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1.
Biomass productivity in poor soils is limited by several factors, among which are climatic conditions and nutrients. The most important limiting nutrients in plant productivity are nitrogen and phosphorus, even in regions receiving <200 mm precipitation. In this study, we evaluated the improvement in pasture and soil quality using different fertilization management procedures over 2 years in phosphorus‐deficient soils. Three different fertilizers were used: urban solid waste (USW), ecofertilizer (EF) and calcium superphosphate (SP). The hypothesis that fertilization management significantly improves the quality of the soil and forage for cattle was also tested. Results showed that biomass change depended on the year but not on the treatment. Different percentages of functional groups (graminoids, leguminoids and others) were compared by year and treatment. The results were similar for the three groups. In general, the sampled year was more important than the treatments. Soil composition did show some changes, e.g. higher levels of phosphorus in soils fertilized with USW than in the soils under other treatments. As for plant nutrient composition, control plots revealed lower levels of nutrients for graminoids and leguminoids, while the results were irregular in the case of the other species group. For the fertilized plots, USW and SP revealed better results in graminoids, whereas for leguminoids, EF was more nutrient effective in 2004. In 2003, the three fertilizers led to improvements in soil and forage quality compared with the controls. Given the dependence of the local population on goat produce, we suggest a restoration of degraded native pasture areas using these treatments. In particular, USW increases productivity but has minimal effects on functional group composition and soil nutrient cycles.  相似文献   

2.
Cropping systems in farmland areas of Iran are characterized by continuous cultivation of crops with consumption of chemical fertilizers leading to serious soil erosion and fertility decline. Information regarding the simultaneous evaluation of crop rotation and fertilization on the canola is lacking. Hence, field experiments were conducted during 2007-2010 using split-split plot design. Three crop rotations: chickpea, sunflower, wheat, and canola (R1); green manure, chickpea, green manure, wheat, green manure and canola (R2); canola, wheat, and canola (R3) were used as main plots. Sub plots were consisted of six methods of fertilization including (N1): farmyard manure (FYM); (N2): compost; (N3): chemical fertilizers; (N4): FYM + compost and (N5): FYM + compost + chemical fertilizers; and control (N6). Four levels of biofertilizers consisted of (B1): phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB); (B2): Trichoderma harzianum; (B3): PSB + T. harzianum; and (B4): without biofertilizers were arranged in the sub-sub plots. Results showed that green manure application in canola rotation (R2) increased grain yield and nutrient uptake. Combined application of FYM, compost and chemical fertilizers (N5) elevated the nitrogen uptake rate and grain oil yield. Simultaneous use of PSB and T. harzianum (B3) resulted in the increase of nitrogen and sulfur contents of grain. R2 rotation with regard to its biological and environmental efficiencies accompanied with FYM + compost and B3 (PSB + T. harzianum) is suggested as a low input system to obtain a more sustainable and productive farming in canola.  相似文献   

3.
An increased recycling of nutrients from organic waste to support feed and food production is important for achieving sustainability. However, organic waste may contain undesired microorganisms that may increase the risk of impaired hygienic quality of feeds when used in forage‐cropping systems. This study aimed to investigate how the hygienic quality of silage and haylage was affected after fertilization of grassland with organic fertilizers [anaerobic digestion residue (ADR) pasteurized before spreading, or liquid cattle manure] compared with inorganic NPK fertilization. The experiment was performed on the same grass ley for 2 years, with fertilization carried out before each harvest (year 1, two harvests; year 2, one harvest). The crop was conserved as silage (300 g DM kg?1) and haylage (500 g DM kg?1) in bales (ca 40–55 kg) stored for 1, 5 or 10 months before opening, including effects of storage time and conservation method (silage or haylage) on hygienic quality. Results showed that ADR‐treated crops did not produce silage or haylage with higher microbial counts in comparison with manure‐treated crops on any occasion. The fermentation pattern in silage and haylage from ADR‐treated crops was similar to the pattern in manure‐treated crops. The use of inorganic fertilizer sometimes produced lower pH and higher content of lactic acid in silage, compared with using organic fertilizers. In conclusion, ADR could be used as an organic fertilizer for forage crops without increased risk of impaired hygienic quality compared with using liquid manure or inorganic NPK fertilizers.  相似文献   

4.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):271-277
Abstract

The effects of different methods of fertilization on rice uptake and recovery of nitrogen were studied using 15N-lablled chicken manure (CM) and ammonium sulfate (AS). The results showed that the application method of totally basal dressing of organic and inorganic fertilizers can increase the N uptake by rice from the fertilizers. The N uptake from CM was obviously higher than that from AS. The N partitioning to rice grain was also higher than other application methods. The effect on increasing yield was obviously higher than the method of application of chemical fertilizers only. This method had such benefits as increasing N use efficiency, increasing N residue in soil and reducing N loss. High rice yield can be obtained while the soil fertility can be maintained with this method. So it is an effective and practical method of fertilization technique thus can be recommended to rice growers.  相似文献   

5.
长期定位施肥对作物产量及土壤有效养分的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
通过对棕壤土有机肥和化肥长期定位施肥的研究表明,长期施肥对作物产量和土壤耕层中的有效养分有显著性影响（P〈0．05）。与试验前土壤相比,施用有机肥能显著增加作物产量和土壤中的养分含量;当有机肥和无机肥配合施用时,其促进作用明显大于单施化肥。单施化肥能够提高作物的产量和土壤的有效养分,但增加幅度不大。经过27年施肥,不同处理的作物产量和土壤中的有效养分有一定程度的变化,随着年份的延伸,作物产量和土壤中的有效养分的含量有一定程度的增加,各处理之间无明显差异。  相似文献   

6.
Studies have shown that yield responses of grass leys to phosphorus (P) fertilization vary considerably and initial soil test P (STP) does not always predict such variation. To identify the sources of variation in dry‐matter (DM) yield responses to P, we used a meta‐analysis to review quantitatively 38 Finnish field experiments on various soil types and growth conditions and to develop yield‐response models. The major sources of variation in the yield responses to annually applied P were soil type, soil acidity (for organic soils), initial STP and control yields fertilized with nitrogen (N) and potassium (K). According to Mitscherlich‐type exponential models, the maximum yield increases due to P fertilization in the low‐STP class were 18% over the control on mineral soils and 28% on organic soils. However, only about 40% of the variation in yield could be attributed to annual fertilizer P applications. Control yields explained about 25% of variation in yield responses to P fertilization, and P addition became less efficient with increasing control yields, which were associated with rising N rates. While applied P leads to infrequent or small yield responses on mineral soils, other practices to increase grass yields should be prioritized, including optimal N fertilization. On moderately acidic organic soils that show clearly lower P responses than do similar but less acidic soils, liming should be the first step to increase yields. Moreover, the models derived in this work indicate that revising P fertilizer recommendations in Finland would avoid unnecessary application at non‐responsive STP levels.  相似文献   

7.
The influence of mineral NPK fertilizers and organic fertilizers such as manure compost, woodchip compost and blood meal on the yields and the nutritive value of leeks and turnips were compared. Fertilizers were applied on the two crops grown successively in 200-1 containers. Mineral fertilizers, manure compost and blood meal provided equivalent vegetable yields. Contents in dry matter, ascorbic acid and minerals of leeks and turnips were not strongly affected by the different fertilization regimes. The nitrate content of both crops was significantly lower under the application of manure compost and woodchip compost, while mineral fertilizers and blood meal induced similar, higher nitrate levels. The present work thus provides new data showing the usefulness of composts in growing vegetables with low nitrate contents.  相似文献   

8.
根据1998～2003年连续6年在福建省仙游县大济镇坑北村进行甘蔗连年保持不变的定位施肥研究,结果表明:有机无机肥结合使用和化肥合理配施与当地群众习惯施肥比较,其增产增收效果显著。同时,有机无机肥结合使用具有增强土壤自身能力,是培肥地力的一条有效途径;化肥合理配施对培肥土壤也有一定的促进作用,在农业生产上,是不可忽视的一项先进施肥技术措施。试验结果还表明:长期不施肥会造成土壤衰竭,地力贡献率急剧下降,必须合理补充肥料以归还作物所带走的养分,尤其要投入足量的有机肥料,使其土壤有机质维持在一定水平上,以保持土壤养分平衡。  相似文献   

9.
Effects of pest and soil management systems on potato diseases   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Long-term cropping systems research is important in order to reduce production costs, to control crop pests, and to optimize the sustainability of agro-ecosystems. Soil amendment use, improved disease management practices, and careful cultivar choice are some of the potential components for improving potato production systems. This research was conducted in long-term cropping systems plots in order to evaluate the impact of soil amendments, pest management practices, and cultivar on foliar and soil-borne potato diseases and to assess the relationships of soil and pest management practices to disease levels and soil microbial activity. Fungicide applications for management of foliar diseases varied between the pest management systems (e.g., biological, reduced input, and conventional). Incidence of potato foliar diseases was quantified five times during the cropping season. The impact of soil amendment and pest management practices on soil microbial activity and tuber-borne diseases was also investigated. Low incidences of foliar and selected soil-borne diseases were recorded. Disease levels varied between years, cultivars, pest management, and soil amendments. Significant differences between cultivars were detected for early blight, white mold, and black dot. The cultivar Superior had higher incidence of white mold and black dot, while cv Atlantic had higher early blight incidence. Pest management system significantly affected foliar early blight incidence in 1998, but not in 1997. Pest management system did not affect late blight, white mold, or black dot incidence, or tuber disease incidence in either year. The addition of soil amendments significantly impacted tuber black dot incidences. Microbial activity responded to increasing temperature as the season progressed and was significantly enhanced by the addition of manure and compost soil amendments; however, lower disease incidence was not associated with increased microbial activity. While pest management practices were not major determinants of disease levels in these experiments, the results show that soil amendments can increase incidence of selected tuber diseases and microbial activity in soils.  相似文献   

10.
Intercropping (IC) cereals and legumes could be an option for obtaining forage suitable for ensiling and enabling reduced N fertilization. Two experiments were performed in central Italy with durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and field bean (Vicia faba L. var. minor) grown for forage production in IC and as sole crops (SC) with different N rates (20 and 50 kg ha?1) and row ratios (1:1 and 2:1 cereal/legume). The aims were to assess (i) whether IC is a feasible option to reduce N fertilization; (ii) the best combination of practices to obtain forage suitable for ensiling; and (iii) competition/facilitation effects exerted by field bean on durum wheat. Results showed IC allowed fertilizer‐N reduction and led to improved forage yield with better quality, compared with SC. Land equivalent ratio indicated a high efficiency of the IC, by up to 26% with respect to SC. Field bean was the dominant species of IC, but N fertilization reduced its competitive ability and enhanced that of wheat. In the intercrop fertilized with 50 kg N ha?1, the proportion of the wheat in the herbage (0·34–0·41 of the total dry matter) was sufficient for ensiling of the forage mass. Field bean exerted both competition and facilitation effects on the cereal. N uptake of durum wheat was greater under IC with beans than as wheat SC.  相似文献   

11.
Application of organic manures and composts in crop production has been strongly encouraged in many places but often without due consideration to their quality and price. Since organic amendments can vary greatly in composition and mineralization rate, a framework is needed to make rational choices on their use as replacements of inorganic fertilizer, especially when considering poor quality organic materials. A field experiment was carried out with maize grown annually for 5 years on a Rhodic Kandiustox in Thailand to test response to mineral fertilizer (at 0-0 to 125-55 kg N-P ha−1 yr−1), compost (0.59% N, 0.31% P and 0.55% K at 0-7500 kg ha−1 yr−1) and stubble removal. The DSSAT model was calibrated to predict yields using the first year's trial data and then used to predict treatment yields for the following 4 years. The Seasonal Analysis module of DSSAT using Dominance Analysis showed that mineral fertilizer (125-55 kg N-P ha−1 yr−1) with stubble return gave the highest net profit whereas the highest rate of compost without mineral fertilizer gave the biggest loss. The yield response was attributed primarily to N supply rather than P. Effects of compost, mineral fertilizer, stubble management, and their interactions on yield and profit were not related to bulk density or soil available water capacity even though soil organic matter (SOM) levels increased. With stubble return, the highest rate of mineral fertilizer increased SOM whereas with compost application or stubble removal it did not. The DSSAT simulation of yield indicated that the low quality compost would only be as profitable as mineral fertilizer if the N concentrations are 3-4 times higher than the present compost (1.8-2.4% N) or if the compost price is greatly reduced. The DSSAT yield simulation and Seasonal Analysis provided a framework whereby the suitability of compost as a N fertilizer replacement for maize could be determined based on its composition, rate of application and price. Further validation of this approach is needed where the organic amendments have significant effects on soil physical properties and where other nutrients besides N are a significant factor in the crop yield response.  相似文献   

12.
铁观音施肥效应的研究   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  
张文锦  梁月荣 《茶叶》2004,30(1):30-39
铁观音为茶中佳品,研究并提出其优化施肥配方,提供生产应用,提高生产效益,意义重大。本研究采用4因素3水平正交设计方法,探讨不同有机肥与无机肥配施组合对铁观音的影响效应,结果表明：有机无机肥合理配施,不仅能促进铁观音茶树的速生快长,提高茶叶产量,而且能改善成茶品质,提高茶园土壤肥力;不施肥效果最差;产量与品质兼优的施肥组合为N3P1K3RC2或N2P1K2RC3。不同茶龄阶段,N、P、K、RC对茶树生长及茶叶产量品质形成所起的作用不同。幼龄茶树K是茎粗增长的肥料主效因子;成龄茶树,肥料对产量的效应以N为大,其次为K;K是成茶品质的肥料主效因子,其次为RC。不同施肥处理对成茶主要生化成分含量和比例影响不同,从而引起品质上的差异。水浸出物、咖啡碱、茶多酚、还原糖、醚浸出物、儿茶素与品质的关联度依次为0．7799、0．7268、0．6651、0．6589、0．6151和0．5783。  相似文献   

13.
设置对照不施肥、单施有机肥、化肥减量50%配施有机肥、常规化肥配施有机肥、化肥增量50%配施有机肥、单施化肥6个长期定位试验处理,研究华北潮土区玉米田长期施肥处理下土壤中小型节肢动物的变化。结果表明,调查共获得3 140个中小型土壤动物,隶属于5纲9目35科。施肥增加了土壤中小型节肢动物数量和物种数,增加了表层土壤中小型节肢动物的多样性,对节肢动物有明显的促进作用,有利于小型节肢动物群落结构的稳定。大量配施化肥对某些土壤动物有抑制作用,降低了土壤动物的种类,显著减少了土壤中小型节肢动物的均匀性。变异主成分分析结果表明,弹尾目、真螨目对施肥处理有明显的相关性。有机肥与适量化肥配施对中小型土壤节肢动物群落有促进作用,过量配施化肥对土壤动物数量及种类有明显抑制作用,不利于土壤动物群落结构稳定。  相似文献   

14.
长期定位施肥对不同筋力型小麦品质的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为了解长期施肥对小麦品质的作用,在33年长期定位施肥试验的基础上,分析了不同施肥条件下强筋小麦品种徐麦32和弱筋小麦品种宁麦13蛋白及淀粉相关品质特性。结果表明,有机肥、无机肥以及有机肥与品种的互作对小麦大部分蛋白和淀粉特性参数有显著或极显著影响。施肥对徐麦32和宁麦13蛋白质含量、干面筋含量、湿面筋含量、SDS沉淀值及面粉糊化特性参数影响基本一致。单施氮肥处理的蛋白质含量显著高于其他处理,单施有机肥处理显著低于其他处理,其他处理间无显著差异。干、湿面筋含量、SDS沉淀值与蛋白质含量呈较明显的正相关。施有机肥处理的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度及峰值时间均显著高于不施有机肥处理,说明有机肥能显著改善小麦面粉的糊化特性;而无论施有机肥与否,施用无机肥不能显著改善面粉糊化特性。综上所述,长期有机、无机肥配合施用有利于弱筋小麦品质的改善,而对强筋小麦品质的改善不利。大田生产中应根据不同专用品种对品质的不同要求施用不同种类的肥料。  相似文献   

15.
The growth of on‐farm anaerobic digestion (AD) has generated significant quantities of digestate for use as a soil amendment. However, relative to other organic and inorganic fertilizers, only limited field trial data exist on the effect of repeated applications of digestate to temperate grasslands. Here, we compare yields and grass quality (protein and digestibility) from a field trial of a mixed pasture ley (ryegrass and clover), following the application of five different fertilizer types (liquid digestate generated from anaerobically digested slurry, dry fibre digestate, undigested slurry, ammonium nitrate and an NPK compound fertilizer) in comparison with a no‐fertilizer control. Application rates were normalized in terms of nitrogen (N) and were added as a split dose, with 100 kg N/ha added prior to the first harvest and an additional 50 kg N/ha supplied after the first harvest, every year for 3 years. Overall, our results showed that applying both forms of digestate or undigested slurry gave grass yields that matched those obtained with one compound inorganic fertilizer, and better than those from a straight N inorganic fertilizer. No differences were found with regard to digestibility or sward N‐content (hence calculated protein) between any treatments. Although the trial was conducted at only one site, the results indicate that inorganic fertilizers can potentially be replaced by digestate without compromising grassland productivity.  相似文献   

16.
Effects of season (SEAS), organic fertilization with laying hen manure (N) and harvest frequency (FREQ) on forage yield and composition were evaluated in a high‐density mulberry forage bank, established under low‐input tropical farming conditions. The experiment, replicated over two consecutive years, was arranged in 18 treatments resulting from a 3 × 3×2 factorial design which combined three FREQ (60, 90 and 120 d), 3 N rates (100, 300 and 500 kg N ha?1 year?1) and the two seasons (RAIN and DRY). Forage yield, leaf‐to‐stem ratio, the edible fraction (EDIB, %), nutrient content and the maturity indexes were monitored. Either forage yield or qualities by plant fraction were strongly affected by SEAS, FREQ, N rate and by their interactions. Effects of FREQ and N were modulated by SEAS. Increasing FREQ during RAIN negatively affected EDIB yield and quality after 90 d, while increasing ligneous fraction. During DRY, longer FREQ allowed higher total forage and EDIB yields. Leaves were more abundant in RAIN, and its yield was increased with fertilization but only during this season. Maturity indexes were higher in DRY than in RAIN. Under the conditions of this experiment, harvesting at 60 and 90 d in RAIN and DRY, respectively, with an N rate of 300 kg N ha?1 year?1 seems the best agronomic choice for an optimal compromise between forage yield and nutritive value.  相似文献   

17.
基于25年定位试验,设置6个大田试验处理（CK,不施肥;NPK,常规施用化肥;1/4M+3/4NPK,25%有机肥替代化肥;1/2M+1/2NPK, 50%有机肥替代化肥;M,100%有机肥替代化肥;MNPK, 100%化肥+100%有机肥）,研究了长期有机肥无机肥配施对水稻氮素吸收和利用的影响。结果表明,水稻地上部N素总积累量与产量大小均表现为MNPK>1/4M+3/4NPK> NPK>1/2M+1/2NPK>M>CK,与NPK处理相比,MNPK和1/4M+3/4NPK处理的地上部氮素总积累量增加20.11%~27.86%、产量增加2.04%~12.42%。各处理花前N素转运量对籽粒贡献率（69.54%~84.60%）显著高于花后积累量对籽粒贡献率（15.40%~30.46%）,花前N素积累是水稻植株N素的主要来源。1/4M+3/4NPK处理的氮肥偏生产力及氮收获指数均高于NPK处理,分别提高16.42%、10.29%。有机无机肥配施比单施化肥处理显著改善了稻米品质,提高了籽粒氨基酸含量,其中,非必需氨基酸含量是必需氨基酸含量的2倍左右。长期施肥条件下,25%有机肥替代化肥处理在化肥减施基础上,可以提高肥料利用率、促进水稻养分吸收,是黄壤性水稻土地区实现水稻增产、品质提升的最佳施肥措施。  相似文献   

18.
Bioavailability and mobility of lead (Pb) in soils depend upon their partitioning between solution-solid phases and their further fractionation and redistribution among different solid-phase components. However, the dynamics of Pb in salt-affected (saline–sodic) Pb-contaminated (polluted) paddy soil need more exploration particularly under the influence of application of amendments at varying hydrological regimes and residence time. In this context, an incubation study was conducted to investigate the effect of application of three inorganic amendments (gypsum, rock phosphate and diammonium phosphate) on Pb fractions at two soil moisture regimes (flooding regime and 75% field capacity) and two incubation times (after 2 and 30 days) successively in non-saline/sodic and saline–sodic Pb-polluted paddy soils. After applied treatments, the concentration of Pb in five, i.e., exchangeable (F1), carbonate (F2), Fe–Mn oxide (F3), organic matter and sulfide bound (F4) and residual (F5) fractions, was assessed by sequential extraction. The results showed that the Pb spiked in the soils was significantly (P?≤?0.05) transformed from easily extractable (exchangeable and carbonate) fractions into less labile (Fe–Mn oxide, OM–S bound and residual) fractions. Among tested amendments, gypsum performed better in reducing the lability of Pb followed by DAP.  相似文献   

19.
The cropping systems model APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator) was applied to assess the response of sorghum grain yield to inorganic fertilizers applications and residue retention in diverse farmers’ management systems (homestead fields and bush farms). The model was parameterized using data collected from experiments under optimum growth conditions (limited water or nutrient stress). Independent data from field experiments with three levels of P and four levels of N fertilizers conducted at two different locations and soils were used to evaluate the model. Soil water and fertility parameters measured were used for simulations while same starting conditions were assumed for unmeasured parameters for all trials. APSIM predicted the grain yield response of sorghum to both N and P applications with an overall modified internal coefficient of efficiency of 0.64. Following model parameterization, a long-term simulation study was conducted using a stochastic weather data derived from historical weather data to assess the effects of crop residue management on grain production. A gradual decline in sorghum grain yield was simulated over the 30-year simulation period in both the homestead fields and the bush farms, with yields being much lower in the latter under farmers’ management practices. Half the amount of mineral N fertilizer used in the bush farms was needed in the homestead fields to produce the average grain yields produced on the bush farm with full fertilization, if crop residues were returned to the fields in the homestead. Year-to-year variability in grain yield was consistently higher with the removal of crop residues, irrespective of management systems. APSIM was responsive to both organic and inorganic fertilizer applications in the study area and also highlighted the essential role of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer in influencing the temporal sorghum grain production and hence the impact of farmers’ management practices on food security. This was evident in the rapid decline in soil organic carbon (SOC) accompanied by a decline in grain yield over the 30 years of cropping. The use of inorganic fertilizer and retention of crop residues (SOC) are critical for attaining food security in the study area.  相似文献   

20.
Plant nutrients can be influenced by organic materials of soils. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic amendments on elements uptake by soybean cultivars in a silty loam soil in Mazandaran province, Iran. The experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2006. Main plots were included 8 fertilizer treatments consisted of 20 and 40 Mg ha(-1) Municipal Solid Waste Compost (MSW), Vermicompost (VC) and Sewage Sludge (SS) which enriched with 50% chemical fertilizers needed by soil, only chemical fertilizer treatment and control. Sub plots consisted of three genotypes of soybean (032, 033 and JK). Grain yield was determined and soybean leaves and seeds were digested and analyzed for Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe. Results showed that yield and elements content in soybean leaves and seeds (Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe) were influenced by all treatments. The 40 Mg ha(-1) of sewage sludge enriched with chemical fertilizers produced maximum grain yield. Different soybean cultivars had also significant differences in terms of leaf and seed micronutrients accumulation. Maximum grain yield was observed in JK and 033. Mean comparisons showed that interaction effects of fertilizer and cultivar had significant differences on Mn, Cu and Fe content in soybean leaves, so that the maximum Cu content was observed in 032 cultivars with 40 Mg ha(-1) enriched sewage sludge and municipal waste compost. Also the highest amount of Fe was obtained for JK cultivar when the 40 Mg ha(-1) of municipal compost was used. Among different mentioned traits, Fe and Cu content in leaf and seed and Zn content in leaf had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield.  相似文献   

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