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1.
作物病虫草害处方信息网站开发技术研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
作物病虫草害处方信息网站以农药处方、农药性能、病虫草害等数据库为基础,通过Internet网直接向客户端提供可供选择的病虫草害处方与详细说明,提供病虫害发生特点和综合防治措施。采用ASP动态网页技术实现网络数据库动态查询,充分发挥计算机网络实时咨询的优势,提供快速进行农药信息交流的场所。网站设计模式、安全措施和动态咨询技术等都超越普通网页模式的局限性,填补了国内植保网站还无法实现以数据库为支撑的动态咨询的空白,为农业网站的建设提供有益参考。 相似文献
2.
影响黄河流域常规除草棉田机械采收的恶性杂草调查 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确黄河流域棉区影响棉花机械采收的恶性杂草发生情况,于2013―2014年对河北、山东、天津共6个地点前、中期采取过不同除草措施的棉田杂草进行了调查。结果表明,播前使用过二甲戊灵的覆膜棉田,5月底行间(不包括膜下)有阔叶类杂草10科16种,占杂草总株数的96%左右;有禾本科杂草5种。2014年所有杂草的田间密度自5月底至6月底增长较快,之后部分阔叶类杂草和禾本科杂草缓慢增长,8月底以后保持稳定;另一部分阔叶类杂草6月底后即不再增长,至8月底或9月中旬后快速下降;7月底揭膜后杂草密度不再明显增加。前期和中期采取过除草措施的棉田,后期发生数量大、对机采影响也较大的普遍恶性杂草包括绕藤类的裂叶牵牛和亚灌木状的龙葵、苘麻、藜和反枝苋,区域性恶性杂草有攀援类的广布野豌豆和亚灌木状的苍耳。 相似文献
3.
采用机插秧“插喷同步”技术,于2019年开展大田试验,分别施用4种除草剂（33%嗪吡嘧磺隆、19%氟酮磺草胺、25%双环磺草酮、300 g/L丙草胺+10%苄嘧磺隆）进行除草,对比各除草剂处理对水稻的安全性及对稻田杂草的防治效果。结果表明,药后水稻均未发生可见药害,参试除草剂安全性好;药后35 d供试除草剂对试验田总草防效达95.0%以上;与施用除草剂处理相比,未施药对照水稻产量损失严重,减幅12.5%~42.7%。可见,“插喷同步”技术是一种高效除草技术,供试4种除草剂均能有效防治杂草,降低除草成本,提高种稻效益。 相似文献
4.
甘蔗除草膜防除蔗地杂草试验 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为更有效地防除蔗地杂草,在甘蔗下种后进行甘蔗除草膜防除蔗地杂草试验,结果表明：旱地蔗盖膜后60天内,除草膜对单双子叶杂草株防效达100%;水田蔗盖膜后90～110天,与普通地膜（CK1）比较,除草膜对单子叶杂草的株防效为：4.1%、2.7%和21.9%,对双子叶杂草的株防效为：83.5%、65.2%和52.5%。与露地模式（CK2）比较,除草膜对单子叶杂草的株防效为16.2%、-215%和-96.5%,对双子叶杂草的株防效分别为：97.4%、84.4%和89.2%。甘蔗除草膜在膜后90天内对杂草有较好的防除效果,但在长期连作、多年生恶性杂草种子库丰富的地块使用除草地膜,易造成杂草种类剧减而使杂草种群单一,诱发单一杂草的爆发,因此除草地膜的应用要有选择性。 相似文献
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6.
随着农业生产的不断深入发展 ,近年来 ,我镇普遍采用化学除草来代替人工除草 ,因化学除草省时、省工、除草效果好等优点 ;但化学除草要求技术性高 ,难以掌握。为此 ,我们在麦田使用除草剂中要掌握以下几项新技术。1 麦田除草要选择对路除草剂1 1 根据田间杂草选择除草剂 :除草剂一般具有选择性 ,不同除草剂对不同的作物和杂草其作用有很大差异。如巨星防除麦田阔叶杂草 (猪殃殃、大巢菜、荠菜 )具有较好的防效 ,但对单子叶杂草 (早熟禾、硬草、野燕麦 )防效不明显 ;再如骠马防除麦田单子叶杂草效果好 ,防治阔叶杂草效果就不佳。1 2 根… 相似文献
7.
黑河市大豆田杂草发生每年4月至8月的春、夏、秋三季,杂草的发生随季节性变化表现出明显的季相。大豆综合除草措施是化学除草和农艺措施相结合,同时要加强田间施药技术规范化。 相似文献
8.
东部地区大豆田杂草种群演变趋势及其化学防除 总被引：16，自引：2，他引：14
根据１９８２,１９９２和１９９７年黑龙江省东部地区大豆主要种植区杂草的调查结果,明确了该地区大豆田杂草种群及群落演变趋势及影响种群演变的因素。介绍了大豆田除草的关键时期,常用除草剂种类及其使用技术。 相似文献
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10.
花生田杂草约有30多种。单子叶杂草主要是:狗尾草、马唐、稗草、牛筋、画眉;双子叶杂草主要是:反枝苋,铣苋菜、马齿苋和莎草科等。 杂草不仅同花生争夺养分、水分、阳光等,而且是病虫害的滋生地,直接影响花生的产量和品质。采用人工除草费工、费时、劳动效率低。使用除草剂不仅具有除草效果好,对花生安全、省工等优点, 相似文献
11.
Eight field experiments with maize (Zea mays L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and soyabean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were carried out in central Italy in order to evaluate the effects of mechanical and chemical methods (spring-tine harrowing, hoeing, hoeing-ridging, split-hoeing, finger-weeding, herbicides in the row + inter-row hoeing, herbicides broadcast) on weed control, weed seed rain and crop yield. The choice of chemical and mechanical treatments in maize and soyabean compared to sunflower, required to be managed more carefully in order to maximize the weed control reducing yield losses. A global rating of weed control methods, based on their weed control efficacy, was obtained as useful means to assist farmers and technicians to choose the more appropriate weed control method. The combination of herbicides intra-row and hoeing inter-row gave best efficacy (on average 99% of weed control), with a 50% reduction in the chemical load in the environment. Hoeing-ridging gave good results, both inter- and intra-row (on average 93% of weed control); this method was also effective in reducing competitive ability and seed production of uncontrolled weeds. Split-hoeing or finger-weeding showed some limitations giving satisfactory results only when combined. Harrowing gave lowest weed control, although when combined to other mechanical methods, can help achieve a better efficacy. 相似文献
12.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1):1-7
Abstract Concerns about current weed control practices have increased the consideration of new weed management strategies. In recent times, weed control practices for major crops have been influenced greatly by the availability of selective herbicides. Herbicides are critical tools, but weed science must integrate more components to create weed management systems. Changes in weed management can be attained within the framework of existing cropping systems. However, for the longer term, new methods and approaches to weed management are needed. Weed scientists need to play a central role in the development of new cropping systems to make weed management an integral component of the system. This volume contains a series of review articles and original research that presents innovative approaches to weeds and weed management. It is our hope that these papers will stimulate discussion on a broader view of weeds and weed management. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1-2):245-270
SUMMARY Weeds pose a recurrent threat to agricultural productivity in both industrialized and developing countries. Weeds respond dynamically to all cropping practices, and therefore, the design and function of cropping systems plays a central role in the composition of weed communities. The unique and challenging nature of weed communities requires more integrated approaches to weed management than are currently being employed by most growers. Integrating weed management with cropping system design and application may be an effective approach to diversifying weed management systems. Each crop-weed system is a unique mix of genetics and biology and will respond dynamically to changes in management practices. Practices such as crop rotation, tillage, cover crops, and fertility management modify weed populations. The challenge is to integrate these and other practices with the best available control tactics to generate integrated management systems. Cropping system design provides an excellent framework for developing and applying integrated approaches to weed management because it allows for new and creative ways of meeting the challenge of managing weeds. Weed science must integrate the theories and application of weed management into cropping system design based on the unique characteristics of weed communities and the available weed management options. 相似文献
14.
我国抗ALS类除草剂油菜种质创制与研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
化学除草是控制田间草害的有效手段,但我国油菜化除面积非常有限。创制对特定除草剂具有选择抗性的油菜新种质,选育抗性品种是实现我国油菜化除的有效途径。乙酰乳酸合酶(acetolactate synthase,ALS) 类除草剂具有高效低量、选择性强、杀草谱广等优点,在生产上得到广泛应用。本文简述了ALS 基因及其突变产生抗性的机制,着重介绍我国基于ALS靶酶突变的抗除草剂油菜种质创制、抗性生理生化和分子机理等方面的研究进展,并探讨了抗除草剂新种质在油菜抗性新品种选育、杂交油菜制种及抗性基因在转基因工程中的应用。 相似文献
15.
苏北垦区豆田杂草分属15科,36属,41种,恶性杂草有稗,苍耳等9种。在大豆整个生育期间通常出现1～2个萌发高峰,主要集中在6月中旬～7月下旬。杂草种子于8～10月成熟。种子在土壤中的埋深及出苗期,直接影响杂草的出苗和繁殖。杂草与大豆的相互竞争,以在大豆播种一个月后最为剧烈。0～2cm和6～25cm耕层中贮葳的杂草种子最多。 相似文献
16.
R. F. Pywell M. J. Hayes J. B. Tallowin K. J. Walker W. R. Meek C. Carvell L. A. Warman J. M. Bullock 《Grass and Forage Science》2010,65(2):159-174
Invasion by undesirable plants, such as Cirsium arvense, can constrain attempts to conserve and restore biodiversity in extensively managed temperate grasslands, but control with herbicides can cause environmental harm. We contrasted herbicides with more environmentally sustainable weed control strategies. Six‐year, large‐scale randomized block experiments were established to determine optimum combinations of grazing management and mechanical or herbicide treatments to control thistles within lowland and upland grazing systems. Factorial combinations of tight vs. lenient grazing in spring and autumn with additional treatments of winter grazing were compared. Thistle control methods were applied in sub‐treatments for the first 2 years: cutting twice yearly, herbicide wiping, and cutting followed by herbicide application. Thistle abundance decreased under lenient grazing in spring, autumn and winter at the lowland site, under lenient spring and winter grazing in the uplands and under cattle compared with sheep grazing. Herbicide wiping was the most effective control measure and cutting the least, but effects of all weed control sub‐treatments were lost rapidly, so lenient grazing was sufficient to give long‐term thistle control. Lenient grazing and herbicide wiping also caused small declines in non‐target forb diversity. Control of creeping thistle can therefore be achieved without herbicides because lenient grazing in spring and autumn can decrease thistle populations to sufficiently low levels. Severe infestations can be more rapidly controlled using herbicides, but are better avoided at botanically diverse sites. Ecologically‐based weed control strategies have great potential, but require well designed field experiments, which run for sufficiently long periods to allow community‐level impacts to develop. 相似文献
17.
Jason K. Norsworthy Sanjeev K. BangarwaRobert C. Scott Joshua StillGriff M. Griffith 《Crop Protection》2010
Broadleaf weed control on rice levees is an emerging problem faced by growers and consultants in Arkansas, USA. Field experiments were conducted at Lonoke and Stuttgart, Arkansas, in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the effectiveness of various postemergence herbicides applied alone or in tank mixture with propanil or quinclorac for large-sized broadleaf weed control on rice levees. Rice injury was minimal (≤5%) from all herbicides at 2 weeks after treatment (WAT), and no injury was observed at 4 WAT. Sida spinosa (prickly sida) and Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer amaranth) were the most difficult-to-control weeds on levees. Of the herbicides applied alone, 2,4-D generally supplied the highest and most consistent weed control across the six species evaluated. Quinclorac was generally a better tank-mix partner than propanil for control of the weed spectrum evaluated. Propanil at 4.48 kg/ha lowered the activity of several systemic herbicides on S. spinosa, Polygonum pensylvanicum (Pennsylvania smartweed), and Ipomoea wrightii (palmleaf morningglory). Quinclorac plus 2,4-D was the most consistent tank mixture, providing more than 80% control of all weeds at 2 and 4 WAT, except A. palmeri. 相似文献
18.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1):59-76
Abstract Increasing the ability of crops to compete against weeds, through either enhancing crop tolerance or crop interference to weeds, provides an attractive addition to current weed control practices and could be an integral component of weed management systems. Research has shown that considerable variability exists among crop culti-vars with respect to their ability to compete with weeds. Despite this evidence, directed research on competitive crops has been minimal. Reasons for this lack of emphasis in plant breeding programs include the effectiveness of current weed management with tillage and herbicides, and the lack of easily identifiable crop characteristics that are indicative of weed competitiveness. Expanded knowledge of specific crop-weed interactions would facilitate crop competitiveness to weeds through either crop management practices or plant breeding. Plant breeders need basic and applied information to identify favorable crop-weed competitive traits in order to enhance or incorporate those traits into crop cultivars. Accelerated research on weed competitive crops should lead to more economical, effective, and feasible integrated weed management programs for all crops. 相似文献
19.
The intensive use of synthetic herbicides is questioned for many reasons. Bioherbicides, as integrated weed management tools, however, have the potential to offer a number of benefits such as increased target specificity and rapid degradation. Despite the efforts to identify effective bioherbicide agents in laboratory and field, only thirteen bioherbicides are currently available on the market. Since 1980, the number of biopesticides has increased around the world, while the market share of bioherbicides represents less than 10% of all biopesticides. Nevertheless, weed management implemented at the cropping systems scale needs bioherbicides because of legislation to drive weed management away from heavy reliance on chemicals, the global increase in organic agriculture, the need of both organic and conventional agriculture to increase weed control efficiency, concerns about herbicide resistance, and concern from the public about environmental safety of herbicides. Consequently, we review here the existing products on the market and describe their history, mode of action, efficacy and target weeds. This review is unique because we also discuss the role of bioherbicides in integrated weed management: to manage soil weed seedbanks with seed-targeted agents in addition to primary tillage, to increase the efficacy of mechanical weeding because bioherbicides are more effective on seedlings, to increase the suppression effect of crop cultivars by first slowing weed growth, to terminate cover crops particularly in conservation agriculture, and finally to manage herbicide resistant populations. 相似文献
20.
Richard A. Creager 《Crop Protection》1989,8(6):443-446
Four herbicides, monthly handweeding and a 15 cm deep straw mulch were evaluated for weed control during 1982 to 1987 on rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum L. ≡ R. rhaponticum L. ‘Victoria Red’). The straw-mulched plots produced larger plants, provided higher yields and had fewer weeds than all other treatments during the five years of these field trials. Yields in 1987 were 29·42, 17·65 and 13·06 tonnes/hectare for straw, handweeded and herbicide treatments, respectively. Monthly handweeding produced large plants and high yields, but required much more hand labour than mulching, making straw mulch the most cost-effective treatment. The four herbicides evaluated (glyphosate, fluazifop, sethoxydim and propyzamide) provided weed control for up to 1 month and would require reapplication during the growing season. 相似文献