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放牧对小叶锦鸡儿种群数量特征的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本研究通过测定禁牧(CK)、轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)和重度放牧(HG)下小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)种群总盖度、密度、高度和总生物量,旨在掌握放牧对小叶锦鸡儿种群数量特征的影响。结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加,小叶锦鸡儿灌丛密度呈现先增加后减少的趋势,但各处理间无显著差异(P=0.11)。这说明中度放牧在一定程度上有利于小叶锦鸡儿的繁殖。灌丛盖度、高度和总生物量随着放牧强度的增加而显著降低(P0.05),这说明放牧对灌木种群有明显的负作用。综合考虑小叶锦鸡儿种群的数量特征和生产力,在荒漠草原上适宜的载畜率应为中度放牧。 相似文献
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小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化对锡林河流域草原植被的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
小叶锦鸡儿是锡林河流域重要的饲用植物，小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化为蒙古高原草原植被的一大特点，由于灌丛化造成不同的小环境，而导致草原植被镶嵌体的形成，小叶锦鸡儿灌丛对防止草原风蚀，水蚀，增加土壤肥力和水分起重要作用，从而延缓了草原进一步退化，提高了生产力。 相似文献
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运用状态与过渡模式讨论锡林河流域典型草原的灌丛化 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
运用状态与过渡模式的观点,从植被组成的变化探讨锡林河流域灌丛化草原形成的阈值;从土壤斑块性尺度增强进一步说明草原灌丛化的阈值一旦跨越,这种转变将是难以逆转的,最终会形成以小叶锦鸡儿灌丛斑块占优势的灌丛化草原。草原灌丛化作为草原放牧演替动态的一个重要阶段,它是退化生态系统的自我重建过程,锡林河流域典型草原放牧演替模式是草原灌丛化研究的基本框架。 相似文献
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小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化草地,是内蒙古草地的重要组成部分之一。本文在简述了小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化草地演替过程及其在内蒙古草原区的主要演替类型的基础上,通过灌丛化与非灌丛化草地类型化学成分分析资料对比,说明小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化草地具有较高的放牧利用价值。强大的抗旱性能和有关生物学特性,揭示出在干旱草原区小叶锦鸡儿所特有的生态效益,是不容忽视的。 相似文献
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内蒙古典型草原小叶锦鸡儿灌丛地上净初级生产力和种群结构对火烧的响应 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
针对全球范围内由于长期过度放牧引起的草原群落灌丛化问题,本研究以内蒙古锡林河流域小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化的羊草草原为研究对象,通过连续2年的人为控制火烧实验,从株丛和群落2个组织水平研究了火烧对小叶锦鸡儿的影响。结果表明,1)在内蒙古锡林河流域的退化恢复草原群落中,小叶锦鸡儿种群属于增长型的种群,中、小株丛所占的比例较大。实验区内所调查的6588个株丛中,冠幅为0～50cm的株丛占30%,50～150cm的株丛占49%,>150cm的株丛仅占21%;2)在群落水平上,一年火烧和连续2年火烧对小叶锦鸡儿株丛的生长均具有显著的抑制作用,其地上净初级生产力比火烧前分别减少了27%和66%;3)火烧显著地增加了小叶锦鸡儿的枝条密度和茎的生物量分配,减少了叶的生物量分配,使茎叶比由1∶4.4升高为1∶1.1;4)同50～150和>150cm2个冠幅组的大株丛相比,火烧对0～50cm小灌丛影响最为明显,一年火烧和连续2年火烧使其地上净生物量分别下降了57%和60%。实验结果表明,火烧显著地削弱了小叶锦鸡儿的生活力,有效地抑制了其小株丛的生长,对控制灌丛的进一步扩张具有明显的作用。 相似文献
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草原灌丛化已成为全球干旱和半干旱地区的普遍现象,关于灌木扩张对草地土壤固氮微生物群落的影响及其机制尚不清楚。小叶锦鸡儿是广泛生长于内蒙古草原的豆科灌木,研究其对土壤固氮微生物群落的影响具有重要意义。本研究采用传统培养法结合分子生物学技术,比较了荒漠草原（干旱地区）和典型草原（半干旱地区）小叶锦鸡儿灌丛内外不同土壤深度固氮微生物群落的差异,并从灌丛对群落物种的选择性、灌丛沃岛效应、灌丛效应和干旱效应的相互关系等方面探讨引起这些差异的机制。结果表明：小叶锦鸡儿灌丛不仅增加了固氮微生物群落的物种丰富度和多度,而且改变了群落组成。群落组成的改变表现在37.50%～58.33%种属的多度发生显著变化、优势属及其优势地位改变、灌丛内外Jaccard相异性指数较大（0.40～0.76）和灌丛内外NMDS（非度量多维度尺度分析）群落组成排序图的分异;ANOSIM检验表明灌丛内外群落组成差异显著。灌丛对固氮微生物群落的效应随着土层深度增加而衰减,随着干旱增加而加强。灌丛对固氮微生物群落的影响大于气候干旱对其的影响。灌木小叶锦鸡儿对固氮微生物群落影响机理是：1）灌丛对固氮微生物物种具有选择性;2）灌丛通过... 相似文献
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本研究分析了内蒙古19个灌丛化草原样地（典型草原区11个、荒漠草原区8个）的小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）叶片碳（Carbon，C）：氮（Nitrogen，N）：磷（Phosphorus，P）化学计量特征。结果显示：典型草原中小叶锦鸡儿叶片C含量，C：N，C：P，N：P显著低于荒漠草原，N，P含量显著高于荒漠草原；小叶锦鸡儿叶片N，P含量与土壤N，P含量呈正相关关系，叶片C含量与C：N，C：P呈正相关关系，叶片N与P含量呈正相关关系；小叶锦鸡儿叶片化学计量特征具有环境可塑性；叶片C含量在两种草原类型中，随年平均降水量（Mean annual precipitation，MAP）和年平均气温（Mean annual temperature，MAT）的变化趋势不一致；叶片N，P含量与MAP呈正相关关系，与MAT呈负相关关系；叶片C：N，C：P，N：P与MAP呈负相关关系，与MAT呈正相关关系；小叶锦鸡儿的生长主要受P限制。本研究结果有助于了解小叶锦鸡儿的养分利用策略，并为灌丛化草原植被的保护和恢复工作提供参考。 相似文献
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浑善达克沙地3种灌木土壤分形特征与养分关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以浑善达克沙地广泛分布的3种典型荒漠草原灌木柄扁桃、小叶锦鸡儿和狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛下土壤为研究对象,测定分析3种灌丛下0~60 cm土层深度的土壤颗粒机械组成、土壤体积分形维数和土壤养分含量的垂直分布特征,探讨草原灌丛化后土壤分形特征与土壤肥力的关系,揭示灌丛植被在荒漠草原的生存与扩散机制。结果表明,3种典型灌丛形态结构存在差异,拦截风沙流后沉积在灌丛下的土壤粒度特征不同,其中粘粉沙体积含量和分形维数在不同物种间差异显著(P<0.05)。土壤分形维数表现为小叶锦鸡儿(2.346)>狭叶锦鸡儿(2.259)>柄扁桃(2.149)>裸沙地(2.057);土壤分形维数主要由粒径小于0.25 mm的粘粉沙(<0.05 mm)、极细沙(0.05~0.1 mm)和细沙(0.1~0.25 mm)体积百分含量决定,其中0.1 mm粒径是决定研究区灌丛下土壤分形维数的临界粒径,即小于该粒径的粘粉沙、极细沙含量越多,土壤分形维数越高。灌丛下土壤有机质和全氮含量与土壤分形维数存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);土壤有机质含量随土层深度增加而递减,全氮和全磷含量随土层波动性较强,不同物种间土壤有机质和全氮含量差异显著(P<0.05),而全磷含量差异不显著。灌丛覆盖的土壤结构和肥力均较裸沙地有明显改善,不同物种改良土壤的效果依次为小叶锦鸡儿>狭叶锦鸡儿>柄扁桃。 相似文献
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通过对甘南草原金露梅Dasiphora fruticosa、小叶锦鸡儿Caragana microphyilla、裂香杜鹃Rhododendron antho pogonoides 3种灌丛特征的分析研究,结果表明:灌丛地上植物量与植株平均冠幅、冠幅之积、灌丛高度之间存在显著(P＜0.01)的正相关性,进而分析得出了地上植物量与它们之间的数学估测模型,为准确估测灌丛地上植物量提供了一种简单的方法. 相似文献
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The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data. 相似文献
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Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed. 相似文献
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Yong Wu Na-Jiao Zhao Yan Cao Zhuo Sun Qin Wang Zhao-Ying Liu Zhi-Liang Sun 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2020,43(2):208-214
Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (Cmax, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their Cmax (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (Css) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance. 相似文献
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Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
C. R. KILROY W. F. HALL D. P. BANE R. F. BEVILL G. D. KORITZ 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》1990,13(1):49-58
Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97). 相似文献
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2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。 相似文献
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b. bengtsson s-o. jacobsson j. luthman & a. franklin 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》1997,20(4):258-261
Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug. 相似文献
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug. 相似文献
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Campos SG Cavaglieri LR Fernández Juri MG Dalcero AM Krüger C Keller LA Magnoli CE Rosa CA 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2008,92(3):377-383
Commercial feedstuffs are a basic element in modern pet husbandry in the world. In dogs, the effect of mycotoxins is severe and can lead to death. Few reports on the influence of dietary mycotoxins were found in the scientific literature. The aims of this work were to isolate and identify the mycoflora and to determine the aflatoxins (AFs) natural occurrence in raw materials and ready dry pet food. Therefore, the aflatoxigenic capacity of Aspergillus flavus species was investigated. Aspergillus was the prevalent genera (65-89%) followed by Penicillium and Fusarium spp. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species, followed by Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus versicolor. Aspergillus flavus frequencies ranged from 58% to 86% except in sorghum meal. All samples assayed (except corn grains and ready pet food) showed Fusarium spp. contamination. Corn meal and corn meal and gluten samples had 100% Fusarium verticillioides. Fusarium graminearum was isolated from sorghum meal. Aspergillus flavus strains (75%) isolated from raw materials and 57% from pet food were able to produce AFs. All samples showed AFs contamination percentages over 70%; corn and sorghum meal obtained the highest AFs levels. Ready pet food did not show quantitative levels of the tested toxins. This is the first report of the aflatoxigenic capacity by A. flavus from Brazilian pet food. 相似文献