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1.
Abstract. Soil classification is a tool for stratifying and generalizing information on soil resources but most systems are tailored to handle only slightly disturbed soil. We tested the applicability of the legend of the FAO-Unesco Soil Map of the World and the new World Reference Base for Soil Resources by classifying at the highest order 831 profiles from a nationwide 7 km grid survey in Denmark, where soils are developed in Quaternary glacial and marine sediments and intensively farmed. Comparison of the variability of pH and % clay +% silt of the master horizons (A, E, B, and C) within and between the major well-drained soil groupings shows that liming, fertilizing and ploughing have produced significantly deeper A-horizons with higher pH, lower % humus and C:N ratios on the two-thirds of the country that is cultivated. ‘Anthropogenic’ mollic and umbric horizons are a common result but the liming causes a random final classification of these surface horizons and, hence, random allocation of the soils in both systems. It separates cultivated soils and their undisturbed equivalents, and results in considerable within-group variation in soil texture. Grouping of cultivated and undisturbed soils, on the other hand, results in wide within-horizon pH ranges for most groups, again compromising the advantage of making useful general statements on the basis of classification. We propose that anthropogenic mollic and umbric horizons should be allowed in any soil group and that ‘anthric properties’ should be used to distinguish between profoundly changed cultivated soils and largely undisturbed soils, hereby constructing a two-tier system within each highest-order soil group. We classified the soils according to this proposal. The results show generally narrower ranges for both pH and % clay +% silt. We evaluated the within-group homogeneity by multivariate analysis of variance of pH, % clay +% silt, % clay, % humus, C:N ratio, exchangeable cations, and CEC. The results (Wilks's Lamda) show a higher degree of group compactness compared to the original FAO and World Reference Base systems. 相似文献
2.
《European Journal of Soil Science》1981,32(4):677-677
Book reviewed in this article:
BLACKIE, J. R. and others. Environmental effects of deforestation. An annotated bibliography .
BROGAN, J. C. (ed.) Nitrogen losses and surface run-offfrom landspreading of manures .
BUOL, S. W., HOLE, F. D. and McCRACKEN, R. J. Soil genesb and classification .
DAVIES, B. E. (ed) Applied soil trace elements .
FOLLETT, R. H., MURPHY, L. S. and DONAHUE, R. F. Fertilizers and soil amendments .
GREENLAND, D. J. and HAYES, M. H. B. (eds) The chemistry of soil processes .
HAY, R. K. M. Chemistry for agriculture and ecology .
INSTITUTE FOR LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH. Research Digest 1980 compiled and edited by E. W. Schierbeek
MONTEITH, J. and WEBB, C. (eds) Soil water and nitrogen in Mediterranean type environments .
PETERSON, F. F. Landforms of the basin and range province defined for soil survey .
REICHLE, D. E. (ed.) Dynamic properties of forest ecosystems .
STUCKI, J. W. and BANWART, W. L. (eds) Advanced chemical methods for soil and clay minerals research .
TROEH, F. R. HOBBS, J. A. and DONAHUE, R. L. Soil and water conservation for productivity and enironmenral prorection .
U.S. DEPARTMENT O F THE INTERIOR. Drainage manual. A water resources technical publication .
NEW Journal : Soil Survey and Land Evaluation. 相似文献
BLACKIE, J. R. and others. Environmental effects of deforestation. An annotated bibliography .
BROGAN, J. C. (ed.) Nitrogen losses and surface run-offfrom landspreading of manures .
BUOL, S. W., HOLE, F. D. and McCRACKEN, R. J. Soil genesb and classification .
DAVIES, B. E. (ed) Applied soil trace elements .
FOLLETT, R. H., MURPHY, L. S. and DONAHUE, R. F. Fertilizers and soil amendments .
GREENLAND, D. J. and HAYES, M. H. B. (eds) The chemistry of soil processes .
HAY, R. K. M. Chemistry for agriculture and ecology .
INSTITUTE FOR LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH. Research Digest 1980 compiled and edited by E. W. Schierbeek
MONTEITH, J. and WEBB, C. (eds) Soil water and nitrogen in Mediterranean type environments .
PETERSON, F. F. Landforms of the basin and range province defined for soil survey .
REICHLE, D. E. (ed.) Dynamic properties of forest ecosystems .
STUCKI, J. W. and BANWART, W. L. (eds) Advanced chemical methods for soil and clay minerals research .
TROEH, F. R. HOBBS, J. A. and DONAHUE, R. L. Soil and water conservation for productivity and enironmenral prorection .
U.S. DEPARTMENT O F THE INTERIOR. Drainage manual. A water resources technical publication .
NEW Journal : Soil Survey and Land Evaluation. 相似文献
3.
皖南紫红色砂石岩上发育土壤的系统分类研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对皖南不同时期紫红色砂石岩上发育的8个土壤剖面,按中国土壤系统分类体系,进行鉴别、检索、分类定名。阐述发生分类紫色土的2个亚类级土壤类型在中国土壤系统分类中归为3个土纲,即均腐土、雏形土和新成土;3个亚纲,即湿润均腐土、湿润雏形土和正常新成土;4个土类和6个亚类。提出按中国土壤系统分类的紫色土分类系统;并与美国土壤系统分类、国际土壤分类参比基础进行了参比。讨论了皖南紫红色砂石岩上发育为均腐土的成土环境条件,同时对发生分类紫色土在中国土壤系统分类类别检索提出修订建议。 相似文献
4.
The amounts of monomeric silica released on trimethylsilylation of a range of Soil Groups of the Darleith Soil Association, developed on glacial till derived from Carboniferous age lavas of basic and intermediate composition, is significantly higher than the amounts released from corresponding Soil Groups of the Lauder Soil Association, developed on glacial till derived from Devonian age conglomerates and sandstone. Monoremic silica release values for the leached soils within an association are, in general, higher than those of the gley soils. For all soil profiles the eluvial horizon released the smallest amount of monomeric silica with the maximum amount being released, in most instances, from the illuvial horizon. Ferromagnesian minerals and crystalline clay minerals, in particular vermiculite and chlorite in the Darleith Association soils, release monomeric silica under acid conditions. For both the Darleith and Lauder Association soils the principal source of monosilicic acid is thought to be aluminosilica gel of low Si:A1 ratio. 相似文献
5.
《Geoderma》2005,124(3-4):253-265
To test the applicability of the Soil Reference Base of Soil Resources (ISSS/ISRIC/FAO, 1998. World Reference Base for Soil Resources, World Soil Resources Report 84, FAO, Rome) for soils derived from anthropogenic substrates, soils developed on lignite ashes in Germany which have some similarities with andosols were compared with natural volcanic soils from different countries. Soil parameters used for comparison were bulk density, clay content, Alo+0.5 Feo, and P-retention, as they serve as diagnostic criteria to define either vitric or andic horizons. For Alo+0.5 Feo, and P-retention, there was no statistically significant difference between both soil groups, the bulk densities of the lignite ash-derived soils were even significantly lower than those of the natural volcanic soils. Moreover, pH, total organic carbon, cation exchange capacity as well as the contents of carbonates and gypsum were collated and differences emerged between both soil groups concerning the contents of carbonates, gypsum and total organic carbon. In case of the lignite ash-derived soils, these parameters as well as the contents of oxalate soluble oxides were strongly influenced by the composition of the anthropogenic parent material. Up to now, such soil materials are not included as soil-forming materials in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources. We therefore suggested the introduction of a new diagnostic soil material, the so-called technogenic soil material into the anthropogeomorphic soil materials and to introduce “technogenic anthrosols” as a new reference subunit. In our proposition, technogenic materials are defined as anthropogeomorphic materials which are formed by technical processes including a distinct degree of transformation and/or new formation of soil-forming materials. Soil materials are categorised as “technogenic” when they consist of more than 70% (by volume) of soil material derived from technical processes like, e.g. combustion products of fossil energy sources, sewage sludges, blast furnace slags, etc.To include as much information as possible into the name of a soil, we developed a concept of reference soil series for the WRB combining pedogenetic and lithogenic information. Within this concept, these soils should be considered to be a subunit of anthrosols (vitri- or andi-technogenic anthrosols) and the specific properties of the soil-forming material (coaly, calcaric, gypsiric) should be given as additional information as Reference Soil Series as well as texture and kind of parent material. 相似文献
6.
7.
黏粒矿物影响着土壤理化性质，可指示成土因素特征和土壤发生发育过程/强度，也是中国土壤系统分类的基层单元土族矿物学类型划分的重要依据。本研究选择了广西不同纬度和成土母质的18个代表性水耕人为土的剖面，应用X射线衍射（XRD）方法分析了其典型水耕氧化还原层（Br层）的黏粒矿物组成及其空间分布特征，并确定了其中“黏质”剖面的土族控制层段矿物学类型。结果表明：（1）供试土壤的黏粒矿物主要包括高岭石、伊利石、三水铝石、1.42 nm过渡矿物、蒙脱石和蛭石等，依次分别出现在100%、88.9%、72.2%、61.1%、44.4%和38.9%的剖面中。（2）黏粒矿物组成在纬度空间分布上具有明显规律性特征。随着纬度降低，土壤黏粒中的高岭石增加，伊利石、蒙脱石、1.42nm过渡矿物逐渐减少；纬度＞23°N区域内，成土母质对黏粒矿物组成影响明显。（3）纬度23°N是黏粒矿物组成和土族矿物学类型分界线，＜23°N区域，黏粒矿物均以高岭石为主，是“黏质”剖面的土族控制层段的主要矿物学类型；＞23°N区域，黏粒矿物组成以高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石或1.42 nm过渡矿物为主，因成土母质不同而异，“黏质”剖面的土族控制层段矿物学类型包括高岭石混合型、混合型和伊利石型。 相似文献
8.
为了解我国亚热带地区山地草甸土性态的变化和成土特点,从福建、浙江、江西、安徽、湖南和贵州等省采集了20个代表性山地草甸土剖面,详细观察了土壤剖面形态特征,分析了土壤颗粒组成、有机质、阳离子交换量(CEC)、酸度、氧化铁形态和黏土矿物类型等指标,并从诊断分类的角度探讨了它们在中国土壤系统分类中的地位。结果表明:这一地区的山地草甸土表层有机质积累均非常明显,颜色普遍呈黑色和深褐色,土壤酸化明显,土壤氧化铁游离度多在40%以下,土壤CEC较高。但研究也发现,不同样点之间土壤的土体厚度、剖面构型、黏化状况、有机质垂直分布、氧化铁含量、矿物类型及其诊断层和诊断特性均有较大的差异。土体构型大致有Ah-C、Ah-Bw-C、Ah-Bt-C和Ah-G-C等4类。根据中国土壤系统分类的诊断标准,可把研究的20个剖面归并为均腐土、潜育土、淋溶土、雏形土和新成土等5个土纲,下续分为6个亚纲、10个土类和15个亚类。研究认为,在地理发生分类中笼统地把这些土壤归为一个土类存在边界不明确等问题。 相似文献
9.
中国土壤系统分类中盐成土及其相关土壤诊断标准的修订建议 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
对土壤进行科学分类是土壤资源开发和利用的基础,也是土壤调查制图的基础,在农业生产、土地利用的决策和管理中发挥着重要作用,标志着土壤科学的发展水平.目前国际上土壤分类主要有《美国土壤系统分类》(以下简称《ST》)[1]和《世界土壤资源参比基础》(以下简称《WRB》)[2],我国从1984年开始的中国土壤系统分类研究,也已形成了具有中国特色的《中国土壤系统分类》(以下简称《CST》)[3]成果.这三个分类体系都是以定量化的诊断层和诊断特性为基础的多阶层土壤分类体系. 相似文献
10.
《Soil Use and Management》1991,7(4):246-247
World Map of the Status of Human-Induced Soil Degradation. Global Assessment of Soil Degradation (GLASOD) By L.R. Oldeman, R.T.A. Hakkeling & W.G. Sombroek
Evaluation of Land Resources in Scotland Edited by J.S. Bibby & M.F. Thomas. 相似文献
Evaluation of Land Resources in Scotland Edited by J.S. Bibby & M.F. Thomas. 相似文献
11.
T. A. Sokolova E. Yu. Pakhomova F. R. Zaidelman 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2012,67(4):143-151
The composition and the regularities of the profile distribution of the clay minerals in the solods of the Baraba Steppe (ground moistening) and the Priobskoe Plateau (atmospheric moistening) were studied. The two profiles have the distinct eluvial-illuvial distribution of the clay fraction. The composition of the clay fraction in the eluvial layer is dominated by illite. The content of chlorite and labile minerals of the montmorillonite group increases downwards in the profile. The revealed regularities in the profile distribution of the clay fraction and some groups of clay minerals are explained by the joint influence of the mineral dissolution under the influence of the gleying and alkaline hydrolysis, as well as the processes of illitization and lessivage. The major differences in the content and distribution of the clay minerals between the solods and the podzolic soils are the following. The solods have a clear illuvial layer in the clay, while the majority of podzolic soil profiles have the eluvial distribution of the silty fraction. The solods in the eluvial part of the profile and sometimes in even the bottom layers have an unusually high content of the illite minerals in the clay fraction due to illitization. The podzolic layers of the solods do not contain soil chlorites common for the eluvial layers of the podzolic soils, which is due here to a less acidic medium that can not provide the proper conditions of aluminum mobilization and migration needed for the development of chloritization. 相似文献
12.
13.
Detailed soil mapping in the Ransdalerveld area pointed to the occurrence of clay soils of different ages, characteristics and genesis. Three representative soil profiles were therefore selected and studied in detail.In this first of three articles, some observations and conclusions on the distribution, age and characteristics of these soils are presented. The “old” soils, developed on the plateaus in predominantly limestone-weathering residues, are classified as Lithic Hapludalfs, whereas the “young” soils on the valley slopes are classified as Rendollic Eutrochrepts if they lack a loess cover and as Typic Hapludalfs if they have a loess cover. Weathering and soil formation are discussed in the second and third parts. 相似文献
14.
New and previously published data on the soils of western Georgia are generalized, and traditional soil names are correlated with the units of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources. It is argued that krasnozems (red ferrallitic soils) can be attributed to the group of Nitisols (the soils characterized by intense weathering (ferralization) and having shiny ped faces in the nitic horizon); yellow and yellow-brown soils (zheltozems), to the group of Luvisols (the soils with relatively high adsorption capacity in the eluvial horizons and with the horizon of the illuvial accumulation of clay); yellow-podzolic (zheltozem-podzolic) soils, to Alisols (slightly acid soils with the low adsorption capacity, poor aggregation of the upper horizons, low-activity (kaolinite) clay, and with the horizon of clay accumulation (argic horizon)); brown forest soils, to Cambisols (the soils with the cambic horizon characterized by some alteration of the lithogenic texture and structure into the pedogenic texture and structure); and mountainous forest-meadow and meadow soils, to Umbrisols (the soils with the dark-colored unsaturated umbric horizon). 相似文献
15.
Richard C. Berg 《Geoderma》1984,32(1):45-62
A beach ridge and dune complex with good radiocarbon control sampling the last 3500 radiocarbon years B.P. provides new insights on the early genesis of clay bands in sandy soils. Soil profiles were sampled by age groups, described in the field, and then subjected to laboratory analyses for particle-size distribution, pH, organic carbon, carbonate minerals, and extractable iron and manganese. This study suggests that small increases in pH, brought about by small increases in carbonate content within the soil profile, are responsible for flocculating small amounts of illuviated clay. This process, along with a transition to a greater hydraulic conductivity with soil depth due to coarser textures in any given profile, partly explains the existence and possible reason for the initiation of illuvial zones and eventually for clay-band horizons. A pronounced increase in the thickness of incipient clay-band horizons in soils older than 2300 years appears due to finer textures in the parent materials than are present in younger soils. Because of slightly reduced porosity and lower permeability, carbonates and a high pH are retained in both illuvial and eluvial horizons of some of these older soils. In addition, only in those profiles older than 2300 years do clay and iron oxide concentrations coincide and is there some suggestion of greater amounts of extractable manganese in horizons of minimum iron and clay. A pronounced segregation of clay-iron bands is not apparent at the study area but should occur in future years as additional amounts of iron and clay are deposited. 相似文献
16.
About 40 anthropogenic soils and soils altered by stagnant water were presented during an excursion through Germany. The discussion
during this tour aimed mainly at the definitions of the WRB (World Reference Base for Soil Resources) soil groups Technosols
and Stagnosols. 相似文献
17.
镉砷复合污染土壤钝化材料研究进展 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10
我国土壤重金属污染严重,尤以镉砷污染最为突出。镉砷复合污染土壤中各元素间表现为拮抗和协同等作用,其有效态含量受土壤pH变化和氧化还原电位等的影响,增加了镉砷复合污染土壤的修复难度,严重威胁我国粮食安全。综述了常见的镉砷复合污染土壤钝化修复材料的优缺点及其对镉砷复合污染土壤钝化修复效果和机理。常见的钝化材料有生物质炭类、磷酸盐类、金属及其氧化物类、含硅类材料、黏土矿物类、有机肥类和新型材料等。有大量研究表明生物质炭材料对镉有良好的吸附效果,为了同时钝化镉砷,通常使用改性生物质炭或与其他材料配合施用,常见的改性/配施材料有金属及其氧化物、黏土矿物、家禽粪便、复合肥等,其钝化反应机制包括离子交换、共沉淀和表面络合等;磷酸盐类主要与铁盐或铁粉配施,通过吸附和同晶替代钝化镉、点位竞争机制钝化砷;金属及其氧化物类多与生物质炭、石灰和黏土矿物等配施,通过专性吸附和共沉淀钝化镉、氧化还原和络合作用等钝化砷;铁硅肥、硅钙肥、硅钾肥等通过共沉淀钝化镉、专性吸附和点位竞争机制钝化砷;黏土矿物中多施用海泡石,主要与金属氧化物和钙镁磷肥等配施,通过离子交换、沉淀和络合反应钝化镉砷;污泥和动物粪便中含有腐殖化程度较高的有机质,主要通过吸附、氧化还原和有机络合以及微生物作用钝化镉砷;此外,富含巯基和氨基、谷聚多以及富含硫和硒的物质也可有效钝化镉砷。本文对镉砷复合污染土壤钝化修复材料进行总结,归纳了镉砷钝化材料特性,以期为镉砷复合污染土壤修复提供一定的指导。 相似文献
18.
土壤微团聚体中矿物-有机复合体特征 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
以国家肥力网湖南祁阳红壤长期定位试验站的长期施有机肥和长期施化肥的土壤为研究对象,采用干筛法获得土壤微团聚体。利用同步辐射红外显微成像法研究土壤微团聚体中黏土矿物和有机官能团的原位分布图谱及其相关性。结果表明:土壤中黏土矿物(3 620 cm-1)和大分子有机物(脂肪,2 920 cm-1;蛋白质,1 650 cm-1;多糖,1 080 cm-1)呈高度异质性的分布规律。其中,黏土矿物和多糖有较为相似的分布模式;而黏土矿物和脂肪、蛋白类物质则呈现差异较大的分布模式。与长期施化肥处理的土壤微团聚体相比,长期施有机肥处理的土壤微团聚体中黏土矿物和大分子有机物呈现更高的分散性。此外,施有机肥和化肥处理土壤微团聚体样品中黏土矿物与有机官能团的决定系数(R2)均为:黏土矿物-脂肪黏土矿物-多糖黏土矿物-蛋白质,表明土壤微团聚体中黏土矿物和大分子有机物的亲和性有差异,且该差异不受长期施肥处理的影响。同步辐射微区域红外谱进一步表明,从土壤微团聚体外部到内部,黏土矿物的特征峰和大分子有机物的特征峰强度均逐渐增加。 相似文献
19.
辽宁省西部是低山丘陵区,年平均温度7.1℃,年平均降雨量400—500毫米,降雨集中在夏季,具有明显的大陆性气候特征,干燥度小于1,属半干旱类型.植被为油松柞木和草原灌木丛林.土壤属棕色森林土向栗钙土过渡的褐土地带.母质主要为花岗片麻岩风化物.山麓缓坡和河谷两岸为黄土丘陵.在黄土沉积物覆盖层下,常见红色风化壳露头,即红色粘土层.此外,并有松软易风化岩层,如砂岩、页岩和变质岩等.本区近百年来,由于自然植被受到严重破坏,大量水土流失,土壤侵蚀严重,土壤有机质含量低,成为辽宁省的低产区.因此,鉴定本区不同母质的土壤矿物胶体组成及其特征,不仅可以研究这一特定自然条件下土壤矿物的转化和形成,并且有助于了解土壤特性和肥力特征. 相似文献
20.
We have selected seven profiles located in a diapiric formation in the North of Spain. The profiles have been analyzed for the mineralogy and the chemical composition of original materials, soils developed above them and clay fractions. Three soils formed on basic rock of volcanic origin (ophite) and rich in alterable minerals, three others formed on clay marl and one soil formed on gypsiferous marl. Plagioclases, pyroxenes, vermiculites, and biotites are the main minerals found in the soil samples and ophitic rocks. Biotite, smectite, chlorite and interstratified chlorite–vermiculite make up the predominant mineralogical association in the clay fraction of the soils. Calcite, biotite and on top of all chlorite are the main minerals in the marls and the soils developed on them, with gypsum predominant in the gypsiferous marl. The mineralogy of its clay fraction is comprised mainly of chlorite and biotite. The variations in content of Al2O3, TiO2 and Na2O in the ophites are considered to be associated with the differences in the evolution of the pyroxenes. The variability of the chemical composition of the Keuper sediments and the soils is attributed more to the chaotic disposition of the Triassic materials in the formation of the diapir than to intense chemical weathering. The low concentrations of silica, iron, and aluminum extractable with ammonium oxalate indicate the low proportion of non-crystalline products. Fundamentally, it is the semiarid conditions in the study zone, together with the processes of extrusion and hydrothermal activity affecting the formation of the diapir, that are responsible for the genesis of the minerals. 相似文献