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1.
Our previous report indicated that addition of Orvus ES Paste (OEP) to the extender of frozen canine semen protected acrosomes and maintained sperm motility after thawing. In this study, artificial insemination (AI) using the frozen semen was carried out. The frozen semen was prepared using egg yolk Tris-fructose citrate, and the final concentrations of glycerol and OEP were 7% (v/v) and 0.75% (v/v), respectively. AI was performed during the optimal mating period predicted from the peripheral plasma progesterone level. In intrauterine insemination (IUI), the bitches were laparotomized and 1 x 10(8) spermatozoa were infused into one of the uterine horns. In insemination of non-OEP supplemented semen, 3 x 10(8) spermatozoa were inseminated. In intravaginal insemination (IVI), 10-40 x 10(8) spermatozoa were inseminated. Conception was obtained in nine of 10 bitches (90.0%) that underwent IUI. The number of newborns was from 1 to 7 (mean 3.6 +/- 0.9). The mean ratio of the number of puppies to the number of ovulations in the inseminated uterine horn was 71.8%. The number of puppies did not exceed the number of ovulation in the inseminated uterine horn. Conception using non-OEP supplemented frozen semen was unsuccessful in all four bitches. In IVI, conception was not obtained in any of the six bitches that received insemination of 10 x 10(8) or 40 x 10(8) spermatozoa, but two of three bitches that received insemination of 20 x 10(8) spermatozoa were fertilized. It was shown that a high conception rate can be obtained by IUI using OEP-supplemented frozen canine semen. Developmenmt of a non-surgical method of IUI and a method of freezing canine sperm applicable to IVI is necessary.  相似文献   

2.
Freeze-storage of epididymal sperm is an important technique for the preservation of gametes in animals, including those becoming extinct. We froze canine sperm recovered from the cauda epididymis and investigated the fertility. The qualities of sperm from the cauda epididymis before freezing were: mean sperm motility, 89.4 +/- 1.6 (SE) %; sperm viability, 89.1 +/- 1.1%; and these were significantly higher than those of sperm from the caput-corpus epididymis (P<0.01, P<0.05). The number of sperm recovered from both cauda epididymides varied among animals: 6.3-122.3 x 10(7), mean 61.5 +/- 10.0 x 10(7). Freezing was used only for sperm recovered from the cauda epididymis. The sperm motility and viability after thawing were 19.5 +/- 2.5% and 53.1 +/- 3.3%, respectively. These were slightly lower than those of frozen-thawed ejaculated sperm, but the differences were not significant. When 2 x 10(8), 3 x 10(8), or 4 x 10 (8) sperm were inseminated in the unilateral uterus, only one animal inseminated with 3 x 10(8) sperm was fertilized (1/16, 6.3%). When 1 x 10(8) sperm were inseminated in the bilateral uterine tubes, one of six animals (16.7%) was fertilized. Therefore, although the qualities of epididymal sperm after thawing were similar to those of ejaculated sperm, the conception rate obtained with frozen-thawed epididymal sperm was low in beagle dogs. It is necessary to investigate the differences in damage between epididymal sperm after thawing and ejaculated sperm and to develop a method for improving the conception rate.  相似文献   

3.
Frozen feline semen was prepared using two types of extenders, egg yolk Tris-fructose citric acid (EYT-FC) and egg yolk sodium citrate solution (EYC), and the semen qualities after thawing and the conception rates obtained by unilateral intrauterine horn insemination (UIUI) were investigated. Cats used in the experiment were six males and 11 females aged 2-12 years (the number of experimental cases was 17). For preparation of frozen semen, semen collected by the artificial vagina method was adjusted to I x 10(8) sperm/m/ and 7% glycerol, put in 250 microl straws, and then frozen using a cell freezer. The mean sperm motility after thawing was 30.0+/-9.7 (SE) % in the semen prepared with EYT-FC and 30.0+/-3.3% in the semen prepared with EYC. Four of seven animals were fertilized by UIUI using two straws in both extenders, and the conception rate was 57.1%. The mean ratios of number of kits to the number of ovulations in the inseminated side were 61.1+/-24.5% and 30.5+/-3.4% for EYT-FC and EYC, respectively, showing that the ratio tended to be higher in the semen prepared with EYT-FC. The above findings, comparing the two extenders for preparation of frozen feline semen, showed that EYT-FC is slightly superior to EYC. To increase conception and fertility rates, it may be important to increase the sperm count for insemination and to inseminate both uterine horns.  相似文献   

4.
The sperm count required were investigated to obtain a conception rate of 80% by unilateral intrauterine insemination (UIUI) of fresh semen in cats. The conception rates obtained by insemination before and after ovulation were also examined. Thirty-six female cats aged 1-7 years were used in the experiments, and the number of experimental cases was 44. Seven male cats aged 2-12 years from which semen could be collected by the artificial vagina method were used. In artificial insemination, 100 iu x 2 or 250 iu of hCG was administered on days 2-4 of estrus, and sperm were introduced into the uterine horn with a greater number of ovulations (or mature follicles) 15, 20 and 30 hr after hCG administration by laparotomy. The inseminated sperm counts were 2 x 10(6) (Exp. 1). 4 x 10(6) (Exp. 2), and 8 x 10(6) (Exp. 3). As a result, ovulation was induced in 42 of 44 cases (induction rate: 95.5%) regardless of the dosage of hCG. Conception was obtained by UIUI in two of 16 animals (conception rate: 12.5%) in the Exp. 1, five of 16 animals (31.3%) in Exp. 2, and eight of 10 animals (80.0%) in Exp. 3. Regarding the relationship between the ovulation state at insemination and conception, the conception rate obtained by insemination before ovulation was clearly higher than that obtained by insemination after ovulation (p<0.05). Regarding the number of kits compared to the number of ovulations on the inseminated side, the percentages of cases in which the number of kits exceeded the number of ovulations on the inseminated side were similar in all groups inseminated with a different number of sperm. It is therefore necessary to investigate conception rates obtained by bilateral insemination to increase the fertility rate. Based on the above findings, it was shown that the sperm count required for fertilization by UIUI is 8 x 10(6).  相似文献   

5.
Canine epididymides were excised and immediately stored at 4 degrees C for 48 hr, and the qualities of caudal epididymal sperm after recovery and cryopreservation were evaluated. To confirm the fertility of the cryopreserved caudal epididymal sperm, artificial intrauterine insemination was performed. The sperm motility (61.0%) immediately after recovery from caudal epididymis stored at 4 degrees C for 48 hr was significantly lower than those of sperm stored for 0 and 24 hr (88.6 and 80.7%, respectively), but there was no significant difference after freeze-thawing (0-, 24-, and 48-hr storage groups: 27.9, 24.3, and 28.3%, respectively). The incidence of abnormal sperm immediately after recovery was significantly higher in the 24-hr and 48-hr storage groups (19.3 and 27.7%, respectively) than in the 0-hr storage group (5.6%), and a significant difference was also observed after freeze-thawing. The incidence of immature sperm with cytoplasmic droplets was significantly higher in the 48-hr storage group (18.4%) than in the 0-hr storage group (4.7%), but there was no difference after freeze-thawing. By unilateral intrauterine insemination (2x10(8) sperm), 4 of 5 bitches (80%) conceived. The above findings demonstrated that sperm motility was good even enough the incidence of abnormal sperm was high in canine epididymal sperm that were recovered from the epididymis stored at 4 degrees C for 48 hr and cryopreseved, and that artificial intrauterine insemination resulted in a high conception rate.  相似文献   

6.
Unilateral intrauterine horn insemination (UIUI) was carried out in cats, and we investigated the fertilization rate of ova ovulated from the contralateral ovary. Various numbers of sperm were used to inseminate the uterine horn on the side where ovulation was inhibited. The rates of conception were 1/11 (9.1%), 2/11 (18.2%), and 5/7 (71.4%) in the 2 x 10(6), 4 x 10(6), and 8 x 10 (6) groups, respectively. Furthermore, the fertilization rate was 70.7% in the 8 x 10(6) group. Thus, ova ovulated from the contralateral ovary were not fertilized or the fertilization rate was low in some cats even when UIUI was performed with a large number of sperm.  相似文献   

7.
Artificial intravaginal insemination using fresh semen in cats   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
To clarify the sperm count required for fertilization by artificial intravaginal insemination (AIVI), twenty-nine female cats were examined. Six male cats aged 2-12 years with normal semen quality, copulation capability, and fertility were used. In AIVI, animals received administration of 250 iu hCG once or 100 iu twice on days 2-4 of estrus to induce ovulation, and were inseminated 15, 20, or 30 hr after the initial hCG administration. The success of ovulation was judged by elevation of the peripheral progesterone level after hCG administration. AIVI was investigated at three sperm counts, 20 x 10(6) (Experiment 1), 40 x 10(6) (Experiment 2), and 80 x 10(6) (Experiment 3), with semen collected by the artificial vagina method. Semen was infused in the vagina under general anesthesia by advancing a 9 cm-long nylon probe with 1.5 mm diameter connected to a 1 ml syringe in the vagina for 3-4 cm. Ovulation was induced in 43 of 45 animals (95.6%). One of 16 animals was fertilized (conception rate: 6.6%) by AIVI in Experiment 1. In Experiments 2 and 3, conception was obtained in six of 18 animals (33.3%) and seven of nine animals (77.8%), respectively, and the mean numbers of kits were 4.0 +/- 0.4 and 3.3 +/- 0.5, respectively, and the mean numbers of kits were 4.0 +/- 0.4 (SE) and 3.3 +/- 0.5, respectively, showing no significant difference. There were no differences in the time of insemination after hCG administration and the conception rate among these groups. Our findings showed that the number of sperm required for fertilization by AIVI of fresh semen in cats was 80 x 10(6).  相似文献   

8.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia was diagnosed in an American Staffordshire Terrier of high breeding value presenting concurrent haematuria. Castration as a treatment was synchronized with the oestrus cycle of a bitch selected for insemination. After castration the cauda epididymis was flushed with Gent semen extender and collected spermatozoa were filtered and analysed by Hamilton Thorn computer assisted sperm analysis. A total of 7 ml semen containing 742 x 10(6) spermatozoa with 76.5% mean motility was used for insemination. Intravaginal insemination of the bitch was performed with an insemination catheter for dogs (Kruuse, Marslev, Denmark) on the day when plasma progesterone levels reached 9.9 ng/ml. Normal pregnancy without complications resulted in eight live-born puppies 63 days after insemination. This is the first report of a normal pregnancy and birth of puppies from a bitch inseminated with epididymal semen obtained from a dog affected by benign prostate hyperplasia.  相似文献   

9.
We examined motility, plasma membrane integrity, and binding capacity to homologous zona pellucidae (ZP) of frozen/thawed epididymal cat sperm as a model species for endangered felines. Epididymal spermatozoa from 20 domestic cats were frozen with freezing egg-yolk extender containing 3.0% glycerol in 0.25-ml straws. Post-thaw motility and plasma membrane integrity of the frozen/thawed spermatozoa were 31.8 +/- 2.4% and 32.2 +/- 4.2%, respectively. The frozen/thawed spermatozoa were co-cultured with frozen/thawed immature homologous oocytes with intact ZP for 3 h to examine their ability to bind to the ZP. Sixteen of the 20 frozen/thawed sperm samples demonstrated the ability to bind to ZP. These results indicated that the freezing system for epididymal sperm used in the present study gives appropriate information for banking the genetic resources of wild felid species.  相似文献   

10.
The mean post-thaw sperm motilities of feline frozen semen prepared with 1% OEP or 3 g/ml SLS as a cryoprotective agent, in addition to 7% glycerin, were 35.0 ± 2.4 and 37.0 ± 2.5%, respectively, showing no significant difference. On unilateral intrauterine insemination (UIUI) using these semen samples at a sperm number of 40 × 10(6), the conception rate was 70.0% (7/10) in the OEP group and 30% (3/10) in the SLS group, showing that the rate was higher in the OEP group, but the difference was not significant. It was suggested that sperm in frozen semen showing the above qualities were transferred to the contralateral uterine horn on UIUI.  相似文献   

11.
The fertility was compared between ejaculated and cauda epididymal sperm sensitized with prostatic fluid in dog after freeze-thawing using the fertility of ova from the contralateral ovary after injection (2 × 10(8) sperm) into dog uterus on the unilateral ovariectomized side, on the basis of the presence or absence of conception. No significant difference was observed in sperm quality after freeze-thawing between the two groups and conception rates were equivalent and low. Therefore, to achieve a high fertility by intrauterine insemination of canine frozen-thawed ejaculated and cauda epididymal sperm, intrauterine insemination on both sides is recommended, rather than insemination with a lot of sperm of the uterine horn on one side.  相似文献   

12.
【目的】 探究在冷冻稀释液中添加大豆卵磷脂代替10%卵黄对梅花鹿精液冷冻保存效果的影响,为梅花鹿人工授精体系的完善提供参考。【方法】 采用电刺激法采集梅花鹿精液,以精液冷冻稀释液中分别添加1%、2%、3%、4%和5%大豆卵磷脂代替10%卵黄作为试验组,添加20%卵黄作为对照组,分别进行各组精液冷冻保存。5 d后,进行精液解冻,检测解冻后各组精子的活力、质膜完整率、顶体完整率、线粒体活性、存活时间,筛选合适浓度的大豆卵磷脂。选取4~5岁健康雌性梅花鹿,肌肉注射300 IU孕马血清促性腺激素（PMSG）和0.4 mg氯前列醇钠进行同期发情处理,发情后第20 h用20%卵黄组与筛选出的大豆卵磷脂组冻精进行人工输精,输精后30 d使用B超检测仪检测妊娠情况,统计妊娠率。【结果】 与对照组相比,1%大豆卵磷脂组冻融后的精子活力、向前活动力、快速前进活力、活率、质膜完整率、顶体完整率及线粒体活性均显著提高（P<0.05）;随着稀释液中大豆卵磷脂浓度的增加,其冻融后精子活力、向前活动力、快速前进活力、活率、质膜完整率、顶体完整率以及线粒体活性呈下降趋势,精子存活时间也随浓度的增加而减少。1%大豆卵磷脂组冻融精子人工授精梅花鹿的妊娠率为61.11%,高于对照组、2%和3%大豆卵磷脂组,但差异均不显著（P>0.05）。【结论】 在梅花鹿精子冷冻稀释液中添加1%大豆卵磷脂替代10%卵黄,能有效提高梅花鹿冻融精子的质量,为进一步筛选新型梅花鹿精液冷冻稀释液提供理论基础。  相似文献   

13.
为优化猪精子冷冻技术,提高解冻后精子的活力和受精能力,本试验分别以含精浆浓度为10%、20%和30%的冷冻保护剂处理精子,以冷冻前、解冻后精子活力和质膜完整性,解冻后精子进行体外受精(IVF)的卵裂率和囊胚率等作为检测指标,同时以含有卵黄的Tris-柠檬酸－葡萄糖(Tris-citric acid-glucose,TCG)冷冻基础液作为对照研究精浆对猪冷冻精子的保护作用。结果显示,在含有10%精浆浓度的稀释液中,冷冻前质膜完整性,解冻后精子活率、质膜完整性、IVF囊胚率相对于对照组均显著提高(P<0.05);当含有10%精浆的冷冻精液解冻后用于人工授精时,与配母猪妊娠率、窝产仔数、窝产活仔数等仍显著低于鲜精授精组(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,含10%精浆的冷冻保护剂能提高精子的冷冻后活力和IVF胚胎发育率,但用于人工授精配种与鲜精相比还有一定差距。  相似文献   

14.
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of flow cytometric sorting and freezing on stallion sperm fertility. A 2 x 2 factorial design was used to delineate effects of flow sorting and freezing spermatozoa. Oestrus was synchronised (July-August) in 41 mares by administering 10 ml altrenogest (2.2 mg/ml) per os for 10 consecutive days, followed by 250 microg cloprostenol i.m. on Day 11. Ovulation was induced by administering 3,000 iu hCG i.v. either 6 h (fresh spermatozoa) or 30 h (frozen/thawed spermatozoa) prior to insemination. Mares were assigned randomly to one of 4 sperm treatment groups. Semen was collected from 2 stallions with an artificial vagina and processed for each treatment. Treatment 1 (n = 10 mare cycles) consisted of fresh, nonsorted spermatozoa and Treatment 2 (n = 16 mare cycles) of fresh, flow sorted spermatozoa. Spermatozoa to be sorted were stained with Hoechst 33342 and sorted into X- and Y-chromosome-bearing populations based on DNA content using an SX MoFlo sperm sorter. Treatment 3 (n = 16 mare cycles) consisted of frozen/thawed nonsorted spermatozoa (frozen at 33.5 x 106 sperm/ml in 0.25 ml straws) and Treatment 4 (n = 15 mare cycles) of flow sorted frozen/thawed spermatozoa (frozen at 64.4 x 10(6) sperm/ml). Concentrations of sperm in both cryopreserved treatments were adjusted, based on predetermined average post-thaw motilities, so that each insemination contained approximately 5 x 10(6) motile spermatozoa. Hysteroscopic insemination of 5 x 10(6) motile spermatozoa in a volume of 230 microd was used for all treatments. Pregnancy was determined ultrasonographically 16 days postovulation. No differences were found (P>0.1) in the pregnancy rates for mares inseminated with fresh nonsorted (4/10 = 40.0%), fresh flow sorted (6/16 = 37.5%), frozen/thawed nonsorted (6/16 = 37.5%) and flow sorted frozen/thawed spermatozoa (2/15 = 133%). Pregnancy rates tended (P = 0.12) to be lower following insemination of frozen/thawed flow sorted spermatozoa. Further studies are needed with a larger number of mares to determine if fertility of flow sorted frozen/thawed spermatozoa can be improved.  相似文献   

15.
【目的】 检验长期保存在国家家畜基因库的湖羊冷冻胚胎和冷冻精液的质量,评价超低温冷冻保存技术保种的效果。【方法】 对保存于国家家畜基因库的冷冻胚胎（保存20年）和冷冻精液（保存20和30年）进行复苏,进行相应鉴定后分别进行胚胎移植和人工授精,同时以0年冷冻精液和新鲜精液为对照,测定其受胎率和后代的羔皮性能、生长性能及繁殖性能,检验保存效果。【结果】 本试验共解冻胚胎36枚,其中,A级胚胎22枚,B级胚胎7枚,C级胚胎5枚,D级胚胎2枚,冷冻胚胎复苏利用率达到94.44%（34/36）,A级胚胎率达到61.11%（22/36）,移植34枚,产羔17只,冷冻胚胎复苏移植产羔率达50.00%;保存30年的冷冻精液复苏后平均精子活力达35%,受胎率为58.57%,平均产羔1.90只;保存20年冷冻精液复苏后平均精子活力达31%,受胎率为53.66%,平均产羔1.95只;胚胎复苏移植羊、30和20年冷冻精液后代体型外貌鉴定均符合纯种湖羊特征,没有畸形个体;羔羊一级羔皮率分别是31.25%、42.03%和23.81%,保持了当年湖羊的羔皮特性;生长发育及繁殖性能与现有湖羊群体性能基本保持一致。【结论】 利用超低温冷冻技术长期保存湖羊冷冻胚胎和冷冻精液的方法是可行的,对地方品种保种具有重要意义。  相似文献   

16.
Laparoscopic artificial insemination technique (LAI) is described to overcome reduced fertility problems in sheep artificial insemination (AI) programmes with frozen semen. Later on, this technology was modified for endangered non-domestic cats to deposit low quality or reduced number of sperm cells hardly obtained by electro-ejaculation into the oviduct. This technique by passes the complex structure of cervix and efficiently transfers the sperm cells to the point of fertilization. In recent years, rabbits are becoming popular transgenic animal models producing various therapeutic and commercial products, as well as being experimental animals for disease models. The worldwide transportation of frozen semen and re-establishment of transgenic lines using AI technology has become a common practice. Therefore, this study was designed to describe a laparoscopic intrauterine insemination technique, which might assist in conceiving the animals with limited number of sperm cells. The female rabbits were laparoscopically (n = 22) or vaginally (n = 13) inseminated with frozen–thawed semen samples containing approximately 10 × 106 motile sperm. The laparoscopic insemination technique provided higher pregnancy rate (45.5%) than vaginal insemination technique (7.7%) (p < .05). In conclusion, the described laparoscopic AI might be a new alternative technique, thus enabling limited or low-quality frozen sperm samples to establish pregnancy in rabbits.  相似文献   

17.
Three separate experiments were conducted to improve preservation of stallion epididymal sperm. In the first one, two different cooling extenders (Kenney and Gent) were compared. Sperm viability and motility patterns were assessed in 10 different epididymal sperm samples after 0 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, and 96 hours of preservation at 4°C. No significant differences were observed in any of the evaluated parameters either between extenders or throughout the storage period. The second set of experiments was designed to determine whether supplementing thawing medium (INRA Freeze) with seminal plasma had any impact on the quality of frozen-thawed epididymal sperm. Ten epididymal frozen-thawed sperm samples coming from separate stallions were used and different functional parameters (sperm membrane integrity and lipid disorder, motility, intracellular Ca2+ levels, and intracellular concentrations of peroxides and superoxides) were evaluated after incubation with or without 50% seminal plasma. Supplementing thawing medium with seminal plasma had no impact on sperm function and survival. The third experiment was an in vivo study. Twenty-five mares were inseminated with epididymal frozen-thawed sperm and seminal plasma, and 21 were bred with epididymal frozen-thawed sperm only. Pregnancy rates obtained for mares artificially inseminated with epididymal frozen-thawed sperm and seminal plasma were significantly (P < .05) higher than those observed when seminal plasma was not infused (64% vs. 19%). Taken together, our data indicate that the quality of epididymal stallion sperm can be maintained at 4°C for up to 96 hours. In addition, not only does supplementing frozen-thawed epididymal sperm with seminal plasma have any damaging effect on their quality but it may also improve pregnancy rates after artificial insemination.  相似文献   

18.
Artificial insemination (AI) was conducted using the second fraction of semen, which was collected from 15 male dogs, diluted to a total sperm count of 100x10(6) for each insemination with egg-yolk Tris (eyT) citrate acid buffer and incubated at 4 degrees C for 48 hours. Luteinizing hormone (LH) surge was detected to determine the optimal time for mating using canine LH assay kits. Artificial insemination using 100x10(6) sperm was performed on the fourth and sixth days or the fifth and seventh days after the LH surge. The conception rates were 33% (4/12) and 89% (8/9), respectively; the whelping rates also showed similar results. Serum LH and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations were measured in nine dogs, and the mean LH concentration (+/- standard deviation) at LH surge was 15.77+/-7.66 ng/ml. The time of the LH surge detected by the canine LH assay kit was very similar to that measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA).  相似文献   

19.
The effects of artificial insemination (AI) using sexed sperm on pregnancy rates have seldom been studied in lactating dairy cows on commercial dairy farms. We evaluated pregnancy results after AI of 306 lactating dairy cows, of which 157 were inseminated with 2x10(6) frozen/thawed sexed sperm and 149 with 15x10(6) frozen/thawed unsexed sperm. The average pregnancy and calving rates were 21.0% and 20% for the sexed-sperm AIs and 46% and 45% for the unseparated control-sperm AIs respectively (p<0.001). The proportion of female calves derived from sexed-sperm AI was 82% compared with 49% for control AI (p<0.01). The proportion of live and healthy calves in single births was 100% for sexed-sperm AI and 97% for control AI (p>0.05). Our results indicate that AI with low-dose sexed sperm under field conditions in commercial dairy herds without oestrus synchronization results in significantly reduced pregnancy rates compared with normal-dose AI. Improved insemination strategies combined with increased sperm doses are needed before the use of sexed sperm can be of any significant benefit for the dairy and beef industry.  相似文献   

20.
OBJECTIVE: Duck and chicken egg yolk were compared for their protective effects against cold shock during the cryopreservation of stallion sperm in a lactose-EDTA-glycerol cryodiluent. DESIGN: A completely randomised design was used. Procedure Ejaculates from five stallions (n = 14 ejaculates) were split and diluted to either 20 or 200 x 10(6) sperm/mL in a lactose-EDTA extender containing either duck or chicken egg yolk. The extended semen was then frozen in liquid nitrogen. The percentage of sperm total motility and forward progressive motility were assessed before freezing and at 0 and 1 hr after thawing. Morphology data were also collected at 0 and 1 hr post thaw. RESULTS: Total and forward progressive motility were higher when the sperm were frozen in the presence of duck rather than chicken egg yolk. Furthermore, the total and forward progressive motility and percentage of morphologically normal sperm were higher when frozen at a concentration of 200 than 20 x 10(6)/mL. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that the motility parameters of stallion sperm are improved when the semen is frozen in lactose EDTA extender supplemented with duck egg yolk rather than chicken egg yolk. Moreover, sperm motility and the percentage of morphologically normal sperm were higher after freezing at a concentration of 200 x 10(6)/ml rather than 20 x 10(6)/ml.  相似文献   

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