化受降水的影响,随降水量多少而变化。0～100cm土壤含水量的垂直分布规律为从表层到深层含水量递增。在定植后第11年,不同种植密度柠条草地土壤含水量没有显著的差异。定植后第16年,土壤含水量出现了显著的差异。种植密度1665丛／hm^2柠条半人工草地,0～100cm土层中,各土层含水量均极显著地高于3330丛／hm^2柠条半人工草地,其0～100cm土壤贮水量最高,为245．4mm,比2490丛／hm^2柠条半人工草地高48．10mm,比3330丛／hm^2柠条半人工草地高151．99mm。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

15.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

16.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

17.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

18.
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.  相似文献   

19.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

20.
Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.  相似文献   

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