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1.
Santiago-Freijanes J. J. Mosquera-Losada M. R. Rois-Díaz M. Ferreiro-Domínguez N. Pantera A. Aldrey J. A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez A. 《Agroforestry Systems》2021,95(5):775-790
Agroforestry is a sustainable land management system recognized worldwide but not implemented in a extensive form in temperate and developed countries. Agroforestry has been promoted in the last decades at global level as it provides more efficient and sustainable farming systems. This review aims at summarizing the main research findings explaining why agroforestry is a sustainable land management that fulfils and is affected by different Global, Pan-European and European policies as well as how innovation is currently fostered in Europe, therefore linking research, policy and innovation. This review specially targets researchers and policy makers working in integrated land systems. There is a global and European recognition of the role that agroforestry can play to provide products but also to deliver highly important ecosystem services. However, the promotion of agroforestry practices at European level is still not well addressed by the Common Agricultural Policy. The clear identification of agroforestry practices, the link of management plans to establish agroforestry pursuing a final eligible tree density for the Pillar I payments should be addressed as initial steps to foster agroforestry in Europe. There is a lack of knowledge transfer that promotes agroforestry at field level, which should be approached by using stakeholder integration within the policy development as it is currently done by the EIP-Agri.
相似文献2.
Agroforestry has been suggested to produce an array of ecological and socio-economic benefits that not only reach their adopters, but society as a whole. In spite of strong evidence of the benefits of agroforestry, there is a lack of understanding of the public perceptions of those benefits, which prevents the development of benefit-based promotion strategies of agroforestry products. Thus, this study examines the awareness of these benefits among residents and explores whether perceptions vary across individuals with different socio-demographic characteristics. An on-line platform was used to survey three panels of residents from Missouri, Pennsylvania and Texas. Overall, respondents had a neutral perception of the importance of the ecological and socio-economic benefits that agroforestry farms provide to society when compared to farms employing conventional agricultural practices. These results stress the need to increase public awareness of agroforestry practices and their benefits to more strategically position their products among the final consumer. Gender, education level, and residence location were significantly associated with the perceived ecological benefits produced by agroforestry farms and to a lesser extent with the socio-economic benefits. Results also showed that females and young individuals have a greater awareness of several benefits produced by agroforestry farms. Critical marketing implications to stimulate the purchase of agroforestry products (e.g., berries, nuts) among specific groups of consumers are discussed. 相似文献
3.
4.
Smallholder perceptions of agroforestry projects in Panama 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
The potential effects of agroforestry systems on conservation and development have been well documented. Panama has seen a
substantial rise in the number of projects with an agroforestry component in the 1990s. There has been insufficient research
on the actual impacts of these projects on smallholders and of farmers' attitudes towards these systems. This study explores
the perceived socioeconomic and environmental impacts of five agroforestry projects in Panama. A total of 68 smallholders
were administered semi-structured interviews. In addition, 13 agroforestry experts from NGOs, government departments and research
institutes were interviewed, and their responses were compared with those of the smallholders. While the projects led to an
increase in the standard of living by providing wood products and fruit for domestic consumption, farm income levels generally
remained unchanged. This was due primarily to limited market development, the lack of marketing organizations and poor access
roads. In terms of environmental impacts, the farmers' responses suggested a slight decline in slash-and-burn agriculture,
and an increase in tree planting activities. Some environmental benefits were observed by farmers, including reduced soil
erosion, increased soil fertility, and improved quality and quantity of water sources. Nevertheless, slash-and-burn agriculture
was still the norm for the majority of farmers. Most farmers continued to harvest wood from primary and secondary growth to
meet their domestic wood requirements, rather than relying on trees planted in agroforestry projects. The main obstacles preventing
increased agroforestry adoption included insufficient agroforestry extension, inappropriate project design or management (such
as top-down management approaches, and the use of food incentives), smallholders' economic constraints, and larger policy
issues. Recommendations are proposed to improve project design and management, and to address the economic and policy constraints.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
State-of-the-art of agroforestry research and education 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
P. K. R. Nair 《Agroforestry Systems》1993,23(2-3):95-119
6.
J. Gordon ArbuckleJr. Corinne Valdivia Andrew Raedeke John Green J. Sanford Rikoon 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,75(1):73-82
Land tenure has long been considered a critical factor in determining the adoption and long-term maintenance of agroforestry
practices. Empirical evidence from non-US settings has consistently shown that secure land tenure is positively associated
with agroforestry adoption. In the US, over 40% of private agricultural land is farmed by someone other than the owner. Given
the importance of land tenure in agroforestry decisions in other countries and the magnitude of non-operator landownership
in the US, there has been surprisingly little focus on land tenure in the temperate agroforestry literature. Using data from
a 1999 survey in Missouri, this study explores factors associated with non-operator landowner interest in agroforestry. Results
suggest that differences in farming orientation are linked to interest in agroforestry. Closer ties to farming, stronger financial
motivations for landownership, and higher proportion of land planted to row crops were negatively related to interest in agroforestry
among non-operator landowners. Environmental or recreational motivations for landownership and contacts with natural resource
professionals were positively associated with interest in agroforestry. These results, consistent with earlier qualitative
research suggesting that farm operators who have a strong “conventional farming identity” were less interested in agroforestry,
point to a divide between landowners for whom environmental and recreational values play an important role in ownership motivation
and those for whom financial considerations take precedence. The findings imply that agroforestry development programs in
the US should take non-operator landowners and their farming and ownership orientations into account when designing research
and outreach efforts.
相似文献
| J. Gordon Arbuckle Jr.Email: |
7.
Agroforestry in the Czech Republic has vanished both from the landscape and public conscience. That raises questions about its history and fate; there are examples of this land use type from all neighbouring countries. The article looks at the record of such systems in a historical land tax survey, the Franciscan cadastre made in the Czech Republic in the mid nineteenth century. With this source, patterns of preindustrial-era subsistence systems were analysed in a considerable part of what is now the Czech Republic. Any correlation among occurrences of various land uses (including agroforestry cultures) and influences of chosen natural and cultural factors was statistically tested and further visualised by multivariate analysis. The main existing agroforestry types and their historical distribution were investigated. The results have shown that cropland with fruit trees, and meadows, and pastures with either fruit trees or wood use, were a common part of Czech countryside in the mid-nineteenth century. Some agroforestry plots were found in the 1689 total studied cadastral areas. The types of agroforestry and the overall subsistence patterns were attuned to elevation, soil fertility, population density, and the dominant language group of the inhabitants. Cropland and pastures with fruit trees were associated with more fertile inland lowlands with sound infrastructure and prevalently Czech inhabitants (so-called ‘old settlement’ areas), wood meadows and pastures with cadastral units located in border regions at higher elevations characterised by lower soil fertility, a greater ratio of coniferous forests and predominantly inhabited by Czech Germans. Traditional agroforestry, as is discussed, however, did not survive the industrialisation of agriculture. 相似文献
8.
The design and execution of temperate agroforestry experiments has many problems. Difficulties include the selection of measurement
criteria, proper randomization of treatments, and issues of timing and scale of experiments. A major problem facing most experimenters
is the proper randomization of treatments to insure independence: few properly designed temperate agroforestry plots currently
exist, and it will be many years before recently established plots become available for study. We touch upon statistical methods
for designing plots and give examples illustrating some of the problems inherent in agroforestry experiments.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
Historical development of agroforestry in China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
In China both agriculture and agroforestry originated in forests and developed side by side from their very beginnings. As revealed by archaeological evidence from ancient times, ancestral Chinese inhabited forests where they sheltered themselves from external hazards and lived on the edible parts of plants and animals through hunting and gathering activities.As early as the New Stone Age (7000–8000 years B.C.), fire was commonly used to burn the forests for slash-and-burn cultivation, which is a primitive form of agroforestry. Along with the rapid growth of population, the annexing of tribes, the collapse of clan society and the development of the slavery system, the nomadic mode of slash-and-burn farming evolved into settlement farming in the Xia Dynasty (2000-1600 B.C.). Peasants then engaged in settled cultivation.During the Shang and West Zhou Dynasty (1600-800 B.C.), perpetual settlement farming encouraged the development of private land-ownership. Peasants planted trees in or around the crop fields and grew fruit plants, vegetables and farmed domestic animals in their home yards for self-sufficiency. Since then, various forms of agroforestry have gradually developed and laid the fundamental framework of the Chinese small-farming economy for more than 3000 years.There has been a rapid growth of population in China over since the 1950s. At the same time, the area of arable land has decreased drastically and the environment has degraded rapidly as industrial development has taken place. The traditional labour-consuming and ineffective agroforestry management practices have not adapted to the current situation. In view of economic, ecological and social benefits, conversion of mono-biological production into a trinity system of agriculture, processing and marketing is suggested and planned experimentally. Such a management system, known as modern agroforestry, could be very beneficial to the development of modern China's rural economy and environmental conservation. 相似文献
10.
Carbon storage benefits of agroforestry systems 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
P. Schroeder 《Agroforestry Systems》1994,27(1):89-97
The process of land degradation is a local phenomenon that occurs field by field. Because of the extent at which it is occurring, however, it also has a global dimension. Agroforestry represents a link between the local and global scales. From the farmer's perspective, agroforestry can be a way to increase crop yields and the diversity of products grown. An additional benefit is the creation of a carbon sink that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Successful agroforestry systems will also reduce land clearing and maintain carbon in existing vegetation. An extensive literature survey was conducted to evaluate the carbon dynamics of agroforestry practices and to assess their potential to store carbon. Data on tree growth and wood production were converted to estimates of carbon storage. Surveyed literature showed that median carbon storage by agroforestry practices was 9 tC/ha in semi-arid, 21 tC/ha in sub-humid, 50 tC/ha in humid, and 63 tC/ha in temperate ecozones. The limited survey information available substantiated the concept that implementing agroforestry practices can help reduce deforestation.The research described in this article has been funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This document has been prepared at the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, through contract number 68-C8-0006 to ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc. It has been subjected to the Agency's peer and administrative review and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. 相似文献
11.
In global terms, European farms produce high yields of safe and high quality food but this depends on the use of many off-farm inputs and the associated greenhouse gas emissions, loss of soil nutrients and other negative environmental impacts incur substantial societal costs. Farmers in the European Union receive support through a Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) that comprises direct payments to farmers (Pillar I) and payments related to rural development measures (Pillar II). This paper examines the ways in which agroforestry can support European agriculture and rural development drawing on the conclusions of 23 papers presented in this Special Issue of Agroforestry Systems which have been produced during a 4-year research project called AGFORWARD. The project had the goal of promoting agroforestry in Europe and focused on four types of agroforestry: (1) existing systems of high nature and cultural value, and agroforestry for (2) high value tree, (3) arable, and (4) livestock systems. The project has advanced our understanding of the extent of agroforestry in Europe and of farmers’ perceptions of agroforestry, including the reasons for adoption or non-adoption. A participatory approach was used with over 40 stakeholder groups across Europe to test selected agroforestry innovations through field trials and experiments. Innovations included improved grazing management in agroforestry systems of high nature and cultural value and the introduction of nitrogen fixing plants in high value timber plantations and olive groves. Other innovations included shelter benefits for arable crops, and disease-control, nutrient-retention, and food diversification benefits from integrating trees in livestock enterprises. Biophysical and economic models have also been developed to predict the effect of different agroforestry designs on crop and tree production, and on carbon sequestration, nutrient loss and ecosystems services in general. These models help us to quantify the potential environmental benefits of agroforestry, relative to agriculture without trees. In view of the substantial area of European agroforestry and its wider societal and environmental benefits, the final policy papers in this Special Issue argue that agroforestry should play a more significant role in future versions of the CAP than it does at present. 相似文献
12.
Belowground interactions for water between trees and grasses in a temperate semiarid agroforestry system 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
María Elena Fernández Javier Gyenge Julian Licata Tomás Schlichter Barbara J. Bond 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,74(2):185-197
A fundamental hypothesis of agroforestry is the complementary use of soil resources. However, productivity of many agroforestry
systems has been lower than expected due to net competition for water, highlighting the need for a mechanistic understanding
of belowground interactions. The goal of this study was to examine root–root interactions for water in a temperate semiarid
agroforestry system, based on ponderosa pines and a Patagonian grass. The hypotheses were: (a) A greater proportion of water
uptake by pines is from deeper soil layers when they are growing with grasses than when they are growing alone; (b) Growth
of grasses is improved by the use of water hydraulically lifted by pines. We used stable isotopes of O to analyze water sources
of plants, and we measured sapflow direction in pine roots and continuous soil water content with a very sensitive system.
We also installed barriers to isolate the roots of a set of grasses from pine roots, in which we measured water status, relative
growth and water sources, comparing to control plants. The results indicated that pines and grasses show some complementary
in the use of soil water, and that pines in agroforestry systems use less shallow water than pines in monoculture. We found
evidence of hydraulic lift, but contradicting results were obtained comparing growth and isotope results of the root isolation
experiment. Therefore, we could not reject nor accept that grasses use water that is hydraulically lifted by the pines, or
that this results in a positive effect on grass growth. This information may contribute to understand the complex and variable
belowground interactions in temperate agroforestry. 相似文献
13.
Analysis of existing agroforestry practices in Madhupur Sal forest: an assessment based on ecological and economic perspectives 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A study was conducted in Madhupur sal forest of Tangail, Bangladesh to identify the suitable agroforestry practices of the
area. Considering the ecological aspects of different agroforestry practices 10 sample plots (10 m × 10 m) from each land
uses were taken, including natural forest to get a comparative scenario. The study showed that among the different agroforestry
practices, Margalef and Shannon-Weiner index values are the maximum for pineapple agroforestry and lower for banana agroforestry,
and Evenness index value is the maximum for lemon agroforestry. Determination of tree biomass in different land uses revealed
that it is highest (3 078.6 kg/100 m2) in natural forest followed by pineapple agroforestry, lemon agroforestry and banana agroforestry. Soil pH, moisture content,
organic matter, organic carbon, phosphorus and total nitrogen showed statistically significant variation while bulk density,
particle density, sulphur and potassium did not show any statistically significant variation among the land uses. Soil fertility
status showed that pineapple agroforestry is more fertile than rest of other land uses. The Net Present Value (NPV) indicated
that banana agroforestry is financially more profitable than other two systems, while the Benefit-Cost ratio (BCR) is higher
in pineapple agroforestry (4.21 in participatory agroforestry and 3.35 in privately managed land). Even though banana agroforestry
gives higher NPV, capital required for this practice is much higher. The findings suggest that pineapple agroforestry has
a tendency towards becoming ecologically and economically more sound than other two practices as it has better ecological
attributes and required comparatively low investment. 相似文献
14.
Nadine Lehrer 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,75(1):103-116
Temperate agroforestry systems have faced obstacles to adoption despite their multiple environmental, economic, and social
benefits. In part, these obstacles derive from the typically small scale of agroforestry systems relative to large-scale mainstream
grain agriculture, which in the US is supported by strong commodity subsidies. One promising option for promoting agroforestry
on a policy level, and thus for making it more appealing to landowners, is the Conservation Security Program (CSP), which
provides payments to farmers for sustainable conservation practices on working lands. CSP was first passed in 2002 and has
many supporters; however it has also faced opposition, delays in implementation and funding caps. CSP proponents have thus
promoted its expansion in current and future Farm Bills. Since CSP is one part of the Farm Bill clearly suited to promoting
agroforestry practices, supporters of agroforestry should consider joining coalitions around CSP to ensure that it includes
explicit provisions for advancing agroforestry. In addition, CSP and agroforestry proponents alike should develop a strategic
plan to market the expansion of CSP to policy makers. Specifically, a broad and strong coalition based on ideological common
ground (e.g., attention to the notion of a family farmer) and on situational factors (e.g., potential international pressure
from the World Trade Organization to reduce commodity subsidies) might be sufficient to push CSP into an expanded role in
current and future Farm Bills.
相似文献
| Nadine LehrerEmail: |
15.
Charles R. Clement 《Agroforestry Systems》1988,7(3):201-212
The pejibaye's potential for the small holder, especially in an agroforestry environment, is summarized: the fruit can be a significant addition to the family diet and income, both directly and as animal feed; on farm processing of the fruit for baking and other culinary uses has great potential and excedents can be marketed; small scale palmito production can also play an important part in the diet and farm income; oil production may be interesting after improved varieties are developed. The pejibaye's ecological requirements and limitations, its agronomic requirements and practices for small-scale production and its role in agroforestry systems are discussed. A list of Latin American researchers and germplasm contacts is given. 相似文献
16.
Testing an ecologically based classification tool on fruit-based agroforestry in northern Thailand 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Ecologists are increasingly using multivariate analytical approaches to reveal relationships between communities. These methods
have promise in other fields as well. The use of multivariate methods to delineate relationships and classify an agroforestry
system was tested among fruit-based agroforestry gardens in northern Thailand. Data on crop species composition, species abundance,
perennial-crop age groups, and other physical and ecological factors from 82 gardens in three villages in a Highland watershed
in northern Thailand were used in this study. Using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis the gardens were divided into clusters,
each representing a different garden type (or fruit-based agroforestry subsystem). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS)
analysis was used to assist in the interpretation of classification groupings and analysis gradients. The NMS analysis shows
overall crop diversity, herbaceous food crops, size and market potential of the fruit planting as important classifying factors.
However, this analysis did not produce as clear distinctions as hoped among gardens in a continuum of gradually changing and
overlapping characteristics. 相似文献
17.
The potentialities of agroforestry are generally investigated through their biophysiological phenomena, cost–benefit analysis,
and possible impact upon poverty reduction. There have been inadequate studies on the actual impacts of agroforestry intervention
on small landholders and of farmers' attitudes toward these agroforestry programs. Drawing upon the findings of an empirical
study, this article explores the effects of small-scale agroforestry on upland community development in the Chittagong Hill
Tracts, Bangladesh. More specifically, the study clarifies the merits and demerits of different agroforestry systems as perceived
by farmers, their impacts on the rural economy and the environment, farmers' attitudes toward the adoption of agroforestry,
and impacts of various government policies. Field data were collected by administering questions to 90 randomly selected smallholders
of the Upland Settlement Project (USP), as well as from project staff. The research tools employed were semistructured interviews,
group discussions, and uncontrolled observations. The results indicated that the agroforestry interventions have in fact increased
farmers' income through employment and the selling of farm products, as well as by improving the ecological conditions of
these areas through reduction of soil erosion, increasing tree coverage, and maintaining soil fertility. The adoption of different
agroforestry systems was governed mainly by the farmers' interests in following these techniques, their ability to cultivate
the land in the prescribed manner, and the market demand for their products. The major obstacles that prevented increased
agroforestry improvements included lack of confidence in new land-use systems, inappropriate project design (e.g., top-down
innovation approach), and policy issues regarding land tenure. Recommendations are proposed to strengthen social capital in
local organizations to enhance the livelihoods of the upland communities. 相似文献
18.
B. I. Nyoka O. C. Ajayi F. K. Akinnifesi T. Chanyenga S. A. Mng’omba G. Sileshi R. Jamnadass T. Madhibha 《Agroforestry Systems》2011,83(1):75-87
The lack of high quality agroforestry tree germplasm has long been recognized as one of the major challenges to widespread
adoption of agroforestry in Southern Africa. Productivity levels realized in operational scale plantings are far less than
those demonstrated in research and this has been partly blamed on the use of germplasm of unknown quality and low productivity
potential. The lack of high quality germplasm is attributable to the absence of regulations to govern its production in the
countries promoting agroforestry. Most of the agroforestry tree germplasm is sold or distributed without regard to its genetic,
physiological and physical quality. Given these challenges, in this paper, we reviewed crop seed certification in general
and tree germplasm certification in the USA, Europe, India, Southern Africa and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD) with a view to find potential similarities with agroforestry tree germplasm. Only three countries in
sub-Saharan Africa (Burkina Faso, Madagascar and Rwanda) were found to have tree germplasm certification: the OECD Forest
Seed and Plant certification scheme. From the review, it is possible to establish agroforestry tree germplasm quality control
systems, more so in countries that already have tree seed centres and tree seed regulations. A simple agroforestry tree germplasm
certification scheme, based on the FAOs Quality Declared Seed (QDS) with truth-in-labelling is recommended. Three germplasm
categories (audit, select and genetically improved) are recommended as a start. Furthermore, countries will need to develop
new or amend existing agricultural seed policies and regulations to include agroforestry tree germplasm certification under
QDS. Finally, germplasm quality standards for the selected agroforestry trees species in the respective countries will need
to be developed. 相似文献
19.
Historical development of a permanent agriculture system based on the use of agroforestry in the temperate zone is traced. In general, reasons for a renewed interest in agroforestry include the end of cheap, subsidized fossil fuels; increased concern about soil erosion and marginal land use; an international awakening as to the dangers of indiscriminate use of pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals; and a need to balance food production with other land uses.For the forestry profession in particular, reasons for interest in agroforestry stem from a need to revitalize rural economies, the desire to increase timber exports, and potential resolution to land use conflicts between agriculture and forestry. Through use of agroforestry management systems, an increase in both economic and silvicultural benefits are obtainable.Two agroforestry management systems are reviewed which currently appear feasible for implementation in many industrialized countries of the temperate zone. These two systems include: 1) Animal grazing and intercropping under managed coniferous forests or plantations; and 2) Multicropping of agricultural crops under intensively managed, high value hardwood plantations.Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Paper No. 12046. 相似文献
20.
Adoption of temperate agroforestry practices generally remains limited despite considerable advances in basic science. This study builds on temperate agroforestry adoption research by empirically testing a statistical model of interest in native fruit and nut tree riparian buffers using technology and agroforestry adoption theory. Data were collected in three watersheds in Virginia’s ridge and valley region and used to test hypothesized predictors of interest in planting these buffers. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify independence of underlying latent measures. Multiple linear regression was used to model interest using the Universal Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). A second model that added agroforestry-specific predictors from Pattanayak et al. (Agrofor Syst 57:173–186, 2003) to UTAUT was tested and compared with the first. The first model was robust (Adj R 2 = 0.49) but was improved by adding agroforestry specific predictors (Adj R 2 = 0.57). Model generalizability was confirmed using double cross validation and normality indices. Social influence, risk expectancy, planting experience, performance expectancy, parcel size, and the interaction of gender and risk were significant in the final model. In addition, socioeconomic variables were used to characterize landowners according to their level of interest. Respondents with greater interest were newer owners that have higher incomes and are less active in farming. The result implies that future agroforesters may in large part consist of owners that have recently acquired land and manage their property more extensively with higher discretionary income and multiple objectives in mind. 相似文献