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北方小康农村家庭能源消费结构演变研究——以山东省桓台县为例 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
目前对中国北方地区农村家庭能源消费结构演变的研究较少。该文根据实地调查数据，从能源品种和最终用能类型两个角度对桓台县农村(北方典型小康农村)家庭能源消费结构演变进行了深入分析。结果表明:在能源品种上，表现为煤炭消耗大量增加，持续占据统治地位，电、汽油、液化气消费快速提升，秸秆等生物质能用量减少；在最终用能类型上，炊事用能由占主导地位演变为与取暖用能并驾齐驱，生活享受用能快速增加。短期内，除了液化气用量将有所减少外，其余能源品种消费都将保持上述演变特征。在全面建设小康社会过程中，桓台县可以作为北方地区农村家庭能源消费发展趋势的一个重要参考。 相似文献
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中国农村能源消费的时空分布特征及其政策演变 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
对中国农村能源消费的可获得历史数据进行整理,系统分析了农村能源消费的时空分布特点及其政策演变。从总量看,中国农村能源消费总量（标准煤）从1979年的307.19 Mt上升到2008年的998.51 Mt,增加了3倍多;从消费结构看,非商品能源消费所占的比重有所下降,商品能源消费比重稳步上升,生物质能源已不再占农村能源消费的主导地位;从空间分布来看,中国农村地区人均用能呈现出北多南少、东多西少的分布特征,区域资源禀赋是影响各省能源消费结构的重要原因。总体而言,当前农村能源仍然游离于国家商品性能源供给体系之外,没有真正上升到国家的能源战略体系中。农村能源政策体系受制于“二元结构”以及能源“分业管理模式”,其实施和安排以少量的技术政策为主,致使政策体系缺乏系统性、稳定性、协调性和连续性,呈现多部门、多目标管理与多主体的管理。 相似文献
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随着我国农村发展和农民生活水平的提高,农村居民用能显著增长。在分析概括相关学者关于我国农村用能的研究的基础上,对有代表性的文献进行梳理,归纳了农村能源的类型与特点,探讨了我国农村能源政策以及我国农村居民生产生活用能情况,总结其特点与存在的问题,并提出相关政策建议。 相似文献
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中国农村能源生产消费现状与发展需求分析 总被引：9，自引：8，他引：1
农村能源是中国能源体系的重要组成部分,是建设美丽乡村的重要物质基础.通过对官方统计数据与文献资料的归纳整理和系统分析,论述了中国农村生活与生产用能现状与基本特征,农村能源消费中煤炭占主导地位,农村生活用能中的煤炭消费占33.8%,农村生产用能中的煤炭占51.5%,另外,可再生能源使用量较低,当前农村生活用能消费结构不合理.阐释了农村能源产业规模、产业技术与产业政策的现状,并在此基础上,分析了中国农村能源发展中存在的主要问题与近期基本需求.最后,概述了的分布式能源系统、北方农村地区供暖、生物质能源化资源化综合利用、农村节能等农村能源发展的基本方向. 相似文献
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采用分层随机抽样的方法,在扬中县四个乡的十二个村对384户农村家庭进行问卷调查,统计结果分析表明:农村家庭人均用能8.76GJ,日获有效能4.41MJ;用能品种主要是秸秆(62.2％),并表现出多元性结构;人均用能随收入、秸秆收获量、家庭人口、生猪头数的变化而变化,在不同的收入段表现出不同的增长速度;家庭能源消费态度和行为表现出对高质量、高品位、方便性能源的追求。 相似文献
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农村能源在国家能源体系中发挥着重要作用,能源消费对农村社会经济发展、生态安全、居民身体健康产生重要影响。通过对贵州省石漠化防治示范区的4县8个乡(镇)25个行政村的429户农户进行了派员式入户调查,揭示中国西南石漠化地区的农村能源消费与石漠化等级之间的关联性。研究发现,1)研究区内仍然以薪柴和煤炭为主能源消费结构。2)农村用能呈现清洁化和高效化的趋势,然而能源转型是缓慢的过程;3)能源消费模式区域差异显著。毕节撒拉溪形成"薪柴+煤炭"的生活用能模式,"煤炭"型取暖模式和"薪柴"型生产用能(煮猪食)模式。关岭花江和贞丰北盘江形成"薪柴+电力"生活用能模式和"电力"型取暖模式。施秉喀斯特形成"薪柴+电力"的生活用能模式,"薪柴+煤炭"取暖用能模式和"煤炭"型生产用能模式;4)石漠化等级与薪柴消费量之间的相关性:潜在石漠化地区的薪柴使用量在合理的生态阈值之内,轻度和强度石漠化地区面临石漠化加重与扩大的风险;5)石漠化地区农村能源贫困严重。毕节撒拉溪和贞丰北盘江存在经济不可支付性,4个示范区室内环境污染严重。通过对比分析,发现研究区农村家庭能源消费主要受制于农户收入水平、能源资源的可获性、取暖、传统文化、产业结构、政策等因素的综合影响。该研究为掌握中国西南石漠化地区家庭能源消费现状和发展趋势,制定相关能源与环境政策提供理论依据。 相似文献
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不同生计方式农户生活能源消费行为及其影响因素 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
[目的]分析不同生计方式下农户生活能源消费行为及其影响因素,为区域制定能源利用与环境保护规划及政策提供参考。[方法]基于西安市城郊地区381份调查问卷,采用优势能源系数法与Tobit模型开展研究。[结果](1)纯农户主要使用秸秆、玉米芯、薪柴等生物质能源,经济性、可获性优先;兼业户生物质能、液化气和太阳能使用突出,可获性与便捷性兼顾,呈现互补性消费;非农户优势能源为煤及其制品、电能、太阳能等商品能源,便捷性、清洁性与高效性优先。(2)可获得性是影响纯农户生物质能消费的关键因素,主要体现在作物种植面积的多少,人均收入提高会减少其消耗;非农户生物质资源缺乏,煤及其制品、电能为主要生活用能,常住人口越多,煤炭、电能消费量越大,人均收入、家庭有效最高受教育程度对电能消费正向影响;兼业户液化气、太阳能消费受家庭规模与人均收入影响明显。[结论]农户生活能源消费行为受家庭特征、人均收入、能源可获得性等方面影响,纯农、兼业、非农3种生计方式伴随收入水平提高以及商品化、高质化用能的演替过程,呈现了生活用能的阶梯提高。城郊农户大量使用排放系数较高的煤及其制品,不利于城市地区环境改善,应重视这类群体的用能导向和管理。 相似文献
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关注农村生活用能的社会经济与生态成本对实现农村可持续发展具有重要意义。采用问卷调查方式获取黄土台塬区农村生活能源利用相关数据,建立核算模型估算了不同能源消费结构情景下的经济成本、生态成本和废料量。结果显示,现状户均消费2 018.16kg标煤,人均731.41kg标煤,总体用能水平较低;农户能源消费选择的主要依据是能源的现金支出和可获得性,生态成本很少考虑;与现状相比,9种能源结构类型下的经济和生态成本以及废料量差异较大。研究表明,利用沼气和太阳能的社会经济与生态综合成本较低,应是今后农村能源结构转换的发展方向。其中沼气可以成为替代薪柴的最有效资源,是该区农村实现能源利用与生态建设良性循环的主要用能方式。 相似文献
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Leila Shekari Maryam Mozafariyan Mirza Hasanuzzaman Farshad Sadeghi 《Journal of plant nutrition》2017,40(6):761-772
Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl2)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na2SeO3)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions. 相似文献
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M. Kaplan 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(2):237-244
Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used. 相似文献
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红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。 相似文献
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Sandro Froehner Karina Scurupa Machado Elisa Stefen Marcelo Nolasco 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,219(1-4):591-599
The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO2 and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic. 相似文献
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自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15):1948-1959
Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management. 相似文献
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Ohnishi H Iwanaga S Kawazoe K Ishizawa K Orino S Tomita S Tsuchiya K Kanematsu Y Harada N Mori K Tsuchihashi T Ishikawa Y Tamaki T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(21):10092-10098
This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions. 相似文献
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Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance. 相似文献
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响应面设计法在温室番茄栽培中的应用 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为优化温室番茄的栽培条件,试验研究了不同栽培密度、施氮量和施钾量对日光温室番茄产量的影响。通过中心复合试验设计,构建三因素（栽培密度,氮肥,钾肥）五水平的响应面设计方法并建立番茄产量与三因子的二次回归数学模型。结果表明:三因素对温室番茄产量均有显著的影响（p0.01）,影响的大小顺序为栽培密度施钾量施氮量;栽培密度与施氮量、施钾量之间存在显著的交互作用（p0.01）,施氮量与施钾量之间的相互作用对番茄产量影响不显著（p0.05）;多元二次回归分析结果显示,栽培密度、施氮量、施钾量与番茄产量之间的回归模型高度显著（p0.01）。统计分析确定温室番茄的最佳栽培条件为:栽培密度4.83万株/hm2,施氮量262 kg/hm2,施钾量513kg/hm2;在此条件下,温室番茄产量的预测值为119381kg/hm2,验证试验所得产量为121005kg/hm2。本研究为日光温室番茄高产、稳产和优质提供了理论依据。 相似文献