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1.
甘蓝型油菜与播娘蒿原生质体融合杂种后代的遗传 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
甘蓝型油菜(2n=38)与播娘蒿(2n=28)原生质体融合杂种F1连续自交3代,获得F2、F3和F4后代.用细胞学和SSR分子标记方法,分析杂种后代的染色体数目变异、减数分裂行为以及播娘蒿遗传成分的保留情况.结果表明在F2、F3和F4代中,根尖细胞染色体平均数分别为38.47±3.17、37.65±3.23和36.66±2.95,随着自交世代增加呈减少趋势;在杂种后代减数分裂中,观察到染色体桥、染色体落后、染色体周期不同步、不均等分离等现象;杂种后代F2、F3和F4代中检测到播娘蒿特征条带的平均频率分别为9.62%、2.99%和0.31%,呈减少趋势.因此要实现播娘蒿种质向油菜渗入应该重视F2世代的选择. 相似文献
2.
甘蓝型油菜苗期耐淹性状主基因+多基因遗传分析 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
长江中下游是中国油菜主产区,该地区油菜播栽期间雨水多,易产生湿害,造成产量下降。所以研究甘蓝型油菜苗期耐淹性的遗传规律,对选育耐淹性强油菜新品种,提高油菜产量意义重大。本文应用甘蓝型油菜品种WR-4 (耐淹)和WR-5 (不耐淹)杂交后代衍生的6个世代(P1、F1、P2、B1:2、B2:2、F2:3)群体为材料,全淹6 d后去水恢复生长,去水后第7天调查死苗率,以此为耐淹性指标,于2012和2013年对6个世代群体家系进行耐淹性鉴定。应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法对耐淹性进行遗传分析。结果表明,2个年度该家系群体苗期耐淹性的最适遗传模型分别是E-0和B-3,即2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因和2对加性主基因模型。由此可见,该家系群体甘蓝型油菜苗期耐淹性主要受2对主基因控制,主基因存在加性、显性和上位性效应。当有显性效应存在时(2012年),主基因显性效应值|ha|=0.3475,|hb|=0.0069,大于主基因加性效应值|da|=|db|=0.0036。B1:2、B2:2和F2:3群体的主基因遗传率(h2mg),2012年分别为36.25%、61.40%和61.84%,平均为53.16%;2013年分别为8.30%、30.48%和43.13%;平均为27.30%。2年平均,环境变异占表型变异的59.77%。上述结果表明,甘蓝型油菜苗期耐淹性受2对主基因型控制,但环境对耐淹性状的表型影响较大。F2:3家系群体苗期耐淹性遗传率较高,因此育种上可在早期世代对耐淹性状进行选择。 相似文献
3.
大豆胞囊线虫病（Soybean cyst nematode）严重危害我国大豆生产。我国大豆胞囊线虫有8个生理小种,其中,4号生理小种致病力最强,主要分布在黄淮海大豆产区。了解抗源的遗传模式有助于抗病基因的定位和分子标记的开发。以对大豆胞囊线虫4号生理小种高抗抗源CBL黑豆为父本、高感材料品75-14为母本,构建了F1、F2和F2∶3 3个世代群体,利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型的联合分离分析方法,分析CBL黑豆抗大豆胞囊线虫4号生理小种的遗传效应。结果表明：CBL黑豆对胞囊线虫4号生理小种的抗性受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因和加性-显性-上位性多基因控制,F2世代主基因遗传率为64.47%,F2∶3世代主基因遗传率为75.99%。主基因遗传率较高,育种可以在早代选择。 相似文献
4.
分枝角度是油菜株型重要性状,是油菜品种高产及适合机械化收获理想株型的基本组成之一。为明确油菜分枝角度的遗传,本研究选用油菜分枝角度大的松散型材料6098B和分枝角度小的紧凑型材料Purler配制杂交组合,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型方法对该组合6世代(P1、P2、F1、F2、BCP1和BCP2)的分枝角度进行了遗传分析。结果表明,上部第一分枝(顶枝)和基部第一分枝(基枝)角度的最适合遗传模型均为D-0 (1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因)。顶枝角的主基因加性效应值为4.939º,显性效应值为–4.156º,主基因遗传率在BCP1、BCP2和F2中分别是34.08%、1.40%和14.99%,多基因遗传率分别为24.43%、61.72%和63.98%;而基枝角的主基因加性效应值为2.217º,显性效应值为–1.941º,主基因遗传率在BCP1、BCP2和F2中分别是7.86%、1.24%和4.84%,多基因遗传率分别为66.46%、58.49%和73.96%。结果发现油菜分枝角度明显存在主效基因,为油菜分枝角度的遗传改良奠定了基础。 相似文献
5.
发掘水稻新型雄性不育细胞质源CMS-FA,育成系列优质米不育系和系列新质源恢复系,组配成强优势杂交稻组合的基础上研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的恢复基因遗传。采用新质源(CMS-FA)不育系金农1A与恢复系金恢3号杂交获得杂交F1代种子,种植F1代,收获自交F2代种子。用F1分别与不育系或保持系回交,获得(不育系//不育系/恢复系和不育系/恢复系//保持系)2个测交群体。同时种植P1、P2、F1、F2、B1F1和B2F1等群体,考察花粉染色率、套袋结实率和自然结实率,卡平方测验遗传分离适合度。结果表明,不育系与恢复系杂交F1代正常可育,育性恢复(可育)基因为显性遗传。F2代分离出可育︰不育适合3︰1,育性恢复(可育)基因为1对显性基因控制。B1F1和B2F1代2个测交群体的可育︰不育都适合1︰1分离规律,验证了F2代育性恢复(可育)单基因的遗传模式。暂时确定新质源(CMS-FA)核质互作三系的基因型为不育系S(SS)、保持系F(SS)和恢复系S(FF)。 相似文献
6.
高粱(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)细胞质雄性不育(CMS)有7种类型,即A1~A6和9E。本研究以A6型细胞质雄性不育系A6Tx398和相应保持系B6Tx398为材料,对A6型雄性不育发生的花粉母细胞减数分裂过程染色体行为进行了观察分析。与正常发育的保持系比较,A6CMS花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体行为,在粗线期之前,光学生物显微镜下未观察到差别。从双线期开始,直到末期II观察到各种各样的异常现象。即A6CMS花粉母细胞染色体数目比B6 (2n=20)多一倍,前期I染色体数目为2n=40,在一个细胞中可看到20对同源染色体;后期I同源染色体在移向两极时出现染色体滞后和暂时不分离现象;花粉母细胞末期I未发生胞质分裂形成二分体,致使在前期II可看到有40条姊妹染色体,并以环形、分散形和X型分散于一个细胞中;末期II,在一个细胞内形成2个、3个或4个数目不等的染色体团,个别的可以形成染色体数目不等的三分体,而不形成四分体。A6型CMS花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中染色体行为的异常,使其不能完成正常的减数分裂过程形成四分体,导致小孢子败育。 相似文献
7.
为了明确木醋液对桃蚜短、长期影响,以桃蚜为试虫,用100倍稀释木醋液处理小白菜饲养蚜虫,测得桃蚜繁殖发育数据。结果显示,木醋液处理显著缩短桃蚜繁殖期,而F1代繁殖期比F0代繁殖期延长37%;F0代和F1代产蚜总量与对照组相比分别降低62%和66%;处理组F1代和F2代的存活率比对照组降低23%和24%,但F1代和F2代之间差异不显著;F1代寿命缩短25%,F2代差异不显著。本研究证明木醋液能够缩短桃蚜的繁殖期,延长其若蚜历期,整体缩短桃蚜寿命,降低子代存活率。总之,木醋液对桃蚜的生长发育和繁殖具有一定的抑制作用,但是这种抑制作用会随着施用频次增加而逐渐减弱,即木醋液的短期效应和长期效应存在差异,所以木醋液具有开发为生物农药的价值。 相似文献
8.
本研究利用黑龙江省哈尔滨地区冬季寒冷的气候特点以及形态学和分子细胞遗传学研究手段,对‘龙麦35’与6份寒地多年生麦草杂交后代F1进行选育和分析。结果表明,寒地多年生麦草同中间偃麦草染色体组构成一致,具有出色的抗寒性;寒地多年生麦草1-1-4和7-31花期同‘龙麦35’同步,杂交结实率明显高于其他组合。杂种F1为两亲中间型,植株成活率低,减数分裂时期寒地多年生麦草的染色体可同‘龙麦35’染色体发生配对,但染色体组配对不完全,单价体数量多于二价体,导致植株不育。F1植株虽不具有抗寒性,但具有割后再生性。8个F1株系,仅株系F118731结实,GISH检测结果表明,F218731染色体组带有27条‘龙麦35’染色体,14条麦草染色体和1条小麦-麦草易位染色体,染色体数为42条。本研究可为寒地多年生麦草染色体组的研究和利用提供理论基础。 相似文献
9.
为了探讨氮肥运筹在调控胡麻磷素营养方面的潜力,通过2个土培试验,研究了氮肥用量及等量氮肥的施用时期、比例对胡麻磷素积累和磷素利用的影响。结果表明：施氮显著增加了植株体内的磷素积累量;0.1 g N/kg土及0.2 g N/kg土的氮肥全部作为基肥施用,成熟期植株体内的磷素积累量较不施氮肥分别提高了24.83%和34.23%;0.2 g N/kg土的氮肥,100%基肥(F1)、2/3基肥+1/3现蕾追肥(F2)、1/2基肥+1/2现蕾追肥(F3)、1/6基肥+5/6枞形追肥(F4)、1/6基肥+1/3枞形追肥+1/2现蕾追肥(F5) 5种施用方式下,F2、F3、F4、F5的植株体内磷素积累量,较F1,枞形、现蕾、青果和成熟期分别增加了14.17%~32.60%、9.32%~66.20%、20.47%~36.35%和4.65%~31.04%,且增幅依F2、F3、F4、F5的顺序增加;基肥追肥结合且基肥比例≤1/2的施氮方式,均有效促进了磷的吸收,F3、F4、F5协助磷素累积的效果依次增加。施氮协同提高了磷素吸收效率及磷肥偏生产力;F5比F1、F2、F3、F4,植株干物质积累量和籽粒产量分别提高了7.89%~22.02%和9.59%~26.71%,磷素吸收效率和磷肥偏生产力分别提高了10.58%~31.04%和9.59%~26.71%,磷素干物质生产效率降低了2.42%~7.43%。氮磷的吸收具有协助作用,一定范围内氮肥用量的增加提高了氮磷之间的协助作用;等剂量的氮肥,基肥和追肥结合比全部作为基肥施用可更好地发挥氮磷吸收之间的协助作用;基肥占比小于1/2、现蕾期追肥比例1/2左右,是胡麻较好的促生又促进磷素吸收累积和提高磷肥偏生产力的氮肥运筹方式,但该方式下的磷素干物质生产效率及磷素籽粒生产效率均较低。 相似文献
10.
果实形状是园艺作物商品性的主要指标之一。明确茄子果实形状的遗传规律可为开发相关分子标记以及选育消费者喜欢的果形新品种提供依据。本研究以卵圆茄BC01和长条茄Rf为亲本，构建P1、P2、F1、F2世代遗传群体，利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析方法对果实纵径、横径和果形指数进行遗传分析。结果表明，茄子果实纵径、横径和果形指数之间呈极显著相关性，F2代的果实纵径、横径和果形指数均呈双峰偏态分布。果实纵径由1对加性-显性主基因控制，遗传效应以加性效应控制为主，主基因起增效作用，在F2代的遗传率为73.41%；果实横径由2对等加性主基因控制，主基因起减效作用，在F2代的遗传率为90.99%；果形指数由1对加性主基因控制，在F2代的遗传率为81.46%。 相似文献
11.
Given that feral transgenic canola (Brassica napus) from spilled seeds has been found outside of farmer’s fields and that B. juncea is distributed worldwide, it is possible that introgression to B. juncea from B. napus has occurred. To investigate such introgression, we characterized the persistence of B. napus C genome chromosome (C-chromosome) regions in backcross progenies by B. napus C-chromosome specific simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. We produced backcross progenies from B. juncea and F1 hybrid of B. juncea × B. napus to evaluate persistence of C-chromosome region, and screened 83 markers from a set of reported C-chromosome specific SSR markers. Eighty-five percent of the SSR markers were deleted in the BC1 obtained from B. juncea × F1 hybrid, and this BC1 exhibited a plant type like that of B. juncea. Most markers were deleted in BC2 and BC3 plants, with only two markers persisting in the BC3. These results indicate a small possibility of persistence of C-chromosome regions in our backcross progenies. Knowledge about the persistence of B. napus C-chromosome regions in backcross progenies may contribute to shed light on gene introgression. 相似文献
12.
Among the progenies of a hybrid between common wheat Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yannong 15 and Thinopyron intermedium, plant E99018 was identified with the chromosome number 2n = 42 and stable agronomic traits. An analysis of the metaphase chromosome pairing indicated that it formed 21 bivalents but that 2 univalents were present in the F1 hybrid of this plant with common wheat. Resistance verification by race 15 and with mixed races of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici at the seedling and adult stages showed that at both stages, the plant was immune to powdery mildew. In situ hybridization with the genomic Th. intermedium and the St genome DNAs as probes and wheat DNA as a block has shown that it contained a pair of Th. intermedium chromosomes. On the basis of the hybridization pattern of the St genome probe to the critical chromosome, a conclusion was reached that this pair of chromosomes belonged to the E genome. Therefore, plant E99018 was a spontaneously formed substitution line. An analysis by 116 SSR markers indicated that the substituted wheat chromosome was 2D and the most likely substitution in E99018 is 2E(2D). 相似文献
13.
N. Inomata 《Euphytica》2005,145(1-2):87-93
Brassica napus (2n = 38) and Diplotaxis harra (2n = 26) were used to investigate gene transfer from D. harra to B. napus. Intergeneric F1 hybrids (dihaploid 2n = 32 chromosomes) were obtained through ovary culture. The chromosome associations in the first meiotic division was (0–2)III + (2–10)II + (12–28)I. Many seeds were harvested in the F1 hybrid after backcrossing with B. napus, and from open pollination of the F1 hybrid. Somatic chromosome numbers of BC1 and hybrid plants varied from 2n = 26 to 52. In the first meiotic division, high frequencies of bivalent association and relatively low pollen fertility were
observed. BC2 plants generated from the BC1 plants with 2n = 38 chromosomes, 69.6% showed 2n = 38 chromosomes. Many aneuploids with addition and deletion of chromosomes were also obtained. A bridge plant between B. napus and D. harra with 2n = 32 chromosomes should be valuable material for the breeding of brassica crops. 相似文献
14.
四排穗(four-rowed spike, FRS)性状是超数小穗(supernumerary spikelets, SS)性状的一种类型,表现为在一个穗轴节片上近垂直地着生2个无柄小穗,从而增加了小穗数和穗粒数,对提高产量有一定的潜力。为了解圆锥小麦0880 FRS性状的遗传特征,将0880与正常穗(normal spike, NS)圆锥小麦0879杂交,构建了遗传群体,并对0880 (FRS) × 0879 (NS)与0879 (NS) × 0880 (FRS) F1、F2及F2:3植株的穗部性状进行了调查。结果显示,正反交组合的F1植株均表现为正常穗,F2群体中正常穗与四排穗符合3∶1的分离比例,表明0880的四排穗性状由隐性单基因控制,将该基因定名为frs1;细胞质对frs1无显著影响。采用已定位于普通小麦A组与B组的SSR分子标记并结合混合分组分析法(BSA), 筛选出32个在双亲及F2单株构建的四排穗型池和正常穗型池都具有多态性的SSR分子标记,利用JoinMap4.0软件构建了与frs1连锁的2A染色体11个SSR分子标记遗传图谱,其中SSR标记Xwmc598和Xwmc522位于frs1基因两侧,与该基因的遗传距离分别为4.0 cM和2.4 cM。利用2A染色体缺失系对这11个SSR进行物理定位,Xwmc598和Xwmc522均被定位在2A染色体短臂FL0.00~0.78区域。本研究的结果为frs1基因的精细定位及分子标记辅助选择奠定了基础。 相似文献
15.
Summary The somatic karyotype and meiotic chromosome behavior were studied in an 18-chromosome B1 plant derived from backcrossing a triploid (Brassica napus x B. oleracea ssp. capitata) F1 hybrid to cabbage. It is considered that cabbage chromosomes no. 1 and no. 7 were substituted by two shorter B. napus chromosomes. Meiotic disturbances were more apparent during the late stages of second division. Seed fertility of this plant was largely restored in the second backcrosses with both cabbage and broccoli. 18-chromosome B2 plants resistant to race 2 of Plasmodiophora brassicae were recovered among the progenies.Contribution no. J. 725 from the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, St-Jean, Québec J3B 6Z8. 相似文献
16.
大豆品种豫豆25抗疫霉根腐病基因的鉴定 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
大豆疫霉根腐病是大豆破坏性病害之一。防治该病的最有效方法是利用抗病品种。迄今,已在大豆基因组的9个座位鉴定了15个抗大豆疫霉根腐病基因,但是只有少数基因如Rps1c、Rps1k抗性在我国是有效的。因此,必需发掘新的抗疫霉根腐病基因,以满足抗病育种的需求。豫豆25具有对大豆疫霉菌的广谱抗性,是目前筛选出的最优异的抗源。以豫豆25为抗病亲本分别与豫豆21和早熟18杂交构建F2:3家系群体。两个群体的抗性遗传分析表明,豫豆25对疫霉根腐病的抗性由一个显性单基因控制,暂定名为RpsYD25。用SSR标记分析两个群体,RpsYD25均被定位于大豆分子遗传图谱N连锁群上。由于Rps1座位已作图在N连锁群,选择Rps1k基因中的一些SSR设计引物,检测RpsYD25与Rps1座位的遗传关系。结果表明,一个SSR标记Rps1k6与RpsYD25连锁,二者之间的遗传距离为19.4 cM。因此,推测RpsYD25可能是Rps1座位的一个新等位基因,也可能是一个新的抗病基因。 相似文献
17.
四倍体圆锥小麦(Triticum turgidum L.ssp.turgidum)地方品种矮蓝麦是我国重要的小麦矮秆基因资源,经鉴定其矮秆特性对外源赤霉酸敏感。2012年配制矮蓝麦与2个高秆圆锥小麦的正反交组合,2012—2013年在四川绵阳分别种植F1、F2代和F2:3家系,对株高的遗传分析表明,矮蓝麦的矮秆性状受1对隐性基因控制。利用BSA法构建高秆和矮秆池筛选多态性SSR标记,并对矮蓝麦/青稞麦F2分离群体进行连锁分析,将目标基因定位于7AS染色体上,与标记GWM471的遗传距离为2.5 c M。矮蓝麦与矮秆番麦正反交的F1和F2群体表现非常相似的株高变异特征,初步推测矮蓝麦的矮秆基因是Rht22;进一步用高通量SNP和DAr T标记对两品种进行全基因组扫描,发现二者的遗传相似性高达98.7%~99.3%。因此认为,历史上矮蓝麦和矮秆番麦可能是同一品种,是通过人为交流而传播到不同地方。矮蓝麦携带的矮秆基因在人工合成六倍体小麦遗传背景中降低株高能力中等或较弱,在育种中需要聚合其他矮秆基因而被利用。 相似文献
18.
Liguleless phenotypes of wheat lack ligule and auricle structures on all leaves of the plant. Two recessive genes principally control the liguleless character in tetraploid wheat. The F2 progenies of k17769 (liguleless mutant)/Triticum dicoccoides and k17769/T. dicoccum segregated in a 15:1 ratio, whereas the F2 progenies of k17769/T. durum and k17769/T. turgidum segregated in a 3:1 ratio. A new gene, lg3, was found on chromosome 2A. Segregation of F2 progenies between k17769 and chromosome substitution lines for homoeologous group 2 chromosomes suggested that the liguleless genotype had occurred by mutation at the lg3 locus on chromosome 2A, and then by mutation at the lg1 locus on chromosome 2B, in the process of domestication of tetraploid wheat. The gene (lg1) was linked to Tc2 (11.9 cM), which determines phenol colour reaction of kernels, on the long arm of chromosome 2B. The distance of lg1 to the centromere was found to be 60.4 cM, and microsatellite mapping established the gene order, centromere – Xgwm382 – Xgwm619 – Tc2 – lg1 on the long arm of chromosome 2B. 相似文献
19.
Summary The first backcross and F2 progenies from triploid F1 and tetraploid F1 hybrids between B. napus and 2x and 4x B. oleracea ssp. capitata (cabbage) were studied for their general morphology, resistance to race 2 of the clubroot pathogen, chromosome number and meiotic chromosome behavior. No linkage was apparent between resistance and the major morphological characters. Unreduced gametes played a large part in the successful formation of seed of the B1 and F2 progeny. B1 plants with low chromosome numbers were selected for use in recurrent backcrosses. The potential use of anther culture to extract gametic progenies from resistant B1 and F2 plants with higher chromosome numbers was suggested. The presence of homoeologous pairing observed in all the plants is considered advantageous for selecting suitable progeny in later generations. 相似文献
20.
N. Inomata 《Euphytica》2003,133(1):57-64
The cytogenetic study was investigated in the intergeneric F1 hybrid, F2and backcross progenies (BC1). The plants used were Brassica juncea(2n=36) and Diplotaxis virgata(2n=18). Three intergeneric F1 hybrids between two species were produced through ovary culture. They showed 36 chromosomes. It might consist one genome
of B. juncea and two genomes of D. virgata. The morphology of the leaves resembled that of B. juncea. The color of the petals was yellow that was like in D. virgata. The size of the petal was similar to that of B. juncea. The mean pollen fertility was15.3% and the chromosome associations in the first meiotic division were(0–1)IV+(0–2)III+(8–12)II+(12–20)I. Many F2 and BC1seeds were harvested after open pollination and backcross of the F1 hybrids withB. juncea, respectively. The F2seedlings showed different chromosome constitutions and the range was from 28 to54 chromosomes. Most seedlings had 38chromosomes
followed by 36, 40 and 54. The BC1 seedlings also showed different chromosome constitutions and the range was from 29 to 62. Most seedlings had both 40and 54
chromosomes followed by 36, 46 and52. In the first meiotic division of F2 and BC1 plants, a high frequency of bivalent associations was observed in all the various kinds of somatic chromosomes. Many F3 and BC2 seeds were obtained by self-pollination and open pollination of both F2 and BC1 plants, and by backcrossing both F2 and BC1plants with B. juncea, respectively,especially, three type progeny with 36, 40or 54 chromosomes. The somatic chromosomes of the F3 and BC2 plants were further investigated. The bridge plants between B. juncea and D. virgata with 36 chromosomes may be utilized for breeding of other Brassica crops as well as B. juncea.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献