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Understanding how birds detect and react to deterrent methods which are employed to protect structures is important both for the effective control of property damage, and to ensure that human health and safety are not compromised. One such device is a shock strip that causes slight pain to birds when they use a perch. Our aims were to determine: (1) the efficacy of a shock strip to flocks of Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater), and Rock Pigeons (Columba livia); (2) the length of time to extinction of effect; (3) whether members of a flock show a behavioural response to treatment; and (4) whether the birds habituate to the treatment. When activated, shock strips were effective in displacing birds from treated areas. Birds had to experience the treatment; there was no discernible indication of flock members reacting to affected birds. When strips were deactivated after an initial period of activation, birds required more than 2 hours to return to treated areas. No habituation was observed. Because birds had to experience the shock, reduced coverage of a structure or use of sham devices to lower costs is considered inadvisable. 相似文献
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J. E. Moore 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(3):231-238
Abstract The leafminer Scrobipalpula absoluta Meyr. is a serious pest of tomatoes in the Los Valles region of the eastern foothills of the Bolivian Andes. An initial insecticide screening trial showed that the local population of S. absoluta had developed a high resistance to organophosphorous insecticides. Soil‐applied carbamates and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner were also ineffective. Further trials were carried out to establish the optimum rates and timing of applications of two synthetic pyrethroids, fenvalerate and permethrin. The results showed that organophosphate‐resistant S. absoluta can be satisfactorily controlled under commercial growing conditions with tow doses of pyrethroid insecticides. Permethrin had greater toxicity and persistence than fenvalerate, and could be applied at longer intervals. It is recommended that permethrin, either as Ambush 50 e.c. at 100 ml/ha or as Pounce 30 e.c. at 170 ml/ha, be applied weekly or at 10–14‐day intervals at the beginning of the season or when infestations and damage are light. 相似文献
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Fortunati Elena Rescignano Nicoletta Botticella Ermelinda La Fiandra Domenico Renzi Marsilio Mazzaglia Angelo Torre Luigi Kenny Josè Maria Balestra Giorgio Mariano 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2016,123(6):301-310
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Nanotechnology can change the scenario of current tools minimizing the chemical inputs in plant protection. Here, novel poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide acid)... 相似文献
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An experimental trial of integrated pest management against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) based on mass trapping with a density of 32 traps per hectare was conducted in a 5 ha open‐field tomato crop. During this trial, the efficiency of three brands of sex pheromone dispenser commercialized in Tunisia was tested. The ‘superdosed’ pheromone lure type TUA‐Optima® (Russell IPM, Deeside, Flintshire, CH5 2LA, United Kingdom) loaded with 0.8 mg of synthetic pheromone was more attractive to males of T. absoluta, and these lures should be used with high populations. Standard lures Pherodis® and TUA‐500® containing 0.5 mg of pheromone were less attractive, and can be used in open‐field tomato crops with lower populations of T. absoluta. An assessment of the susceptibility of crop borders to T. absoluta, based on data collected from traps, revealed that levels of adult T. absoluta were similar between borders with either tomato or cereal crops. Particular attention should thus be paid to crop borders even when not adjacent to other tomato crops. 相似文献
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Genetic tests were carried out in the greenhouse to determine whether resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in the tomato cultivar Ontario 7710 and in the wild accession PI 126430 (Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium) was controlled by different genes. Ontario 7710 (genotype of resistance Pto/Pto), PI 126430, their F! and F2 progenies and F( x susceptible progenies were tested for resistance to the bacterial speck pathogen. No lesions appeared on inoculated leaves in plants of Ontario 7710, PI 126430 and the Fj hybrid. F2 progenies segregated for resistance (symptomless) and susceptibility (50-80 lesions per plant) at a ratio of 15:1. Plants from the cross Fj x susceptible segregated at a ratio of 3 resistant: 1 susceptible. These data indicate that the gene for resistance in PI 126430 is different from that found in Ontario 7710. The gene symbol Pto-2 is proposed for the resistance factor in PI 126430. 相似文献
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Flupyradifurone effectively manages whitefly Bemisia tabaci MED (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus in tomato 
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下载免费PDF全文 Emmanouil Roditakis Marianna Stavrakaki Maria Grispou Aikaterini Achimastou Xavier Van Waetermeulen Ralf Nauen Anastasia Tsagkarakou 《Pest management science》2017,73(8):1574-1584
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Phosphonate uptake and distribution were evaluated in tomato plantlets by direct determination and by autoradiography. The rate of root uptake was linear during the 2 h of assay, suggesting active transport of the molecule. Phosphonate was readily taken up through the roots and translocated to the leaves, which contained the molecule within 2 min of root application. Autoradiography showed that phosphonate was transferred apoplastically by veins and progressively entered the lamina by symplastic transport. After a root loading of 2 h, plants were transferred to water and phosphonate levels were evaluated over the following 3 days: the concentrations in roots increased with a corresponding decrease in phosphonate levels in the leaves. These experiments demonstrated the ambimobility of phosphonate. 相似文献
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An outbreak of larvae and adults of a devastating moth was noted to be causing severe damage in tomato grown in greenhouses at Khartoum State, Sudan during June 2010. Symptoms included foliage mining and leaves drying. Photographs of symptoms and larvae and adults of the pest (and subsequently specimens) were sent to Russell IPM, UK and the Finnish Museum of Natural History for identification. The pest was identified as Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). This is the first official record of T. absoluta in Sudan, based on surveys in tomato production areas in Khartoum, Gezira, Red Sea and North Kordofan States and eggplant and potato in Khartoum State. Severe yield loss due to the serious feeding damage on foliage and fruits infestation was reported on tomato and eggplant fields at Khartoum State. 相似文献
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本研究运用 MEGA 7.0 进行多序列比对并构建系统进化树,利用实时荧光定量 PCR(qRT-PCR)分析SlAGO1在番茄组织中的表达水平及接种TYLCV后的防御响应;通过沉默番茄八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因SlPDS,建立‘矮番茄'沉默体系,采用 qRT-PCR 分析SlAGO1在沉默后对TYLCV表达的影响。系统进化树结果显示SlAGO1a/b(SlAGO1)氨基酸序列同源性极高,暗示其为同一个基因在染色体上的多个拷贝;qRT-PCR分析表明,SlAGO1在花、叶中显著表达,且受TYLCV的诱导表达;VIGS沉默SlAGO1后接种TYLCV侵染性克隆,植株表现出明显的病毒症状,qRT-PCR分析显示病毒含量显著高于对照,表明SlAGO1在番茄植株抗病毒中发挥重要作用。研究结果可为番茄抗病毒机制研究及番茄抗病毒育种奠定基础。 相似文献
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E. S. I. Mohamed M. E. E. Mahmoud M. A. M. Elhaj S. A. Mohamed S. Ekesi 《EPPO Bulletin》2015,45(1):108-111
This paper presents the results from a survey that was carried out to determine the host plants of tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in five States in Sudan. This survey was carried out in greenhouses and open‐field vegetable production areas between the years 2011 and 2014 using pheromone traps. The survey showed that the main host plant of T. absoluta is tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), but it also attacks potato (Solanum tuberosum), eggplant (S. melongena) Jimson weed (Datura stramonium) and S. dubium in the family Solanaceae, and broad bean (Vicia faba) and alfalfa plant (Medicago sativa) in the family Fabaceae. This paper is the first record of the following plans being hosts for T. absoluta: Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in the family Cucurbitaceae, Physic nut (Jatropha curcas) in the family Euphorbiaceae, spiny amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus) in the family Amaranthaceae, Ramtouk (Xanthium brasilicum) in the family Asteraceae and S. dubium. The study showed that the leafminer male numbers and the symptoms were significantly increased in S. melongena and S. dubium after severe damage and complete loss of the main host, the tomato crop and these two species may be the preferred alternative host plants. 相似文献
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The evaluation of two methods of plant protection in tomato crops cultivated in greenhouses against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in the region of Teboulba in Tunisia was performed. This study evaluated the use of insect‐proof screens alone or in combination with one sex pheromone water trap compared to a control greenhouse not equipped with either. The study confirms that the use of one sex pheromone water trap combined with insect‐proof covering of doors and aeration openings is sufficient to guarantee good crop protection. This combined control system allowed a low density of the pest (less than 2 individuals per leaf) to be maintained and a mean number of mines below 1 mine per leaf. 相似文献
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First record of tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Kyrgyzstan 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 This short note reports the first record of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Kyrgyzstan. This pest was found in February 2017 in greenhouses producing tomatoes, located 15 km from Bishkek. Identification of the pest was carried out in the Plant Protection Department, Çukurova University, Turkey based on the morphology of adults and larvae and the male genitalia. According to initial surveys this pest could be a major threat to tomato production in Kyrgyzstan. 相似文献
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A. Th. B. Rast 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1965,71(3):91-93
Samenvatting Er wordt een korte beschrijving gegeven van de symptomen op tomaat, tabak en andere waardplanten (fig. 1), veroorzaakt door een blijkbaar onbekende stam van het tabaksmozaïekvirus (TMV). Er werden proeven gedaan om de verwantschap met tabakstype TMV vast te stellen. Er wordt een poging tot identificatie met andere stammen ondernomen. 相似文献
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The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) was first identified in the region of Akkouda in October 2008 before it spread to all tomato‐producing areas in Tunisia. The introduction of this pest disturbed existing pest control programmes in greenhouses and open fields, forcing Tunisian growers to use more chemicals to reduce its impact on their crops. A national programme was adopted to control T. absoluta, including cultural practices, the use of pheromones, the installation of insect‐proof screens in greenhouses, and the use of organic insecticides including Bacillus thuringiensis Kurstaki (Bt) and plant extract‐based products. In addition, a few experiments in biological control, using the predatory Mirid Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Heteroptera: Miridae) and the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), were conducted in greenhouses and open‐field crops (producing tomatoes for fresh consumption as well as for processing). This paper describes the status of T. absoluta in Tunisia, including data collected from sex pheromone traps installed in six tomato‐producing areas (Takelssa, Korba, Teboulba, Bekalta, Sousse and Kairouan) between 2009 and 2011, and control strategies in greenhouses and open fields. 相似文献
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Shiro Fukuta Reiko Takahashi Satoru Kuroyanagi Noriyuki Miyake Hirofumi Nagai Hirofumi Suzuki Fujio Hashizume Tomoko Tsuji Hiromi Taguchi Hideki Watanabe Koji Kageyama 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2013,136(4):689-701
A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reaction with a primer set designed from the rDNA ITS sequence of P. aphanidermatum was developed. Results of a specificity test using 57 strains of Pythium spp. indicated that the LAMP assay gave no cross reactions in other 39 Pythium species, 11 strains of Phytophthora spp. and eight other soil borne pathogens. The detection limit was 10 fg of genomic DNA, which was ten times the sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction. The LAMP assay was applied to hydroponic solution samples from tomato fields, and the results were compared to those of the conventional plating method. LAMP was observed to be effective for the specific detection of P. aphanidermatum. Furthermore, P. aphanidermatum was detected directly in tomato roots infected with P. aphanidermatum without DNA extraction. The LAMP method established in this study is a simple, sensitive and rapid tool for the detection of P. aphanidermatum. 相似文献
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The photolytic behaviour of the insecticide imidacloprid on the surface of tomato leaves as a result of exposure to natural sunlight was investigated. Photodegradation in sunlight was rapid and the degradation products (⩾10%) were similar to those found in plant degradation studies. 相似文献
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