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D Maes J Dewulf C Vanderhaeghe K Claerebout A de Kruif 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2006,41(5):438-443
The assessment of an early and reliable pregnancy diagnosis in sows is very important for limiting the number of non-productive days in sow herds. The aim of the present study was to investigate the accuracy of trans-abdominal ultrasound detection for early pregnancy diagnosis in sows under field conditions. Particular attention was paid to the time when a reliable diagnosis can be made, and to possible differences between two commonly used types of scanners. In total, 202 sows from two herds were tested daily with scanners A (linear transducer of 5 MHz) and B (sector transducer of 3.5 MHz) from day 16 until 25 after insemination. Ninety-three percentage of the sows were pregnant 36 days after insemination. Using ultrasound, the first pregnancy could be detected already 18 days after insemination. The sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy were higher than 95% from day 24 (scanner A) or day 23 (scanner B) post-insemination onwards. The positive predictive values from day 19 onwards were consistently higher than 95% with both types of scanners, whereas the negative predictive values were consistently low for both scanners during the entire period. The sensitivity of testing tended to be slightly lower in sows with a litter size of <10 total born piglets, compared to sows with 10 or more piglets. In conclusion, pregnancy diagnosis in sows using trans-abdominal ultrasound testing can be assessed quickly and reliably under field conditions from day 23 of gestation onwards. Predictive values of positive test results were high in these herds, whereas those of negative test results were low. This implies that sows with a negative test result early in pregnancy should be retested later. 相似文献
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Blood samples taken from the ear vein of 1037 sows two to three weeks after service were assayed the same day using Ovucheck 'Sowside' kits. Colour development was compared with oestrous and pregnancy controls. Reliable data on reproductive performance were obtained from 908 sows sampled 17 to 20 days after service. The accuracy of identification of 796 pregnant and 12 non-pregnant sows was 94.6 per cent and 35.7 per cent, respectively. Excluding animals which returned outside the normal range of 18 to 24 days, 52.1 per cent of 48 empty sows were identified by the test. Problems with blood sampling were reported on seven of 18 farms and this may explain the low accuracy of the kit on some farms. 相似文献
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The pregnancy rates at 20 and 50 days were tested by sampling 91 hybridization sows more than 16 days using the intuitive, fast, accurate and non-invasive portable veterinary B ultrasound instrument in the pig breeding farm had 300 sows. The results showed that the nonpregnant diagnostic accuracy rate was 100% at 18 to 20 days, and the pregnant diagnostic accuracy rate was 100% at 40 to 50 days. According the diagnostic results, the pregnancy, disease, estrus, nonpregnancy and non-estrused sows were took the appropriate measures such as nursing, treatment, supplementary breeding and sensuality, the non-productive days of the individuals and groups of sows were improved by above measures. The study built a intuitive, fast, accurate sows early pregnancy diagnosis technology, which improved the fertility of the individuals and groups of sows increased the economic benefit of pig farm. 相似文献
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The pregnancy diagnosis in sows using direct radioimmunoassay of estrone-sulphate in the blood serum without sample extraction is described. It was found that for the pregnancy diagnosis the period between days 22 and 30 of pregnancy can be used since in this period the estrone-sulphate concentrations in all pregnant sows markedly exceeded those of 64 non-pregnant animals. The estrone-sulphate estimation cannot be used for the pregnancy diagnosis before day 22 and between day 30 and 40 because the estrone-sulphate concentrations in most samples collected in these periods were lower than 4 nmol.l-1. 相似文献
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Two pregnancy diagnosis techniques, vaginal biopsy and ultrasonic detection, were applied to 190 sows following service. Of 172 sows diagnosed pregnant by vaginal biopsy, five did not farrow. Of 18 sows judged not pregnant, one produced a litter. With the ultrasound technique, 175 sows were diagnosed pregnant, but 11 did not farrow. Of the remaining 15 sows considered not pregnant by the 39th day after service, four farrowed. The biopsy result was usually available up to 48 hours earlier than the ultrasound result. It was concluded that where laboratory facilities are available, the biopsy technique is the method of choice. 相似文献
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Almond GW Bosu WT King GJ 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1985,26(7):205-208
This investigation was designed to assess the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values of amplitude-depth and Doppler pregnancy detectors when utilized for pregnancy diagnosis of mated sows. Mated sows (n = 38) were tested daily from 15 to 45 days after mating for pregnancy with the ultrasound instruments. The same procedure was performed with nonmated sows (n = 10) 15 to 45 days after estrus. Both instruments were unreliable for pregnancy diagnosis between 15 and 22 days after mating. Between 23 and 45 days after mating the Doppler pregnancy detector was more specific and had greater positive predictive values. In contrast the amplitude-depth pregnancy detector was more sensitive during the same time interval.
Serum estrone sulphate concentrations were determined in samples collected between 27 and 30 days after mating or estrus, as an alternate method of pregnancy diagnosis. Serum estrone sulphate concentrations were always equal to or greater than 0.5 ng/mL in the pregnant sows, while in the nonmated sows estrone sulphate concentrations were never more than 0.5 ng/mL serum.
相似文献9.
A simple and reliable method for the determination of progesterone in milk fat by radioimmunoassay has been developed. Application of the assay under field conditions has shown that all samples diagnosed " questionable" in the former milk progesterone test (MPT) could be characterized as positive or negative. Thus the total figure of animals daignosed correctly rose from 72.3% to 85.8%. The borderlines (ng progesterone / 10 mcl milk fat) set up for this assay were (1) pregnant and (1) nonpregnant (Day 20) and (.3) in estrus and (.3) not in estrus ( Day 0). Within the application for diagnosis of pregnancy, 81.4% were diagnosed correctly as pregnant while 96.3% were diagnosed correctly as not pregnant. The latter figure is somewhat lower than in the MPT (100%), but under the practical conditions the error lies within the range of false diagnosis due to problems with sample identification. 相似文献
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Efficacy of the classical swine fever (CSF) marker vaccine Porcilis Pesti in pregnant sows 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
The efficacy of the classical swine fever (CSF) subunit marker vaccine Porcilis Pesti based on baculovirus expressed envelope glycoprotein E2 of CSF virus (CSFV) was evaluated in pregnant sows. Ten gilts were vaccinated with one dose of marker vaccine, followed by a second dose 4 weeks later. Four gilts remained unvaccinated and received a placebo at the same times. Thirty-three days after the second vaccination all animals were artificially inseminated. Neither local or systemic reactions nor an increase of body temperature were observed after vaccinations. All gilts showed a normal course of pregnancy. Thirty-five days after first vaccination all animals developed E2 specific neutralising antibodies with titres in the range of 5.0 and 7.5 log(2). No antibodies to CSFV-E(rns) were found in ELISA.On day 65 of gestation (126 days after the first immunisation) all sows were infected intranasally using 2ml (10(6.6) TCID(50)/ml) of the low virulent CSFV strain "Glentorf". After challenge in two of the unvaccinated control sows a slight transient increase of body temperature was observed, whereas leukopenia was demonstrated in all control animals. In addition all controls became viraemic. Vaccinations with the CSFV subunit vaccine protected the animals from clinical symptoms of CSF. In two sows a moderate decrease of leukocyte counts was detected on day 5 post infection. In contrast to the unvaccinated control sows in none of the vaccinated animals virus was isolated from the nasal swabs or the blood.Approximately 40 days after challenge all sows were killed and necropsy was done. The sows and their offspring were examined for the presence of CSFV in blood, bone marrow and different organs. No virus was found in any of the sows. In contrast, in all litters of the control sows CSFV was found in the blood as well as in the organ samples. Nine out of 10 litters of the vaccinated sows were protected from CSFV infection. Blood samples, lymphatic organs and bone marrow of these animals were all virologically negative. When sera were tested for CSFV-antibodies all sows had developed E(rns)-specific antibodies but no CSFV-specific antibodies were found in any of the progeny.It was concluded that vaccination with CSF subunit marker vaccine Porcilis((R)) Pesti protected 90% of the litters from viral infection when sows were challenged mid-gestation using the CSFV-strain "Glentorf". 相似文献
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Forty-four pregnant gilts were slaughtered on the 32nd and 33rd days of pregnancy, after 30 of them had received 100 or 400 IU of HCG on the eleventh day of pregnancy. Both doses had resulted in higher number of living embryos. Embryo survival rates of treated sows were up to 14.9 percent higher than those of untreated animals. Higher numbers of embryos had no adverse effect on their mass development. Fertility was measured of 77 HCG-treated and untreated gilts as well as of 54 adult sows. The number of non-pregnant sows which returned to oestrus was higher in the group of gilts and adult sows which had received treatment. The number of pregnant animals in the treated adult sow group was seven percent higher than that in the control group. Increased litter sizes were additionally recordable from those gilts and adult sows that had received HCG injections. Yet, those higher litter sizes were associated with lower weight of live-born piglets. In further studies more attention should be given to possible stimulation of LH secretion in early gravidity. 相似文献
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Safety and efficacy of a classical swine fever subunit vaccine in pregnant sows and their offspring 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In the study three groups with five pregnant sows each were used. The animals were vaccinated twice, 2 weeks apart, in different stages of gestation, i.e. +/-4, +/-8 and +/-12 weeks after insemination and then 14 days later, respectively. From each group of sows three litters were randomly selected and vaccinated twice, 4 weeks apart, at 5 and 9, 7 and 11, and 9 and 13 weeks of life, respectively. Blood for serological investigations by virus neutralisation test and ELISA tests (for E(rns) antibodies and for E2 antibodies, separately) was taken before immunisation, at each vaccination and 2 weeks thereafter. Clinical observations shown that no local nor systemic reactions as well as no adverse effect on gestation occurred after vaccinations in any of the sows. Serological tests detected a low level of antibodies after the first vaccination and a typical booster effect after the second one. In piglets no adverse effect of the vaccination on the body weight gain was found. The presence of maternally derived antibodies (MDA) in non-vaccinated control piglets was observed up to the age of 5-13 weeks of life. The most evident immunological reaction was obtained in piglets vaccinated at the age of 5 or 7 weeks of life and revaccinated 4 weeks later. The CSFV-E2 subunit marker vaccine tested proved to be safe for pregnant sows and immunogenic for MDA positive piglets. 相似文献
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Platt-Samoraj A Szweda W Procajło Z Wiśniewska M Otrocka-Domagała I 《Polish journal of veterinary sciences》2010,13(1):129-135
The aim of the study was to evaluate the anatomo- and histopathological lesions in internal organs of sows and their stillborn piglets after experimental Y. enterocolitica infection in different phases of pregnancy. Twelve pregnant sows were divided into 4 groups, infected per os on 33 (n = 3), 54 (n = 3) and 89 (n = 3) day of pregnancy with the pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strain isolated from the aborted swine fetus, and uninfected control group. Histopathological examinations of internal organs and intestine samples of stillborn piglets, slaughtered sows and samples of placentas were performed. Anatomo- and histopathological lesions were the most intense in the group of sows infected in the final phase of pregnancy, where the highest number of stillborn piglets was also found. Lesions of internal organs in stillborn piglets suggested a severe generalized bacterial infection. Although the analysis of experimental Y. enterocolitica infection of pregnant sows revealed that the most intense clinical, anatomopathological and histopathological abnormalities were recorded in the group of animals infected in the final phase of pregnancy. Infection in the first phase of pregnancy could have had an influence on the formation of the granulomatous inflammation. Differences in anatomopathological lesions between infected and control animals suggest that the period of pregnancy in which the infection appears could have had an influence on the course of yersiniosis in pigs. 相似文献
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In four Kenyan pig breeding units the pregnancy diagnosis of sows has been carried out in two groups: Group 1 (n = 1911): the sows were transrectaly pregnancy tested between Days 17-22 post-mating by ultrasound. Sows testing non-pregnant immediately received one dose of 400 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) (equine chorion gonadotropin, eCG) and 200 IU human chorion gonadotropin (hCG). On showing signs of oestrous, the animals were subsequently artificially inseminated (AI). Group 2 (n = 1923): sows were pregnancy tested by serum progesterone (P4)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on Day 17 post-breeding. P4 concentrations were categorized as positive (> 5 ng/ml) or negative (< 5 ng/ml). Sows testing nonpregnant immediately received one dose of 400 IU PMSG and 200 IU hCG by injection, and were subsequently artificially inseminated. The following parameters were evaluated: sows diagnosed non-pregnant, days from first post-weaning insemination until the sows were inseminated at their first return to oestrus; farrowing rate and total piglets born and number of live-born piglets in litters. The percentage of sows diagnosed non-pregnant in the two groups, as well as the totals of born piglets and of live-born piglets in litters did not differ significantly between the two groups. The number of days from the first post-weaning mating until the sows were artificially inseminated at their first return to oestrus and the administration of eCG and hCG was shorter (P < 0.01) and farrowing rate was higher (P< 0.01) in the ELISA-tested sows. 相似文献
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Vaginal biopsies were taken from 450 sows in 2 commercial herds, 20 to 22 days after mating or artificial insemination. On histological examination, 96% of sows which subsequently farrowed were correctly diagnosed as pregnant, whereas only 21% and 50% of non-pregnant sows were identified. In 1 herd, 31 of 33 non-pregnant sows showed a delay in returning to oestrus (less than 42 days). Twenty-four of these sows were incorrectly diagnosed as pregnant on the basis of their vaginal cytology. 相似文献
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Adaptations of glucose metabolism in multiparous sows: effects of pregnancy and feeding level 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
This experiment was undertaken to determine whether pregnancy affects glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in sows fed at different levels. Four replicates of six multiparous Large White sows were involved. In each replicate, four sows were inseminated on the first postweaning estrus (pregnant group) and the two remaining were kept nonpregnant. Half of the sows of each group were fed 2.5 kg/d (low level) and the others 4 kg/d (high level) of the same standard pregnancy diet. Jugular catheters were implanted 2 to 3 d after estrus. Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and FFA were determined before and during the 4 h following the morning meal at 10, 30, 59, 87, 93, 101, and 110 d of gestation and at equivalent periods for the nonpregnant sows. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed at 33, 71, 85, 96, and 108 d by i.v. injection of 0.5 g glucose/kg BW. Compared with the glycemia before the meal, all the sows showed hyperglycemia 30 min after the initiation of the meal and hypoglycemia thereafter, with a minimum reached at approximately 75 min. Insulinemia increased from 20 min after food access, reached a maximum at 40 min, and returned to the basal level after 180 min. The higher feeding level increased plasma insulin and lowered plasma glucose levels. Glycemia and insulinemia profiles changed from 87 d onward in the pregnant sows. The peak of glucose induced by the meal was higher, and the subsequent period of hypoglycemia almost disappeared. The area under the insulin curve was unchanged, but insulin secretion was delayed. The glucose tolerance tests showed that between d 85 and 108 the half-life of injected glucose increased and insulin secretion was delayed in the pregnant sows. Compared to the following stages, plasma FFA were high before and after the meal at 10 d, which most likely was a residual effect from the previous gestation/lactation cycle. They were lower from 30 to 101 d in the pregnant and nonpregnant sows. At 110 d, fasting FFA were high again in the pregnant sows only, very likely in relation to the preparation for lactation. This experiment showed that insulin sensitivity decreases after 85 d of pregnancy in multiparous sows. 相似文献
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F Madec C Kaiser J M Gourreau F Martinat-Botte 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》1989,12(1-2):17-27
Pathological consequences of a severe outbreak of swine influenza (H1N1 virus) in the non immune sow at the beginning of pregnancy, under natural conditions. A sudden acute outbreak of fever, depression, anorexia and coughing in a group of nulliparous sows from a herd that was currently under epidemiological investigation lead to build a particular disposal of observation. The clinical signs were daily recorded including rectal temperature. Blood was taken from the sows at the beginning of the troubles and 3 weeks later for the detection of Aujesky's disease, coronavirus TGE-like, Influenza viruses A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Viral detection was attempted from nasal swabs and aborted fetuses during the acute phase. The clinical study showed fever reaching near 41 degrees C on most of the pigs and lasting usually from 2 to 5 days. The diagnosis of Influenza (virus swine H1N1) was established both on serology (massive seroconversion) and on the detection of the virus from the nasal swabs and from an aborted fetus. The control of the lungs of sows "not in pig" and culled showed extended lesions of bronchopneumonia and Pasteurella multocida was found. The technical consequences of this severe outbreak of Influenza on reproduction were mainly important at the beginning of pregnancy. Over 13 sows inseminated less than 1 week before the outbreak, only 3 farrowed (respectively 5.5 and 12 piglets); 7 returned to oestrus and 3 "not a pig" at 21 days (echotomography) did not show signs of heat and were culled. Over 8 pregnant sows (1 month of pregnancy), 6 farrowed normal litters and total embryonic resorption occurred in 2 sows. Over 18 pregnant sows (more than 45 days gestation) one aborted. 相似文献
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In a large pig production unit, with high prevalence of E. coli caused postpartal urogenital diseases of the breeding animals and diarrhoea of the piglets, the pregnant sows received during their late pregnancy a Porcovac plus E. coli vaccination. The vaccinated sows were assigned to two experimental groups and were treated postpartal (p. p.) as follows: Group 1 (421 sows): received an E. Coli booster on the first p. p. day Group 2 (299 sows): received a booster on the 7th p. p. day The following parameters were evaluated: A: Weaning-estrus-intervals B: Farrowing Rate The results showed a significant (p < 0.05) shorter weaning-estrus-interval (Parameter A) in group 1 when compared to group 2 (7.21 +/- 1.04 vs. 9.84 +/- 1.11). Regarding parameter B (farrowing rate) the groups showed no significant difference (group 1: 89.9% vs. group 2: 91.8%). It is the opinion of the authors that in large pig production units with high incidence of urogenital diseases an early p. p. E. coli Booster should be performed, because of its positive effect on the weaning-estrus-intervals. 相似文献
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Edvard Benjaminsen 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1981,22(1):67
Plasma prolactin in the sow was studied during pregnancy, lactation and during the post weaning period. The ovarian activity was monitored hy progesterone determinations. In the pregnant sows (2 sows) there was a distinct increase in prolactin values ahout a week before parturition, amounting to maximum levels around parturition. A moderate decrease in prolactin values during the lactation period (3 sows) was observed. After weaning the prolactin values dropped immediately to basal levels. Of the 91 sows studied in the post weaning period 72 sows resumed cyclic ovarian function within normal time (10 days) after weaning while 19 sows had delayed resumption of ovarian activity. The prolactin patterns in sows with prolonged periods of ovarian inactivity were similar to those seen in normal sows. None of our results indicate that post weaning anoestrus is caused by prolonged hyperprolactinaemia after weaning. 相似文献